巴塞尔协议二

巴塞尔协议二银监会通过发布一系列的监管指引，对中国的商业银行进行要求。

计划于2010年初步达到合规要求，最晚2013年合规打标。

目前第一梯队的银行已经陆续开展合规项目，并大部分达到监管要求。

第二梯队的银行业陆续开展相关项目。

但如何逐步完善内评体系，建立完善的风险管理体系，如何将风险计量的结果用于日常业务中，目前仍有待长期实践总结经验。

中国版巴三与巴塞尔委员会的要严格：1、资本充足率方面：(1)中国核心一级（普通股）资本充足率最低标准为5%，巴塞尔三规定的是4.5%。

(2)中国系统重要性银行附加资本要求暂定为1%，巴塞尔委员会未规定。

(3)过渡期，中国要求2012年初开始实施，2016年底达标；巴塞尔三要求2013年初开始实施，2018年底达标。

2、杠杆率：中国是4%，巴塞尔三是3%。

巴塞尔协议3的变化1、提高资本充足率要求：最低的普通股比例从2%上升至4.5%。

最低的一级资本比例从4%上升至6%，增加保守性资本缓冲要求2.5%，增加0-2.5%的反周期资本缓冲，对系统重要性银行增加1%的资本要求。

2、引入杠杆率，一级资本/总暴露>=3%。

3、严格资本扣除限制，对于少数股权、商誉、递延税资产、对金融机构普通股的非并表投资、债务工具和其他投资性资产的为实现收益、拨备额与预期亏损之差、固定收益养老金资产和负债等计入资本的要求有所改变。

巴塞尔协定从国际的角度要求国际银行在资本（监管资本）计量和资本标准所要达到的国际标准。

从外部上对商业银行进行风险控制，以保证银行的安全性和稳定性原则的实现。

以下是巴塞尔协定的主要几次变革，也是核心内容：巴塞尔资本协议Basel Capital Accord---1988年7月Basel Capital Accord 四部分内容一是确定资本的构成，即核心资本和附属资本两大类，且附属不得超过核心的100%二是风险档次划分，根据资产信用风险的大小，0 20% 50% 100%三是设定转换系数，将表外授信业务纳入资本监管四是规定银行的资本与风险加权总资本之比不得低于8%，核心资本与风险加权总资产之比不得低于4%巴塞尔新资本协定2004年6月《统一资本计量和资本标准的国际协定：修订框架》资本监管的三大支柱：1.最低资本要求：仍采用资本充足率作为银行稳健经营、安全运行的核心指标，增加计算公式中全面反映信用风险、市场风险和操作风险；二是引入计量信用风险的内部评级法资本充足率CAR =（资本-扣除项）/（风险加权资产+12.5倍的市场风险资产+12.5倍操作风险资产）2.外部监管：现场检查和非现场监管3.市场约束：主要途径是银行披露的信息，包括CAR、资本构成、风险敞口及风险管理策略、盈利能力、管理水平及过程等2010年Basel 协定III坚持基于风险的资本监管的逻辑思路，对II做了完善和强化：1.增加资本质量和数量要求，最低资本要求中的核心一级资本（普通股和留存收益）要求由2%提至4.5%，另加2.5%的资本保护缓冲和0-2.5%的反周期资本缓冲要求，因此要求可以高达9.5%（对全部资本要求高达13%）2.扩大资本对风险的覆盖范围和提高资本对风险的敏感度，降低监管资本套利的可能性3.以资本为手段来应对监管资本的缺陷（顺周期效应）和系统性风险的挑战，例如资本保护缓冲和反周期资本缓冲，对系统性重要机构提出超额资本要求等。

4.此外，还将引入杠杆比率、流动杠杆比率和净稳定资金来源比率的要求，以降低银行系统的流动性风险，加强抵御金融风险的能力我国实施的巴塞尔协定相关内容2007年2月28日，CBRC启动实施的工程，确立分类实施、分层推进、分步达标的基本原则。

分类实施：商业银行从2011年起资源申请实施协议分层推进：分步达标：The subprime mortgage crisis is an ongoing financial crisis characterized by contracted liquidity in global credit markets and banking systems in the the United States.A downturn in the housing market of the U.S., risky practices in lending and borrowing, and excessive individual and corporate debt levels have caused multiple adverse effects on the world economy.The subprime crisis, which has roots in the closing years of the 20th century but became more apparent throughout 2007 and 2008, has passed through various stages exposing pervasive weaknesses in the global financial system and regulatory framework.欧洲债务危机即欧洲主权的债务危机。

其是指在2008年金融危机发生后，希腊等欧盟国家所发生的债务危机。

内部原因：产业结构不平衡：实体经济空心化，经济发展脆弱人口结构不平衡：逐步进入老龄化刚性的社会福利制度法德等国在救援上的分歧令危机处于胶着状态根本原因欧元区制度缺陷,各国无法有效弥补赤字货币制度与财政制度不能统一，协调成本过高。

欧盟各国劳动力无法自由流动，各国不同的公司税税率导致资本的流入，从而造成经济的泡沫化。

欧元区设计上没有退出机制，出现问题后协商成本很高。

From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed among investors concerning some European states, intensifying in early 2010.[1][2] This included eurozone members Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Portugal, and also some non-Eurozone EU countries. Iceland, the country which experienced the largest crisis in 2008 (see 2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis) when itsentire international banking system collapsed, has emerged less affected by the sovereign debt crisis, as Icelandic citizens refused to bail out foreign banks in a referendum. In the EU, especially in countries where sovereign debts have increased sharply owing to bank bailouts, a crisis of confidence has emerged with the widening of bond yield spreads and risk insurance on credit default swaps between these countries and other EU members, most importantly Germany.[3][4] While the sovereign debt increases have been most pronounced in only a few eurozone countries, they have become a perceived problem for the area as a whole.[5] In May 2011, Greek public debt gained prominence as a matter of concern.[6] The Greek people generally reject the austerity measures, and have expressed their dissatisfaction through angry street protests. In late June 2011, Greece's government proposed additional spending cuts worth 28bn euros (£25bn) over five years. The next 12 billion euros from the Eurozone bail-out package will be released when the proposal is passed, without which Greece would have had to default on loan repayments due in mid-July.[7] Concern about rising government debt levels across the globe together with a wave of downgrading of European government debt created alarm in financial markets. On 9 May 2010, Europe's Finance Ministers approved a rescue package worth €750 Billion aimed at ensuring financial stability across Europe by creating the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF).[8] On 2 May 2010, the Eurozone countries and the International Monetary Fund agreed to a €110 billion loan for Greece, conditional on the implementation of harsh austerity measures. The Greek bail-out was followed by a €85 billion rescue package for Ireland in November, a €78 billion bail-out for Portugal in May 2011, then continuing efforts to meet the continuing crisis in Greece and other countries.In October 2011, Eurozone leaders meeting in Brussels agreed on a package of measures designed to prevent the collapse of member economies due to their spiralling debt. This included a proposal to write off 50% of Greek debt owed to private creditors, increasing the EFSF to abou t €1 trillion and requiring European banks to achieve 9% capitalisation. As of November 2011, the same Eurozone leaders that extended the package to save the Eurozone have extended an ultimatum toward Greece. Both Sarkozy of France and Merkel of Germany have made it public that both of their governments have reached the end of their patience with the beleaguered Greek economy.[9]具体来说，国际金融风险管理的意义主要表现在以下几个方面：1、国际金融风险管理对经济实体的意义（1）国际金融风险管理能为各经济主体提供一个安全稳定的资金筹集与资金经营的环境，减少或消除各跨国经济实体的紧张不安和恐惧心理，提高其工作效率和经营效益。