Language and Cognition语言与认知

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language and cognition

distinguishing features for each one)
everyday reference; be basic in 3 respects– perception, communication, knowledge organization eg. chair) higher level or more general level than basic one
Language comprehension:
Word recognition Comprehension of sentences Comprehension of text
♥ Word recognition:
Factors the affect the word recognition : frequency & context
[in a word, the successful comprehension of speech sounds is a combination of the innate ability of humans to distinguish minute differences between speech sounds, and the ability to adjust to the acoustic categories of the language they are exposed to.]

nine types schema:
1. Access to words (conceptualization, select a word that corresponds to the chosen concept, morpho-phonological encoding);

语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition

2. Recognition of words in print

1).Two questions in printed word recognition (1). Two different processes for…… A lexical route A non-lexical route Connectionist theories （连接主义模型理论） claim that…… (2). Quantitative analyses……
(1) Word recognition

Recognition of spoken words and words in print 1.recognition of spoken words 1)Features of speech could cause difficulty for listeners. (1). (2). (3).
Six research subjects within it

1)acquisition 2)comprehension 3)production 4)disorders 5)language and thought 6)neurocognition We will focus on the former three subjects, say, acquisition, comprehension and production.
The conceptual approach

Cognitive linguistics has addressed : 1) 2) 3) 4) Above all, it seeks to ascertain the global integrated system of conceptual structuring in language.

【英语学习】Language and Cognition-精品文档

docin/sundae_meng
Psycholinguistics belongs to Macrolinguistics
1.Psycholinguistics 2.Sociolinguistional Linguistics
………
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1.1 Main features of Psycholinguistics
An inter-disciplinary Science
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A Process-orientated Science
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1.3 A Brief History of Psycholinguistics
Early Psycholinguistics (1879~the early 1900s)
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Behaviorism and Verbal Behavior (1920s~1950s)
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What is the focus？
Psycholinguistics Cognitive Linguistics
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1. psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind. It also studies language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition and biological foundations of language

语言与认知的三种方法

语言与认知的三种方法Language and cognition are intricate constructs that have fascinated scholars for centuries. Three primary approaches have emerged in studying these phenomena: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism.Behaviorism views language and cognition as observable behaviors that can be shaped and modified through conditioning. This perspective focuses on external stimuli and their resulting responses, ignoring internal mental processes. For instance, a child learning a new word might associate it with a specific object or action, solidifying the language connection through repetition and reinforcement.认知主义则强调认知过程和内部心理结构的重要性。

它认为，语言和认知的发展是通过个体与环境的互动，以及对这些互动的内部解释和表征来实现的。

例如，当学习一个新概念时，人们会在大脑中构建相关的认知图式，这些图式帮助理解和解释新信息。

Constructivism takes a more active and subjective stance, emphasizing the individual's role in creating meaning from their experiences. Language and cognition are seen as constructs built by the learner through active engagement with the world. In this framework, learners are not just passive recipients of knowledge but active participants in its construction.这三种方法各有侧重点，互为补充。

mhk作文

mhk作文英文回答：In the realm of human consciousness, the intrinsic connection between language and cognition has sparked profound debates among scholars. The notion that the language we speak shapes our thoughts and perceptions has been extensively explored, leading to the recognition that language is not merely a tool of communication but also a lens through which we experience the world.The linguistic relativity hypothesis, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, proposes that the structure of a language influences the cognitive abilities and worldview of its speakers. In other words, the language we use forms a cognitive framework that determines the way we perceive and categorize reality. This hypothesis has generated numerous studies investigating the relationship between language and cognition.One area of inquiry has focused on the impact of language on color perception. Studies have demonstratedthat speakers of different languages with distinct color terms exhibit differences in color discrimination and categorization. For instance, the Himba people of Namibia, who have only two basic color terms (red and green), have been shown to have difficulty distinguishing betweencertain shades of blue and green compared to English speakers with more specific color terms.Another line of research has explored the influence of language on spatial cognition. Studies have revealed that speakers of languages that use absolute spatial terms (e.g., "left" and "right") have a stronger sense of absolute orientation compared to speakers of languages thatprimarily use relative spatial terms (e.g., "in front of" and "behind"). This suggests that the language we use can shape the way we navigate and interact with our spatial environment.Furthermore, language has been found to play a role in the development of concepts and categories. The existenceof specific words in a language can influence the way speakers perceive and organize information. For example,the Guugu Yimithirr language of Australia has separatewords for "dog" and "bitch," while English speakers use a single term to encompass both sexes. This linguistic distinction has been shown to affect how Guugu Yimithirr speakers categorize and classify dogs based on gender.The linguistic relativity hypothesis has significant implications for our understanding of culture and cognition. It suggests that the language we speak not only reflectsour cultural experiences but also contributes to theshaping of our worldview and cognitive abilities. This hypothesis emphasizes the importance of considering the linguistic diversity of human societies in order to fully comprehend the richness and complexity of human thought and experience.However, it is important to note that the linguistic relativity hypothesis does not imply that language strictly determines our cognition. Rather, it proposes that language provides a framework through which we interpret and makesense of our experiences. Individual factors, such associal and cultural context, also play a significant role in shaping our cognitive processes.In summary, the relationship between language and cognition is a complex and multifaceted one. The linguistic relativity hypothesis highlights the influential role that language plays in shaping our perceptions, categories, and cognitive abilities. While the structure of our language does not solely determine our cognition, it provides a lens through which we view and interact with the world.中文回答：语言与认知之间的内在联系是学者们广泛争论的课题。

Language and Cognition语言与认知

2.2 Language Comprehension
Decoding process
Word recognition

Word recognition is the initial and basic stage of text comprehension. Word determines the sentence meaning and structure. We recognized the ambiguous meaning of a word by its environments. Also we presume a sentence structure by a word. E.g. when we see arrive, we know it does not precede a noun directly. And when we see “放”，we know a noun or preposition phrase will follow. That is to say, we have a presumed meaning and structure at the sight of a word.
(3) Three-word stage

Give doggie paper.
Put truck window. Tractor go floor.
(4) Fluent grammatical conversation stage

Embed one constituent inside another
Access to words

The next step is to select a word that corresponds to the chosen concept. The speaker selects a syntactic word unit which specifies the syntactic class and additional syntactic information (such as vi. /vt.). Selecting a syntactic word unit is a competitive process. Several units may be activated at once because several concepts are more or less suitable to express the message.

language and cognition

of the activities of the process.

认知也可以称为认识。是指人认识外界事物的过程，或者说是对作用于人的感觉器官的外界事物进行信息加工的过程。它包括感觉、知觉、记忆、思维、想象、言语，是指人们认识活动的过程，即个体对感觉信号接收、检测、转换、简约、合成、编码、储存、提取、重建、概念形成、判断和问题解决的信息加工处理过程。

Consequently, this description tends to apply to processes such as
memory, association, concept formation, pattern recognition, language, attention, perception, action, problem solving and mental imagery.

人类的大脑和认知功能的演变是由不同的网络或反馈过程的遗传和环境系统底层。
Psychology 心理学

When the mind makes a
generalization such as the
concept of tree, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking.

1)Acquisition

2)Comprehension
3)Production 4)Disorder 5)Language and thought 6)Neurocognition
An introduction of language acquisition

Chapter 6 语言学-Language and cognition

3
Three approaches to the study of language and cognition
• The formal appural
patterns exhibited by the overt aspect of linguistic forms, includes the study of morphological, syntactic, and lexical structure.
13
2.2 Language comprehension
• What is apparent from the vast research into the comprehension of spoken and written language is that people do not process linguistic information in a neat, linear fashion . • (1) Word recognition: spoken words and printed ones.
7
• Production: how is the information that somebody wants to convey transformed into acoustic waves, or written characters • Disorders: what causes the occurrence of transient or more permanent diturbances of the speech and language processing systems
6
Six subjects of psycholiguistics • Acquisition: how does a child acquire the langusge skills (first language acquistition) and how are they extended to other language (second/foreign language acquistion) • Comprehension: how is the acoustic or visual signal linguistically interpreted by the hearer or reader

英语语言学第六章 language and Cognition

9
Fluent grammatical conversation stage
Embed one constituent inside another:
Give doggie paper. Give big doggie paper.
Use more function words: missing function words and inflection in the beginning but good use (90%) by the age of 3, with a full range of sentence types.
15
Language Comprehension
16
Factors involved in word recognition: Frequency effect (频率效应)（词频效应） : One of the most important factors that affects word recognition is how frequently the word is used in a given discourse or context. Frequency effect describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in the L.
12
Word recognition
An initial step in understanding any message How do we go about recognizing words ? As soon as people hear speech, they start

chapter 6 Language and Cognition

(Ungerer & Schmid 1996/2001）
2. What is its research scopes?
• the way human beings perceive
and conceptualize the world:
6.3.1 Construal and Construal Operations (识解与操作) 6.3.2 Categorization (范畴化) 6.3.3 Image Schemas (意象图式) 6.3.4 Metaphor (隐喻) 6.3.5 Metonymy (转喻) 6.3.6 Blending Theory (整合理论)
6.3.1 Construal and Construal Operations (识解与识解操作)
(2) Judgment / Comparison (判断/对比)
那只顺流而下的船沉了；玛丽正在缝补时，短袜从她的膝盖上滑下来；国王女儿的儿子崇拜他自己；收到鲜花的种花人非常高兴；纺织用棉产于密西西比；他们把故事告诉了女孩遇到的那个男孩。
•
6.2.3 Language Production
• (1) Access of words (词汇的提取) • (2) Generation of sentences (句子的生成) • (3) Written language production &
Spoken language production
monitoring/preparation & revision processes sentence generation & lexical access processes
QUESTIONS: (IN PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

语言学第六单元

What is Cognition?
The mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.
Approaches to the Study of Language and Cognition
Judgment / Comparison
It has sth. to do with judging sth. by comparing it to sth. else. Figure-ground（图形背景）背景）（图形-背景 alignment（排列） applies to space （排列） with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration 布局）（布局）.
Basic Level
1. It refers to those that are most
culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. 2. This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “objects” in the world. 3. It is also the most economical ones in that it is at this level that you can find the most relevant information. (p.145)

语言学——精选推荐

语⾔学English Linguistics英语语⾔学Chapter SixLanguage and Cognition语⾔与认知What is language ?What is cognition ?I . Cognition(I). Definition:Mental processes of an individual, information processingMental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.(Ⅱ).Three approaches to the study of language and cognition:1.The formal approach: addresses the structural patterns, including the study of morphological, syntactic, and lexical structure.2.The psychological approach: looks at language from the perspective of general cognitive systems ranging from perception, memory, attention to reasoning. PSYCHOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS ⼼理语⾔学3.The conceptual approach: addresses how language structures (processes & patterns) conceptual content.COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 认知语⾔学Ⅱ. Psycholinguistics(I). Definition:Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language, it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.(Ⅱ).Three subjects of researchLanguage acquisitionLanguage comprehensionLanguage production1. Language Acquisition(1). Definition:Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate.(2). Studies on Language acquisition:One of the central topics in psycholinguisticsAll normal humans speak, no nonhuman animal does.Children’s acquisition of language has received much attention.Scholars kept diaries of children’s speech for their research data.(3). Stages of Language acquisition:a. Holophrastic stage (from two months to a year)–Language’s sound patterns–Phonetic distinctions in parents’ language.–One-word stage: objects, actions, motions, routines.b.Two-word stage (around 18 months)c. Three-word stage–Give doggie paper.–Put truck window.–Tractor go floor.d. Fluent grammatical conversation stageEmbed one constituent inside another:–Give doggie paper.–Give big doggie paper.Use more function words: missing function words and inflection in the beginning but good use (90%) by the age of 3, with a full range of sentence types.All parts of a language are acquired before the child turns four.2. Language comprehension(1). Definition:The mental process in which humans can understand sentences that carry novel messages in a way exquisitely sensitive to the structure of the language.(2). Stages of language comprehension:a. word recognitionb. comprehension of sentencesc. comprehension of texts3. Language production(1). Definition:In psycholinguistics, language production is the production of spoken or written language. It describes all of the stages between having a concept, and translating that concept into linguistic form.(2). Stages of language production:a. access to wordsb. generation of sentencesc. written language productionⅢ. Cognitive LinguisticsDefinition:It is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think. ?It is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the (I) Construal and Construal Operations (识解与识解活动)Construal: the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in different waysConstrual Operations include the following aspects:Attention / salience(注意⁄突显)We activate the most relevant concepts more than concepts that are irrelevant to what we are thinking about.a We drove along the road.(a line:one-dimenaional)b. She ran across the road.(a surface:two-dimenaional)c. The workers dug through the road.(a volume:three-dimenaional)a. He cleaned the window. (glass)b. He opened the window. (frame)a. I’ve broken the window. (I)b. A stone has broken the window. (stone)2. Judgment / Comparison (判断⁄⽐较)Figure / Ground (图形⁄背景)We cannot attend to all facets of a scene at the same time.We cannot pay attention to everything. Instead, we focus on events of particular salience. ?Figure-ground organization –The ground seems to be placed behind the figure extending in the background.–The figure is thus more prominent, or even more interesting, than the ground.Figure-groundFigure-ground also seems to apply to our perception of moving objects.In order to distinguish between stationary and dynamic figure-ground relations, some cognitive linguists (eg Ronald Langacker) use the term trajector （射体）for a moving figure and landmark （界标）for the ground of a moving figure. There’s a cat[figure] on the mat[ground]There are still some peanuts[figure] in the bag[ground]Batman[figure] was standing on the roof[ground]The computer[figure] under the table[ground] is mineThe spacecraft[figure] was hovering over Metropolis[ground]Tarzan[trajector] jumped into the river[landmark]Spiderman[trajector] climbed up the wall[landmark]The bird[trajector] winged its way out the window[landmark]We[trajector] went across the field[landmark]I[trajector]’m going to London[landmark]3. Perspective⁄Situatedness(视⾓⁄情景)Perspective ：the way in which we view a scene in terms of our situatedness. It generally depends on two things: where we are situated in relation to the scene we're viewinghow the scene is arranged in relation to our situatedness.–The tree is behind the man.–The tree is in front of the man.(Ⅱ) Categorization（范畴化）1. Definition:The process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.2. Three levels in categories:–basic level–superordinate level–subordinate levelBasic level Superordinate levelAnimalHorse Dog CatChihuahua German dachshundshepherdSubordinate levelVertical organization(Ⅲ) Image Schema（意象图式）Definition:A recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience (Mark Johnson).2. Patterns of image schemas:Center-periphery schema（中央—边缘图式）Involves–a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and–degrees of distance from the core.Examples (English):–The structure of an apple–An individual’s perceptual sphere–An individual’s social sphere, with family and friends at the core and others having degrees of peripherality （周边性）Containment schema（容器图式）Involves a physical or metaphorical–boundary–enclosed area or volume, or–excluded area or volume.Bodily experience: human bodies as containers.Structural elements: interior, boundary, exterior–The ship is coming into view.–She’s deep in thought.–We stood in silence.Cycle schema （循环图式）Involves repetitious events and event series. Its structure includes the following:–A starting point–A progression through successive events without backtracking–A return to the initial stateThe schema often has superimposed on it a structure that builds toward a climax and then goes through a release or decline.Examples (English)–Days–Weeks–Years–Sleeping and waking–Breathing–Circulation–Emotional buildup and releaseForce schema （⼒量图式）Involves physical or metaphorical causal interaction. It includes the following elements:–A source and target of the force–A direction and intensity of the force–A path of motion of the source and/or target–A sequence of causationExamples (English):–Physical: Wind, Gravity–Structural elements: force, path, entity, etc.–Interaction, directionality, causality–Compulsion–Blockage–Counterforce–Diversion–Removal of restraintLink schema（连接图式）Consists of two or more entities, connected physically or metaphorically, and the bond between them.Entity A Entity BExamples (English):–A child holding her mother’s hand–Someone plugging a lamp into the wall–A causal “connection”–Kinship “ties”Part-whole schema（部分—整体图式）Involves physical or metaphorical wholes along with their parts and a configuration of the parts.Examples (English):–Physical: The body and its parts–Metaphorical: The familyPath schema（路径图式）Involves physical or metaphorical movement from place to place, andconsists of a starting point, a goal, and a series of intermediate points.Examples (English):Physical: Paths; TrajectoriesMetaphorical: The purpose-as-physical-goal metaphor, as expressed in the following sentences: –Tom has gone a long way toward changing his personality.–You have reached the midpoint of your flight training.–She's just starting out to make her fortune.–Jane was sidetracked in her search for self-understanding.Scale schema（刻度图式）Involves an increase or decrease of physical or metaphorical amount, andconsists of any of the following:–A closed- or open-endedprogression of amount–A position in the progressionof amount–One or more norms of amountExamples:–Physical amounts–Properties in the number system–Economic entities such as supply and demandVerticality schema（垂直图式）Involves “up” and “down” relations.Examples:–Standing upright–Climbing stairs–Viewing a flagpole–Watching water rise in a tub(Ⅳ) MetaphorGeorge Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980). Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press. <中⼩学英语教学与研究>2011第6期英语中的概念隐喻表达法崔传明⽯磊（⼭东科技⼤学，⼭东泰安271000）隐喻（metaphor）就是把⼀个领域的概念投射到另⼀领域，或者说从⼀个认知域—来源（source domain）投射到另⼀个认知域—⽬标域（target domain）。

《语言学教程》第 6 章语言与认知

1 中国人重伦理英美人重认知 2 中国人重整体，偏重综合性思维英美人重个体，偏重分析性思维
3 中国人重直觉英美人重实证
①中国传统思想注重实践经验，注重整体思考，借助直觉体悟，通过知觉从整体上模糊而直接地把握对象的内在本质和规律。②直觉思维强调感性认识、灵感和顿悟；这种思维方式在词语中也有反映。 ①英美人的思维传统是：重视理性知识，重视分析，重视实证，通过对实证的分析得出科学、客观的结论。

伽利略近代实验科学的先驱者当时的人评论：“哥伦布发现了新大陆，而伽利略发现了新宇宙”。史蒂芬· 霍金说，“自然科学的诞生要归功于伽利略，他这方面的功劳无人能及。”

牛顿他对万有引力和三大运动定律的描述奠定了此后三个世纪里物理学的基础，并成为现代工程学的基础。
心理语言学的发展史

心理语言学的发展史总体上分为先乔姆斯基时期和后乔姆斯基时期。在前一个时期，心理语言学受心理学中的行为主义和语言学中的结构主义的影响，着重研究语言的形式，尚未对语言使用的心理过程作深入研究。在乔姆斯基以后，心理语言学的研究重点发生了变化。为验证乔姆斯基提出的一系列假设的心理真实性，心理语言学家们设计出各种各样的理论模型，进行各种实验，以揭开人类心理机制这个“黑匣子”。

托马斯.爱迪生
世界历史上第一个利用大量生产原则和工业实验室来生产发明专利的人。拥有2000 项发明，包括对世界影响极大的留声机、电影摄影机、钨丝灯泡等。

爱迪生被誉为“光明之父”、“现实世界的普罗米修斯”。

托马斯.汤姆逊
他发现了电子，获诺贝尔物理学奖。

他创立了代表现代科学的相对论，为核能开发奠定了理论基础，开创了现代科学的新纪元，被公认为是自伽利略、牛顿以来最伟大的科学家、物理学家。

l开头c结尾的简单英文单词

l开头c结尾的简单英文单词
艺术融合
艺术融合（Aesthetic Convergence）是一个新兴的艺术领域，它融合了多种艺术形式和风格，创造出独特而富有表现力的作品。

这个单词可以作为l开头c结尾的简单英文单词，同时字数超过
500个。

它代表着一种追求美的融合和创新的思维方式，也代表着
一种对艺术多样性和包容性的追求。

标题：Language and Cognition，正文：语言与认知
语言与认知（Language and Cognition）是一个非常广泛的学科领域，它研究语言与认知之间的关系。

这个单词可以作为l开头
c结尾的简单英文单词，同时字数超过500个。

它涉及到语言学、
心理学、神经科学等多个学科领域，探讨人类如何使用语言进行思考、交流和表达。

标题：Cultural Exchange，正文：文化交流
文化交流（Cultural Exchange）是不同文化之间相互理解和
互动的过程。

这个单词可以作为l开头c结尾的简单英文单词，同
时字数超过500个。

它涉及到不同文化背景的人们之间的交流、互
动和合作，旨在促进文化多样性和包容性，增进不同文化之间的理
解和友谊。

Language and Cognition语言与认知

language and cognition

语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition

【英语学习】Language and Cognition-精品文档

语言与认知的三种方法

mhk作文

Language and Cognition语言与认知

language and cognition

Chapter 6 语言学-Language and cognition

英语语言学第六章 language and Cognition

chapter 6 Language and Cognition

语言学第六单元

语言学——精选推荐

《语言学教程》第 6 章 语言与认知

l开头c结尾的简单英文单词

《语言学教程》第 6 章语言与认知