英美国家概况复习资料

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英美概况知识点总结题库

英美概况知识点总结题库一、英美概况基本概念英美概况是指英国和美国两个国家的基本情况和特点，包括地理、历史、政治、经济、文化、社会等方面的情况。

英美两国是世界上最有影响力的国家之一，其发展历史和国情具有重要的影响力。

因此，了解英美概况对于理解世界格局和国际关系有着重要的意义。

二、英美概况的地理特点1. 英国地理特点（1）英国位于欧洲西北部，包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个主要地区。

英国总面积244,820平方公里，是欧洲第三大岛国。

（2）英国地势大致呈现出中高原低洼的地形特点，山地和丘陵地区占据了半岛的西南部和中部，而低洼平原主要分布在东南和中南部地区。

2. 美国地理特点（1）美国位于北美洲中部，是世界第四大国家，总面积达到9,638,131平方公里。

（2）美国地形多样，山脉主要集中在西部，大平原和丘陵地区主要分布在中西部，而东部则是低洼平原地区。

美国有众多河流，包括密西西比河、科罗拉多河、哥伦比亚河等。

三、英美概况的历史沿革1. 英国历史沿革（1）英国有着悠久的历史文化，公元前55年，罗马帝国入侵了不列颠岛，成为不列颠的一部分。

5世纪，盎格鲁-撒克逊人从德国北部迁入英格兰，并在836年建立了第一个统一的英国王国。

（2）1066年，诺曼征服导致了英国的政治和社会结构发生了较大变化，12世纪中叶英国建立了自己的君主立宪制度。

16世纪的宗教改革导致了英国国教的建立，17世纪的克伦威尔革命结束了君主专制，成立了军政府。

18世纪末，英国工业革命开启了现代化的起点。

（3）19世纪，英国成为世界上最强大的殖民地帝国，印度和非洲大部分地区被英国殖民。

20世纪，英国在两次世界大战中扮演了关键角色，但在战后开始了殖民帝国的解体和国际地位的下降。

2. 美国历史沿革（1）美国历史的起源可以追溯到公元前1492年，哥伦布发现了北美大陆。

17世纪早期，英国殖民者开始在北美建立殖民地。

（2）18世纪末，美国爆发了独立战争，美国终于于1776年宣布独立，建立了独立的民主共和国。

英美国家概况复习

1. The civil rights movementIt is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America. Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC,CORE,and SCLC struggled for racial intergration by providing leaderships,network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King. Jr, and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in th US.2.A federal system【联邦制】It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constiuent parts, with some rights reserved to each.3.King ArthurIt is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magica sword,Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends.4. The Anglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.5. Riverdance[大河舞] It is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland’s intricate[错综复杂的]folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance. Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture. It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle. The music usually sounds fast and furious. Most of the actionis from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides.6. The House of CommonsIt is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(members of parliament)make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.7. The Commonwealth【英联邦】In the author’s opinion, the Commowealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia,Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a form for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.8. MaoritangaIt is the Maori word for “Maori culture.” It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their language, customs and traditions,9. The “Washminster” form polityIt is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is base on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government. However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.10. Yellowstone National ParkIt is the oldest and one of the largest national parks in the US. It is named after the Yellowstone River that flows through the area. It is known for its geysers and hot springs among other natural wonders.11 counterculture[反主流文化]In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture”. The counterculture rejected capitalism and other Americans principles. They had morals different from those taught by their parents. Some group of youth tried to construct different ways of life,. Among the most famous were the hippies. They thought new experience through dropping out, and drug taking. But it was music,rock music particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society. The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriage, career and success.12 Martin Luther King, Jr.A black Baptist minister, he was leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movements of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the march on Washington of August 1963, when King delivered his famous “ I Have a Dream” speech. As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks. Due to his strong belief in non-violent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Price in 1964. He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.13．Richard NixonRichard Nixon was the former President of the United States. He won the elction in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972.While he was in office, he contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and China and visited China in 1972.Shortly after he was re-elected ,he was involved in theWatergate scandal,for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.1.Explain your understanding of how the United States isgoverned according to its constitution, including its polity and the check and balance mechanism of governing.if Congress proposes a law that the president think is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not became law. Congress can enact the law despite the president’s views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it. If Congress passes a low which is the challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect. The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions,including the position, of Supreme Court justice. The Senate,however,must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.2. How do you understand the saying: ”British history has been a history of invasion.” ?Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people:a powerful cultural originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by Roman Empire, and England and Wales became part of the Roman Empire for nearly400 years. As the Roman Empire came under threat from the east, the Roman armies and Roman protection were withdrawn from Britain, and Britain was again divided into small kindoms, andagain it came under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples:the Angles,and the Saxon.In the 5th century AD it is said that a great leader-King Arthur appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur,drove the Saxons back.whatever Arthur’s success,legend or not,it did not last,for the Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain,and either absorbed the Celtic people,or pushed them to the western and northern edges of Britain.From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores. Their settlements in England grew until large areas of northern and eastern England were under their control.1066, the Normans, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings. Under William of Normandy they cross the English Channel and in the Battle of Hastings, defeated an English army under King Harold. This marks the last time .that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invading3.Your understanding of the characteristics of American religion and its social functionsFirst of all, American with different religions live together under the same law. The Bill of Rights in the US Constitutioninsists that there should be no state religion.That means that the government has no right to interfere in people’s religious affairs.The freedom of religion and the separation of state and church guaranted in the Constitution is believed to be the basic principles against religious persecution.Secondly,the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress. Every Sunday morning, all over America people pour into the churches. Half of American Protestants are active church members, and there are few who habitually stay away. Not only the Catholic churches,but the Protestant ones too,are flourishing,and new ever-growing suburbs. Through all the social and economic changes religion has remained a constant factor.Thirdly,in the united states every church is a completeluy independent organization,and concerned with its own finance and its own building.if one goes to a Protestant church,he or she will hear morality preached,but not a word of doctrine. Churches and religious sects are expressions of group solidarity rather than of rigid adherence to doctrine.。

英美概况考试重点复习材料(英国部分)

英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分）Chapter 1第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英美概况知识点总结归纳

英美概况知识点总结归纳英美概况是指英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济、教育等各方面的概况。

这两个国家在世界上具有重要的地位，对世界文化和政治产生了深远的影响。

下面将对英美概况的各个方面进行总结归纳。

一、文化概况1. 英国文化英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其文化底蕴深厚。

英国文学自古至今在世界范围内具有重要地位，莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多文学家的作品至今仍然备受人们喜爱。

英国音乐、戏剧、电影等领域也有着丰富的传统。

2. 美国文化美国是一个移民国家，因此其文化融合了来自世界各地的元素，呈现出多元化和包容性。

美国文学、音乐、电影等在世界上具有很大影响力，如杰克·伦敦、海明威、福克纳等作家的作品、爵士乐、摇滚乐、好莱坞电影等都深受人们喜爱。

3. 英美文化交流英美两国之间的文化交流十分频繁，互相影响。

英国音乐、戏剧、文学等在美国具有很大影响力，而美国的流行音乐、电影、文化现象也在英国广受欢迎。

二、历史概况1. 英国历史英国历史可以追溯到古代，罗马、盎格鲁-撒克逊、诺曼底人等不同民族和文化在英国留下了深远的影响。

英国从16世纪开始成为世界上的帝国大国，殖民了大量领土。

20世纪初，英国逐渐衰落，但仍然在政治、文化方面占有重要地位。

2. 美国历史美国历史相对年轻，但是却是一个充满传奇色彩的国家。

美国独立战争后成为独立国家，并在19世纪成为世界上最强大的国家之一。

20世纪，美国在两次世界大战后成为世界超级大国，对世界政治、经济产生了深远影响。

3. 英美历史关系英国曾是美国的殖民地，双方有着深厚的历史渊源。

美国革命后，两国保持了密切的关系，经济、文化、政治等方面有着广泛的交流合作。

三、政治概况1. 英国政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是君主，首相是政府首脑。

英国的政治体系成熟稳定，经过数百年的发展，形成了一套完善的议会制度和法律体系。

2. 美国政治美国是一个总统制国家，总统是国家元首和政府首脑。

英美国家概况复习资料

《英美国家概况》I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices:1. The highest mountain in Britain is ____.A. ScafellB. Ben NevisC. the CotswoldsD. the Forth2. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. the ClydeB. the MerseyC. the SevernD. the Thames3. The largest lake in Britain is _____.A. the Lough NeageB. Windermere WaterC. Coniston WaterD. the Lake District4. Which part of Britain is always fighting?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northem Ireland5. The immigrants coming to Britain are mainly from _____.A. EuropeB. the United StatesC. AfricaD. the West Indies,6. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.A. the NormansB. the CeltsC. the IberiansD. the Anglo-Saxons7. British Recorded history began with _____.A.Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion8. In 829, _____ actually became the overlord of all the English.A. JohnB. James IC. EgbertD. Henry I9. Christmas Day ____, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.A. 1056B. 1066C. 1006D. 106010. Henry II was the first king of the _____ dynasty.A. WindsorB. TudorC. MalcolmD. Plantagenet11. In 1265 ____ summoned the Great Council, which has been seen as the earliest parliament.A. Henry IIIB. the PopeC. BaronsD. Simon de Montfort12. The Hundred Years’ war started in ____ and ended in ____, in which the English had lost all the territories of France except the French port of ____.A. 1337, 1453, FlandersB. 1337, 1453, CalaisC. 1346, 1453, ArgencourtD. 1346, 1453, Brest13. The Wars of Roses lasted for _____ years and king _____ was replaced by king _____.A.30, Richard III, Henry TudorB. 50, Richard III, Henry TudorB. C. 30, Richard I, Henry Tudor D. 50, Richard I, Henry Tudor14. The Renaissance began in ____ in the early ____ century.A. England, 14B. England, 15C. Italy, 14D. Italy, 1515. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution16. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the North America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth17. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation18. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of _____ in 1583.A. CanadaB. AustraliaC. IndiaD. Newfoundland19. _____ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American:A. Edward VIIIB. Edward VIIC. George VID. George VII20. In January _____ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.A. 1957B. 1967C. 1973D. 197921. soon after _____, Britain not only gave up its econmic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership.A. 1900B. the First World WarC. the Second World WarD. 196022. In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest _____ rate and the highest _____ rate.A. inflation, growthB. growth, inflationC. growth, divorceD. growth, birth23. The following are all reasons of British decline of coal industry except _____.A.the exhaustion of old minesB. costly extractionB. C. little money being invested D. the labour shortage24. Britain’s foreign trade is mainly with _____.A. developing countriesB. other Commonwealth countriesC. other developed countriesD. EC25. The House of Lords is presided over by _____.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the QueenC. the Archbishop of CanterburyD. the Prime Minister26. A General Election is held every _____ years and there are _____ members of Parliaments are elected.A. five, 600B. five, 650C. five, 651D. four, 65127. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords28. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in _____.A. the QueenB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons29. The sources of British law include _____.A. statutes, common law, equity law and European Community lawB. statutes, common law and equity lawC. statutes, common law and European Community lawD. a complete code and statutes30. In criminal trials by jury, _____ passes sentenced and _____ decide the issue of guilt or innocence.A. the judge, the juryB. the judge, the judgeC. the jury, the juryD. the Lord Chancellor, the jury答案I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices.1. B2. C3. A4. D5. D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. D11. D 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. D16. B 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. CII. Fill in the blanks:1. Ceographically speaking, the north and west of Britain are _______, while the east and south-east are mostly______.2. Welsh is located in the ______ of Great Britain.3. The ancestors of the English ______, while the Scots, Welsh and Irish the ______.4. In the mid-5th century, three Teuronic tribes ______, _____, and _____ invaded Britain. Among them, the _____ gave their name to English people.5. The battle of _______ witnessed the death of Harold in October, 1066.6. Under William, the ______ system in England was completely established.7. The property record in William’s time is kno wn as ______, which was compiled in _____.8. _____’s grave became a place of pilgrimage in and beyond chaucer’s time after he was murdered.9. ______ was the deadly bubonic plague, which reduced England’s population from four million to ______ million b y the end of the 14th century.10. One of the consequences of the Uprising of 1381 was the emergence of a new class of ______ farmers.11. James I and his son Charles I both believed firmly in ______.12. During the Civil War, the Cavaliers supported ________, while the Roundheads supported _______.13. After the Civil War, Oliver Cromwell declared England a ______, later, he became _________.14. In 1707, the Act of _______ united England and ______.15. The two parties originated with the Glorious Revolution were _____ and _______. The former were the forerunners of the ______ Party, the latter were of the ______ party.16. In 1765, the Scottish inventor _____ produced a very efficient _____ that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. After the Industrial Revolution, Britain became the “______” of the world.18. During the Second World War ________ led Britain to final victory in 1945.19. In 1974 and 1977, the two ______ shock caused inflation to rise dramatically.20. Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under _______.II. Fill in the blanks:1.highlands, lowlands2. west3. Anglo-Saxons, Celts4. Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Angles5. Hastings6. feudal7. Domesday Book, 10868. Thomas Becket9. Black Death, two 10. yeomen 11. the Divine Right of Kings 12. the king, the Parliament 13. Commonwealth, Lord Protector 14. Union, Scotland 15. Whigs Tories Liberal Conservative 16. James Watt steam engine 17. workship 18. Winston Churchill19. oil 20. the North SeaIII. Explain the following terms.1. the Hardian’s Wall: It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the Great Alfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advis e the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the Conqueror William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of Hastings In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met nea r Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Domesday Book Under William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgement Day.6. the Great Charter King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberities, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years’ War It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the Frenchrefused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of Arc She was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.9. the Black Death It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of Roses They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloody Mary Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When sh e became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth I One of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver Cromwell The leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of Rights In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15. Whigs and Tories It referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James Watt The Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston Churchill Prime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. Agribusiness It refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designes to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British Constitution There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.20. Queen Elizabeth II The present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.IVRead the following statements carefully and decide if each of them is True or False: ( 20 points )( ) 1. The Bill of Rights is the term for the first twelve amendments to the Constitution.( ) 2. The stock market crash in 1929 was the beginning of a long economic depression in the U. S.( ) 3. George Washington was the first president of the United States.( ) 4. The system of the parliamentary government of the U.K. is based on a written constitution.( ) 5. Benjamin Franklin alone drafted the Declaration of Independence, and on July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the declaration.( ) 6. Britain was the first country to start the Industrial Revolution which contributed to the establishment of the British Empire.( ) 7. The word English means “the language that belongs to the Angles.”( ) 8. The Pennines are known as the “Backbone of England”.( ) 9. The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh Lake in Wales which covers an area of 397 square kilometers. ( ) 10. Both the First Continental Congress and the Second Continental Congress were held in Boston.( ) 11. The American Constitution founded feudalism and introduced checks and balances.( ) 12. The national church in Scotland is also the Church of England.( ) 13.Of all the English university Oxford and Cambridge are the most prestigious( ) 14. The House of Lords is now made up of two kinds of Lords: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.( ) 15. William, Duke of Normandy, founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea and he became known as “Father of the British Navy.”( ) 16. Anglo-Saxons in Britain are believed to be ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh people. ( ) 17. After Margaret Thatcher was elected Britain’s first ever woman prime minister in 1979, she adopted a new program to cure the “British disease”.( ) 18. America Vespucci proved that the land discovered by Columbus was not Indian, but a new continent. As a result, the new continent was named after him and became known as America.( ) 19. Declaration of Independence was formally adopted by the Continental Congress on July 14, 1776, a day which has been celebrated each year as Independence Day of the United States.( ) 20. When the news of American victory at Yorktown reached London, the Parliament voted to end the War and peace negotiation began in 1782.1~5 FTTFF 6~10 TTTFF 11~15 FFTTTIIV Give an one-sentence answer to each of the following questions.1. What is the longest river in Britain?The longest river in Britain is Severn river.2. How long did the Wars of the Roses go on?The War of the Roses went on for 30 years.3. When did American Civil War break out?. American Civil War began in 1861.4. What were the mainstream Americans called?The mainstream Americans are called WASPs.5. What does American Congress consist of?American Congress consists of Senate and House of Representatives.IIIV Write between 100-150 words on the following topic: ( 10 points )Cold WarKey to Model 2Some historians say that the world entered Cold War immediately after the Second World War ended. The conflicts arose basically from the separate concepts of postwar world order. The United States, relying on its large economic and military strength, tried to play the role of world police under the pretext of fighting against the Soviet expansion. The Soviet Union put forward the theory that there could be no long-term peaceful coexistence between socialism and capitalism and the Soviet Union should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism, represented by the United States and Britain. Cold War was characterized by international tension and conflicts without bloody “hot war” between the Soviet Union and the United States. Cold War did not end until after the collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989.。

英美概况大题知识点总结

英美概况大题知识点总结1. 位置与面积:- 英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成，是一个岛国，又称不列颠群岛。

- 美国位于北美洲的中北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，与加拿大和墨西哥为邻。

是全球第三大、北美洲第二大的国家。

2. 地形:- 英国地貌复杂，地势起伏。

苏格兰地区有高山，如本提高地、格兰特群山、高地等，英格兰和威尔士地势较低，北爱尔兰地区以丘陵地形为主。

- 美国地大物博，地貌多样。

东部大西洋沿岸是低洼平原，中部是多河流盆地、大草原和沙漠，西部有洛矶山脉、科罗拉多高原和内华达高原，阿拉斯加地区是冰川遍布的高山地区，夏威夷是火山构成的群岛，加利福尼亚州和华盛顿州有大片的森林。

3. 气候:- 英国气候温和，受海洋性气候和大西洋洋流的影响。

冬季不太寒冷，夏季不太炎热，年降水量较多。

- 美国气候多样，北部地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部地区属于亚热带气候。

阿拉斯加地区气候寒冷，夏威夷地区气候属于热带海洋性气候。

整体上，美国西部偏干燥，东部偏湿润。

4. 主要城市:- 英国主要城市包括伦敦、曼彻斯特、伯明翰、利物浦等。

伦敦是英国首都，也是英国最大的城市，世界上最重要的金融中心之一。

- 美国主要城市包括纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥、旧金山、华盛顿等。

纽约是美国最大的城市，也是世界金融中心之一，华盛顿是美国首都。

5. 自然资源:- 英国主要矿产资源包括煤炭、天然气、铁矿石和石油。

海洋渔业资源也非常丰富。

- 美国拥有丰富的煤炭、石油、天然气、铁矿石等矿产资源，以及广大的农业土地和丰富的水资源。

6. 语言和宗教:- 英国官方语言是英语，宗教主要是基督教，其中以英国国教会和天主教最为流行。

- 美国官方语言也是英语，宗教信仰多元，基督教、犹太教、伊斯兰教等都有一定的信徒。

英美历史概况:1. 古代历史:- 英国在古代分别由凯尔特人、罗马人、盎格鲁-撒克逊人和维京人等民族统治，1066年诺曼征服后建立了专制统治的王朝。

英美国家概况复习提纲

一、翻译题分constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制the Monarch 君主Parliament 议会House of Commons 平民院平民院/下议院The Government Party执政党Royal Assent御准（女王批准）Shadow Cabinet 影子内阁jury system 陪审团制the Conservative Party 保守党保守党the Labour Party 工党工党common law 习惯法Crown Courts 王室法院The Celts 凯尔特人Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁萨克逊人Norman Conquest 诺曼征服The Great Charter 大宪章大宪章The Hundred Years’ War 百年大战The Black Death黑死病Renaissance 文艺复兴Humanists 人文主义者the Great Lakes大湖区Secretary of State国务卿The US Congress 国会众议院国会the House of Representatives众议院The Judicial Branch司法部门the Supreme Court最高法院最高法院the Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件、The Bill of Rights人权法案人权法案The Star-Spangled Banner星条旗The Monroe Doctrine门罗主义Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言/废奴宣言Frontiersman拓荒者The Civil War内战The Westward Movement西进运动英语国家概况精讲系列（一）Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

英美国家概况复习材料

英美国家概况复习材料英美国家概况复习材料1.PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2.The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all mem were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of government: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.The Articles of ConfederationAfter the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government calledthe Congress. Each state had its own government, made ists own laws and handled its internal affairs. The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other. The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either. Asa result, the Articles of Confederation failed.4.The making of the US ConstitutionThe Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island refused to participate) gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and ended up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government. The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called, federal laws would be made only by aCongress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up. This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.5.Industrial Revolution in AmericaAfter independence, America was principally an agricultural country. The Industrial Revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860. One key development was the introduction of the factory system. A second development was the “American system”of mass production. A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks. A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization----the bank and corporation.6.The executiveThe chief executive is the president, who is elected to a four-year term. A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951. The president can propose legislation to Congress. He can veto any bill passes by Congress. The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses. The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.7.Industrial Revolution inAmericaAfter independence, America was principle an agricultural country. The Industrial Revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860. One key development was the introduction of the factory system. A second development was the “American system” of mass production. A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks. A forth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization—the bank and corporation.8.Religious diversityFrontier America made the United States a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Many religious communities and secular utopias, experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America. Many small sects and cults appear in America society all the time. They have certain tendencies in common. They regard the larger society as hopelessly corrupt. Some of them never win a large following, but some others prosper and graduate into the rank of the respectable denominations. Some non-Western religions such as Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism are also growing.9.The “ Lost Generation”In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived in Europe. They were known as the “Lost generation”. Two of the mostrepresentative writers of the “Lost Generation”were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.10.Higher educationIn America, higher education refers to education on the college level. America higher education includes four categories of institutions. They are the university, the four-year undergraduate institution ( the college) the technical training institution and the two-year or community college. Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds. Many universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory.11.The civil rights movementIt is one of the most important spontaneous action in1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC, CORE, and SCLC struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end dis crimination12.CountercultureIn the wake of the free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture.”The counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from those taught by their parents. Some groups pf youth tried to construct different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out, and drug taking. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society. The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriage, career and success.13.Poverty as a social problemThe United States is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Yet over 24 million people or about 10% of the population are living at or below the official poverty line, incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter. There are millions more living slightly above the poverty line, whose plight is not much better. Also, the social services in the United States compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies. Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies. Therefore, poverty in the United States is a big social problem.。

英美概况知识点总结

英美概况知识点总结英美概况是指英国和美国的综合概述，包括地理、历史、文化、经济等方面的内容。

以下将从不同角度对英美概况进行总结。

一、地理概况英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，包括大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。

英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰是英国的四个组成部分。

英国是一个岛国，海洋对英国的经济和国际交流起着重要作用。

美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西靠太平洋，与加拿大和墨西哥为邻。

美国是世界第三大国家，拥有广袤的领土和多样的地理环境。

二、历史概况英国历史悠久，曾经是大不列颠帝国的核心。

英国是工业革命的发源地，对现代科技和工业发展做出了重要贡献。

美国的历史相对较短，于18世纪独立建国。

美国是一个移民国家，吸引了来自世界各地的移民，形成了多元文化的社会。

三、文化概况英国文化深厚，包括文学、音乐、戏剧等方面的成就。

莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德等众多文化名人出自英国。

英国的摇滚乐、流行音乐也享誉世界。

美国文化的影响力也非常大，好莱坞电影、流行音乐、美式足球等都深受全球喜爱。

美国文学也有众多杰出作品，如马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》。

四、经济概况英国是世界上最发达的资本主义国家之一，金融业和服务业发达。

伦敦作为国际金融中心，具有重要的地位。

美国是全球最大的经济体，以市场经济为基础，拥有世界上最发达的科技和创新产业。

美国是世界上最大的农产品生产国和第二大制造业国。

总结起来，英美概况涵盖了地理、历史、文化和经济等方面的内容。

英国和美国都是世界上具有重要影响力的国家，对世界的发展有着重要的贡献。

两个国家在不同领域都有独特的优势和特色，值得我们进一步深入了解和学习。

大二英美概况知识点总结

大二英美概况知识点总结在大二的学习中，英美概况这门课程为我们打开了了解英美国家的一扇窗。

通过这门课程，我们对英美两国的历史、政治、经济、文化等方面有了更全面和深入的认识。

以下是对大二英美概况课程知识点的总结。

一、英国概况1、地理英国位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。

英国的主要岛屿包括大不列颠岛、爱尔兰岛东北部和一些小岛。

其气候温和湿润，属于温带海洋性气候。

2、历史英国的历史悠久且丰富。

从罗马统治时期，到盎格鲁撒克逊人的入侵，再到诺曼征服，英国的政治和社会结构不断演变。

工业革命使英国成为世界上第一个工业化国家，拥有强大的经济和军事实力，建立了庞大的殖民地。

3、政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，女王是国家元首，但权力主要由议会和政府行使。

英国议会分为上议院和下议院，政府由首相领导。

英国的政党制度主要有保守党和工党。

4、经济英国是世界上重要的经济体之一，其经济以服务业为主，特别是金融服务业。

伦敦是全球重要的金融中心之一。

制造业和农业在英国经济中也占有一定地位。

5、文化英国文化底蕴深厚，在文学、艺术、音乐、戏剧等领域有着卓越的成就。

从莎士比亚的戏剧到简·奥斯汀的小说，从披头士乐队到皇家芭蕾舞团，英国的文化影响力广泛。

此外，英国的教育体系也备受世界瞩目，拥有众多顶尖的大学。

二、美国概况1、地理美国位于北美洲中部，领土还包括北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加和太平洋中部的夏威夷群岛。

美国地形多样，有山脉、平原、高原和沙漠等。

气候类型丰富，从寒带到热带都有分布。

2、历史美国原为印第安人的聚居地，15 世纪末，西班牙、荷兰、法国、英国等相继移民至此。

通过独立战争，美国摆脱了英国的殖民统治，建立了联邦制国家。

美国在 19 世纪通过领土扩张和工业发展迅速崛起，成为世界强国。

3、政治美国是一个联邦制国家，实行三权分立的政治制度，行政权由总统行使，立法权属于国会，司法权属于最高法院。

英美概况教程知识点总结

英美概况教程知识点总结英国和美国是世界上最具影响力、最发达的国家之一，两国在政治、经济、文化、教育等方面都具有举足轻重的地位。

了解英美的概况对于拓展视野、增进知识十分重要。

本文将对英美概况进行详细总结，希望能为读者提供全面的了解。

一、英国概况1. 地理位置英国位于欧洲西部，东临英吉利海峡，北面是北海，西北面是爱尔兰海，东北面是北大西洋。

英国主要由大不列颠岛和苏格兰、威尔士、北爱尔兰等岛屿组成。

2. 政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世，首相则是政府首脑。

3. 经济发展英国是世界第五大经济体，金融、汽车制造、航空航天、化工、制药等产业发达，是全球最大的外汇交易中心。

4. 文化英国是世界文化强国，文学、音乐、艺术、体育等方面都有深厚的底蕴，如莎士比亚、贝多芬、莫扎特等都是国际知名的文化巨匠。

二、美国概况1. 地理位置美国位于北美洲的中心地带，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北面和加拿大相邻，南面与墨西哥相接。

2. 政治体制美国是一个联邦制国家，国家元首是总统，实行三权分立的政治体制。

3. 经济发展美国是世界第一大经济体，工业、农业、科技、金融等方面都处于世界领先地位，是全球最大的出口国和进口国。

4. 文化美国是世界文化强国，好莱坞电影、流行音乐、时尚等文化产业对全球产生深远影响，美国文艺活动也具有世界性影响力。

三、英美概况对比1. 政治体制英国是君主立宪制国家，国家元首是女王，政治体制稳定；美国是联邦制国家，国家元首是总统，实行三权分立的政治体制。

2. 经济发展英国虽然是世界经济体，但经济规模和实力与美国相比仍有差距，尤其在科技、金融等方面美国更为发达。

3. 文化影响英国和美国在文化领域都有世界性的影响力，但美国的文化产业更加发达，对全球的影响力更广泛。

四、学习英美概况的重要性1. 拓展视野了解英美的概况可以帮助人们拓展视野，了解世界上其他国家的政治、经济、文化等情况，增强对世界的认识。

英美概况复习资料

英美概况复习资料1.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2.the Commonwealth of Nations 英联邦国家3.the European Union 欧洲联盟4.the Great Charter 英国大宪章5.the Bill of Rights 权利法案6.constitution 宪法7.constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制8.Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫9.divine right of kings 君权神授10.parliament 议会11.the Great Council大议会12.two-party system 两党制/doc/aa10228022.html,erning party执政党14.Opposition party在野党15.Prime Minister首相16.cabinet 内阁17.the common laws 普通法18.the House of Lords 上议院参议院19.the House of Commons 下议院众议院20.statute law 成文法21.conventions 习惯法22.general elections 大选23.the Conservative party 保守党24.the Labour party 劳工党25.national economy 国民经济26.Gross Domestic Product(GDP) 国内生产总值27.Gross National Product(GNP)国民生产总值28.G8(G8 Summit)8国首脑会议/doc/aa10228022.html,pulsory education 义务教育/doc/aa10228022.html,prehensive schools 综合学校31.gramma schools 文法学校32.vocational schools 职业学校33.Christmas 圣诞节34.Easter 复活节35.Boxing Day 节礼日36.Ramadan 斋月37.Bonfire Night 篝火之夜38.the World Trade Organisation(WTO)世界贸易组织39.the Great Dividing Range 大分水岭40.the Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁41.the Dreamtime 梦创时代42.the Dreaming 梦创信仰名词解释：1.London:London is the largest city located in the south of the country.It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways.It is cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain?s big companies.It is not only the financial center of the nation,but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.2.the Anglo-Saxons:They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century.They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.3.the functions of Parliament:The functions of Parliament are:to pass laws,to vote for taxation,to scrutinis government policy,administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.4.the House of Lords:The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual,who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England;and the Lords Temporal,which refers to those lords who either have inherited the sear from their forefathers or they have been appointed.The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the public.5.the House of Commons:The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament) make and debate policy.The MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.6.the importance of general elections:General elections are very important in western democracy.According to the author,they provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders. 7.the formation of the government:651members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 651 constituencies in the UK.The party which holds a majority of those “seats”in parliament forms the government,with it?s party leader as Prime Minister.8.main sectors of the UK economyThe UK national economy can be divided into three main areas:primary industries,such as agriculture,fishing and mining;secondary industries which manufacture complex goodsfrom those primary products;and tertiary(or service) industries such as banking,insurance,tourism and the retailing.9.independent schools:Independent schools are commonly called public schools which areactually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates,with some government assistance.Independent schools are not part of national education system,but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty?s Inspectors of Schools.These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.10.the Open University:The Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons.It?s open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities.Universities courses are followed through TV,videos and a net work of study centers.At the end of their study at Open Universities,successful students are awarded a universities degree.11.quality papers:They belong to one of the categories of the national dailies.The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance.They also carry reviews,such as book reviews,and feature articles about high culture.These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets”because they are printed on large-size paper.The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educated middle class audience.12.TabloidsA tabloid is a small format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines.T abloids als lots of crime,sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers.Stories are short,easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact.They belong to a category of national papers different from quality papers.13.”football hooligans”:”Football hooligans”reflect the violence associated with football.While al social classes used to join in the local football match,it was regarded as being not all suitable for gentlemen.Visitors from abroad sometimes complained about stumbling into the midst of a rough and dangerous game when walking the streets of London,while local householders and merchants were troubled by having their windows broken by stray footballs.Drinking hard went along with playing hard.Today,violence is still associated with football.”Football hooligans” are supporters of rival teams.They sometimes clash before,during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town,breaking windows and beating each other up.14.the Great Famine:The Great Famine took place from 1845-1848 when successive potato crops failed and many people of Ireland starved to death,or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition.Many left the country for the NewWorld.The Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history,not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration,but also because the British government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony.Naturally this period is characterized by campaigns fornational independence and land reform.15.checks and balances:The Irish system of government is based on the American principle of “checks and balances”:that is, the power of the executive branch of government can be checked by the legislature(the two houses of parliament) and by the judiciary,through courts which interpret the laws.Enforcement is also part of the role of the courts of law,and is actually carried out by the police force.Both the legal system and the police force are conceived of as independent of political influence.16.the dreaming.;The dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together.The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land.The people don?t own the land,instead the land owns the people.The stories of the Dreaming provide principles of how people should live and interact with each other.They also provide principles of how people should live and interact with each other.They also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatingenvironment.17.Terra Nullius:Terra Nullius is from Latin.It means a land that is owned by no one.The British declared the Australian continent Terra Nullius to justify their invasion of the indigenous people?s land.It served to their taking possession of the land and devalued the indigenous people as uncivilized and not fully human.18.Ireland?s accession to the EU:Ireland?s accession to EU in 1971 has provided the followingbenefits to Ireland:1)EU?s funds for agriculture,/doc/aa10228022.html,cation.etc;2)Mobility of Irish people to the other EU countries;3)Further opening up of the Ireland marked and its accession to the EU markets;4)Faster economic development;growing wealth of the Irish people;5)Woman?s equal rights through EU laws.19.The Celtic Tiger:简答题Unit 11.描述英国在世界上的地理位置（东南西北分别是什么国家）Describe the geographical position of BritainBritain is an island country. It is surrounded by the sea. It lies inthe north Atlantic Ocean off thenorth coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the southand the North Sea in the east.Unit 22.描述英国人的性格孤傲(exclusiveness) ;保守(conservativeness ) ;polite独居(privacy)和个人自由(individualism) ;humor3.英国气候Rainy;changeable;unpredictable;mild;fogs;dampUnit 31. What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchy evolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?There are some characters in the Britain Constitutional Monarchy:1. The monarch is primarily to symbolize the traditional and unity of the British state. The Queen reigns but does not rule. And she is legally head of the executive and judiciary branches, an integral part of the legislature, the commander-in-chief of all armed forces and “supremegovernor” of the Church of England2. Parliament becomes the country authority centre, which have right to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government and so on.3. The king must believe in Established Church (being that person succeeds to the throne not to be that Prod), catholic or same catholic get married.Until the end of the 17th century, British monarchs were an executive monarch, which means that they had he right make and pass legislation. But even in early time there were occasions when the Sovereign had to act in accordance with the law and take into account the will of the paper. With the signing Magna Charta in 1215, for example, the leading noblemen of England succeeded in forcing King John to accept that they and other freemen had rights against the Crown.In 17th century,the Stuart kings propagated the theory of the divine right of kings, claiming that the Sovereign was subject only to God and not to the law. Widespread unrest against their rule led to civil war in t he second half of the 17th century. In 1688-1689Parliamentarians drew up the Bill of Rights, which established basic tenets such as the supremacy of Parliament. The constitutional monarchy we know today really developed i n the 18th and 19th centuries, asday-to-day power came to beexercised by Ministers in Cabinet, and by Parliaments elected by a steadily-widening electorate.2.为何现代社会英国人仍保留君主立宪制？Unit42. What are the three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the three parties?Unit 5Main sectors of the UK economy（1）National economies can be broken down into three main areas：primary industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining,Second-ary industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary produets;And tertiary industuies often described as services, such as banking, insuranc, tourism, and the selling of goods.Unit 71. What are the purposes of the British education system?please comment on these purposes.what are the main purposes of theChinese education system?Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?The purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society,But the purpose of the British education system is also to socialise childrenChina；To pass the examsTo let everyone accepts education, have knowledge and skills tomake lifeTo get a good job and make moneyTo be able to cope with life on the wholeTo improve students? qualityCompulsory ——(1)Both the UK and China have compulsory education.(2)The general education systems in two countries are quite similar. They both have primary schooling, secondary and university education.(3)Both countries have vocational schools providing study and trainingfor those who want to follow a certain career insteadof seeking university education. differences——Chinese Education System and Western Education System have their own advantages and disadvantages.Chinese emphasizes foundational knowledge whereasWestern thinks highly of creativeness.Teaching Philosophy(1)the main concept of education(2)In Britain,education aims to develop individual abilities. But in China, we always kill students?ability of creation and imagination to some degree.Teaching Method(1)In Britain, t heir homework doesn?t have a unified right answer. If the answers given by students are reasonable, marks will be given. while in China, the knowledge we learn most have little relationship with our own life, they…re more basic courses .2.How does the British education system reflect social class?Unit 91.The author says tha t “the media are central to Britishleisureculture”, why does the author say so? What are some of the similarities and differences in terms of the function between the British media and the Chinese media?(1)On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The thirdmost popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.(2)similarities:Firstly, like British Media, the role that ChineseMedia plays has become more and moreimportant.Secondly, both the two media have someorganizations which are dominant and influential.Thirdly, British Media and Chinese Media areaccelerating integration of the traditional mediaand IT.Differences: Paper media in the UK is still a huge industry no matter at present or in future. But in China, moreand more people begin to rely on Internet andhanging around online even with nothing at all todo.In addition, British Media has more freedom than theirChinese colleagues to criticize politic.Unit 101.How do the British celebrate Christmas? In what waydoes this holiday and the ways of celebration in Britain reflect western cultural tradition in general and British traditions in particular?(1)Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments. (2)there are some “Christian” traditions such as decorating the house with evergreen plant like holly and ivy.Nowadays,Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards,preparing holiday foods,and decorating homes and workplaces with colored lights,Christmas trees .Besides there are three Christmas traditions which are particular British:one is the Christmas Pantomime,a comical musical play.Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.A third British tradition is Boxing Day,which falls on the day after Christmas.Traditionally,it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants.Unit 111.北爱尔兰与爱尔兰共和国的区别1).Northern Ireland is a province of the UK,the Republic of Ireland is an independent nation in its own right.2)The area covering the Republic of Ireland is 5 times of that ofNorthern Ireland.3)Most of the people in Northern Ireland are Protestants while the majority of the people in the Republic are Catholics.2.What are some of the features of Ireland's geographyUnit 121.describe the structure of the Irish government2.What is the responsibilities of the Irish government.Unit 151. What are the unique features of the Australian continent?答：Isolated from other major land masses, Australia?s distinctive flora and fauna evolved through its long period as an island continent.2. What is the impact of the assimilation policy on the indigenous people? 同化政策对本土人民的影响是什么？答：The missionaries on the “protected reserves” set out destroy the culture of the Dreaming and to replace it with Christianity. As the children grew to adulthood many of them had lost both their families and their culture. They were employed as domestic servants or on cattle stations .Young Aboriginal women were continually at risk of rape. Aboriginal people were excluded from the social ,the political ,the education ,the health services and other aspects. Racism was anentrenched part of Australian culture until the 1960s and operated at the personal and institutional level.诺曼征服的影响1)Relation with the Continent were opened,and civilization and commerce were extended.2)Norman -French culture,language,manners,and architecture were introduced.3)The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome,and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.4)The Norman Conquest was one of the most decisive events in English history,which caused a fundamental change in the way of life of English people.工业革命的定义The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.。

英美概况知识点总结高中

英美概况知识点总结高中英美概况是指英国和美国两个国家的基本情况和特点的总称，包括国家地理环境、政治制度、经济发展、文化传统、社会风貌等多个方面的内容。

作为世界上两个最具有影响力和历史底蕴的国家，英美概况的了解对于增进我们对这两个国家的了解和认识具有重要意义。

下面将进行英美概况知识点的总结，以便于大家更好地了解这两个国家。

一、英国概况1. 地理环境英国位于欧洲大陆西北面，是一个由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的联合王国。

英国地处大西洋东部，地形多样，有山地、平原、丘陵和岛屿等地貌。

英国的气候受大西洋海洋性气候影响，冬季温和湿润，夏季凉爽多雨。

英国是一个发达的海岛国家，拥有丰富的自然资源和美丽的风景。

2. 政治制度英国的政治制度是君主立宪制，君主是国家元首，议会是最高权力机构。

英国议会分为上议院和下议院两个部分，议会具有立法和监督政府职能。

英国政府由内阁负责，内阁首相是政府首脑，由议会多数党派的领导人担任。

英国的政治体制稳定成熟，拥有悠久的历史传统和独特的民主制度。

3. 经济发展英国是一个发达的工业化国家，经济实力雄厚。

英国拥有发达的资本市场和金融服务业，是全球金融中心之一。

英国的经济以服务业为主，尤其是金融、保险、房地产、科技和娱乐等领域发展迅速。

此外，英国也拥有发达的制造业和农业，是世界上最重要的出口国之一。

4. 文化传统英国是文化名城，拥有丰富的文化传统和历史遗产。

英国文学、音乐、艺术、博物馆、剧院等领域都有重要影响力。

英国享有丰富多样的文化产业，包括电影、电视、出版、游戏等领域蓬勃发展。

英国还拥有众多世界知名的文化遗产，如巨石阵、温莎城堡、巴斯古城等。

5. 社会风貌英国社会多元包容，拥有多样的文化建制和生活方式。

英国是一个移民国家，吸引了来自世界各地的移民，形成多元的社会结构。

英国的社会福利体系完善，医疗、教育、社会保障等公共服务和福利都得到充分保障。

英国社会秩序良好，法治建设完善，民众享有相对安定和安全的生活环境。

英美概况知识点总结

英美概况知识点总结一、地理位置英国位于欧洲西北部，由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛两大部分组成，与法国相隔英吉利海峡。

美国则位于北美洲，南临墨西哥湾，东隔大西洋与非洲相望。

二、历史背景1. 英国历史悠久，是一个大英帝国时代曾经占领过大片海外领土的国家，也是现今英联邦的成员国。

2. 美国则是一个相对较新的国家，于1776年宣布独立，随后在19世纪迅速扩张，成为世界上最强大的国家之一。

三、社会制度1. 英国为君主立宪制国家，现为君主立宪制议会民主制国家。

2. 美国为联邦制共和国家，政府分为三个独立的机构，即行政、立法和司法。

四、宗教1. 英国是一个多元宗教国家，主要宗教包括英国国教（基督教）、天主教和伊斯兰教等。

2. 美国宗教信仰自由，主要宗教包括基督教、天主教、犹太教、伊斯兰教、佛教等。

五、文化1. 英国文化深厚，以莎士比亚、狄更斯等文学巨匠为代表，拥有世界上最古老的大学之一牛津大学。

2. 美国文化年轻活力，是全球娱乐文化的重要输出国，好莱坞产出大量世界级电影和音乐。

六、教育1. 英国的教育体系包括小学、中学、大学等，素有“教育王国”的美誉。

2. 美国教育分为幼儿园、小学、中学、大学等，大学中拥有世界一流的学府如哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。

七、科技1. 英国拥有世界领先的科学研究机构和科技企业，如剑桥大学的科研实力备受赞誉。

2. 美国在科技领域有世界上最杰出的创新能力和科研机构，硅谷更是全球IT行业的中心。

八、经济1. 英国是一个高度发达的资本主义经济体系，金融业、制造业、服务业是主要支柱。

2. 美国是世界上最大的经济体，以先进的科技和创新，拥有全球范围内强大的影响力。

九、旅游景点1. 英国拥有众多著名旅游景点，如大本钟、温莎城堡、巨石阵等。

2. 美国也有众多旅游胜地，如纽约时代广场、大峡谷、好莱坞等。

十、社会福利1. 英国实行普遍医疗保险制度，居民享受国家提供的医疗服务。

2. 美国的医疗保险制度相对复杂，没有普遍的国家医疗保健计划。

英美概况复习资料

英美概况复习资料英美概况复习资料英美两国是世界上最具影响力的国家之一，它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都有着重要的地位。

本文将从多个角度对英美概况进行复习，并对两国的历史、地理、社会制度、文化等方面进行探讨。

一、历史概述英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其历史可以追溯到公元前1世纪的罗马帝国时期。

英国曾经是一个强大的殖民帝国，统治过世界各地的殖民地。

而美国则是一个相对年轻的国家，于1776年宣布独立，脱离英国的统治。

美国的历史主要分为殖民地时期、独立战争、内战、工业革命等阶段。

二、地理概况英国位于欧洲西北部，包括大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。

它与法国隔海相望，是欧洲大陆最接近英国的国家。

英国的地理特点是多山丘陵，河流众多，气候温和多雨。

美国则位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋。

美国是一个拥有广袤土地的国家，地形多样，包括大平原、沙漠、山脉等。

美国的气候多样，从亚热带到寒带都有涵盖。

三、政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，女王是国家元首，但实际上的政治权力掌握在议会手中。

英国的政府体系是议会制，分为上议院和下议院。

英国的政治制度稳定，尊重法治，实行民主选举。

美国则是一个联邦共和制国家，总统是国家元首，政权分为行政、立法和司法三个独立的分支。

美国的政治制度强调权力分立和制衡，选举制度比较复杂，包括总统选举、国会选举等。

四、经济概况英国是一个发达的资本主义国家，拥有高度发达的市场经济体系。

它是世界上最早实行工业化的国家之一，拥有强大的金融、服务业和制造业。

英国是欧洲最大的金融中心之一，伦敦证券交易所是世界上最大的证券交易所之一。

美国是世界上最大的经济体，也是全球最发达的资本主义国家之一。

美国拥有强大的科技、金融、制造业等产业，是全球创新和科技领域的领导者。

五、文化特点英美两国都有着丰富多样的文化传统。

英国文化以莎士比亚、英国文学、音乐、戏剧等为代表，具有浓厚的历史底蕴和文化内涵。

英国人崇尚礼仪和传统，喜欢喝茶、看足球等。

(完整word版)英美国家概况复习资料(word文档良心出品)

英美国家概况期末复习考试题型说明：10个简答题和5个论述题。

一．简答题1. What is the full name of the U.K.?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. What are the two components of the British Parliament?They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.3. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War Ⅱ?Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.4. What are the three functions of the House of Commons?The three functions are : to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, and to influence future government policy.5. In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic freedom?British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.6. What are the three categories of Shakespeare’s plays and their representatives?Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories: comedy, tragedy and historical play. The representatives of his comedies include A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night. His major historical plays include Richard III, Henry IV and Antony and Cleopatra. His great tragedies are represented by Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet.7. What were Nixon's well-known contributions during his presidency?Nixon made three well-known contributions:a) brought the Vietnam War to a close;b) reestablishing U.S. relations with China;c) negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the former Soviet Union.8. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. Constitution?One is "check and balances". The other is that the powers of the central government and the power of state governments are specified.9. 说出三个英国的节日Christmas, Easter and "Trooping the color"二．论述题1. What are the characteristics of English literature in the 20th century?English literature in the 20th century can be roughly divided into two periods: Modernism and Postmodernism. Modernism prevailed before the Second World War, It can be viewed as a deliberate departure from tradition and is characterized by the use of innovative forms of expression. Modernist writing seems unorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action form the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of all-knowing, impersonal narrator .After World War II, postmodernism begins. Postmodernism differs in some ways from Modernism. Modernism, for example, tends to present a fragmented view of human subjectivity, but present that fragmentation as somethingtragic, something to be lamented as a loss. Postmodernism does not lament the idea of fragmentation but rather celebrates it .Modernists look for buried meaning below confusing surfaces, while postmodernists abandon that search, However, there are still many postwar writers who continue traditional themes.2. Why is the United States regarded as a "melting pot" and a "salad"?The United States "is not merely a nation but a nation of nations". The immigrants came in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America was described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups were combined into one culture. Recently, Americans have been called a "salad" in that people of different races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously but at the same time keep their distinct culture and custom.3. What was the cause of the American Civil War?(可能该题考简答)The issue of slavery was the focus of American politics, economics and cultural life by the mid-19th century.The southern planters needed a large number of laborers to manage their plantations and they regarded the black slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What's more, the Northerners demanded a law protecting tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads, but the Southerners were strongly against it and advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the Civil War.4. How is a President voted into office in America? What are your ideas about the American election?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for the presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches, and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President as soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaign. However, the election can not solve the social and economic problems as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.5. How did the U.S. Constitution lay groundwork for America's economic development?The U.S. Constitution, as an economic charter, established that the entire nation, was a unified or "common" market. There were no tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce. It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post offices and roads, and fix rules governing patents and copyrights. The last mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property", a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20th century.6. What are the characteristics of American writing during the Romantic period?During the Romantic period, most of the American writings placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions, and they displayed an increasing attention to the psychic state of their characters, They celebrated America’s landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, endless prairies, streams and vast oceans. The Romantic writers had a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man.。

(0035)英美国家概况复习大纲

（0035）《英美国家概况》复习大纲考试内容：英国部分Chapter OneChapter TwoChapter Three美国部分Chapter OneChapter TwoChapter Three（注：考试不包含课本补充阅读材料）（0035）《英美国家概况》样题及答案一．单项选择题Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question four suggested answers A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question. (15 points)1. The Stonehenge was the most shining example of people.a. Celticb. Anglo-Saxonc. Danishd. Roman答案为a 。

请按顺序将答案写在答题纸上。

如1. a 2. d2. In 1975, the first oil was brought ashore from the .a. Atlantic Oceanb. English Channelc. Indian Oceand. North Sea答案为d 。

该题共15小题，每题一分。

二．是非题Read the following statements carefully and decide if each of them isTrue or False: (15 points)1. It was during James I’s time that England defeated Spanish Armada. (F)2. Cold war did not end until after the collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989. (T)请将答案按顺序写在答题纸上。

英美概况知识点总结

英美概况1. 概述英美是指英国和美国，两个国家在历史、文化、经济等方面有着紧密的联系。

英国是位于欧洲的一个岛国，拥有悠久的历史和文化传统；美国是位于北美洲的一个大陆国家，是世界上最强大的经济体之一。

2. 历史背景2.1 英国历史英国的历史可以追溯到公元前1万年左右的旧石器时代。

公元43年，罗马帝国入侵不列颠岛，并建立了不列颠罗马省。

5世纪时，盎格鲁-撒克逊人开始从欧洲大陆迁徙至不列颠岛，建立了各个王国。

9世纪时，威塞克斯王朝统一了英格兰。

1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉一世在哈斯丁斯战役中击败了英格兰的哈罗德二世，并建立了诺曼底王朝。

14世纪后期，英法百年战争爆发，在这场战争中英格兰失去了大部分法国领土。

16世纪初，亨利八世发动宗教改革，英格兰成为新教国家。

17世纪中期，英国爆发了内战，最终奥利弗·克伦威尔夺取政权并建立了共和国。

1660年，英国恢复君主制。

18世纪后期至19世纪初期，工业革命在英国兴起，使其成为当时的工业中心。

19世纪时，英国成为世界上第一个工业化的国家，并在全球范围内建立了庞大的殖民帝国。

2.2 美国历史美洲大陆最早的居民是印第安人。

1492年，哥伦布发现了美洲大陆，并开启了欧洲人对美洲的探索和殖民活动。

17世纪初，英格兰开始向北美洲殖民，并建立了13个殖民地。

这些殖民地于1776年宣布独立，成立了美利坚合众国。

19世纪初至中期，美国经历了西部拓荒运动、南北战争等重要事件。

南北战争结束后，废除奴隶制度，美国逐渐工业化和现代化。

20世纪初至中期，美国崛起为世界上最强大的经济体之一。

两次世界大战后，美国成为超级大国，并在冷战时期与苏联展开了长达几十年的对抗。

3. 政治制度3.1 英国政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，君主是英国的元首，但权力受到议会的限制。

议会分为上议院和下议院，下议院中的议员由选举产生。

英国政府由内阁和首相领导。

首相通常来自于执政党的领袖。

英国政治体系注重权力分立和民主原则。

英美国家概况复习提纲

一、翻译题分constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制the Monarch 君主Parliament 议会House of Commons 平民院/下议院The Government Party执政党Royal Assent御准（女王批准)Shadow Cabinet 影子内阁jury system 陪审团制the Conservative Party 保守党the Labour Party 工党common law 习惯法Crown Courts 王室法院The Celts 凯尔特人Anglo—Saxons 盎格鲁萨克逊人Norman Conquest 诺曼征服The Great Charter 大宪章The Hundred Years’ War 百年大战The Black Death黑死病Renaissance 文艺复兴Humanists 人文主义者the Great Lakes大湖区Secretary of State国务卿The US Congress 国会the House of Representatives众议院The Judicial Branch司法部门the Supreme Court最高法院the Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件、The Bill of Rights人权法案The Star-Spangled Banner星条旗The Monroe Doctrine门罗主义Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言/废奴宣言Frontiersman拓荒者The Civil War内战The Westward Movement西进运动英语国家概况精讲系列（一）Chapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1。

英美国家概况考试复习

Ⅰ. Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False.1.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe—the Britons.4.The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the mid-5th century.5.The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.7.HenryⅡbuilt up a large empire which included England and most of France.8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and thetownspeople.9.The Hundred Years’ War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans for tradeand territory.10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, QueenElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit the Religious Reformation.Ⅱ. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1. The ＿attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2. By the late 7th century, ＿became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. Westminster Abbey was built at the time of .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great4. The ＿marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law5. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of ＿ .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster6. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry Ⅷ’s eff ort to .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church7. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between ＿ .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians8.＿was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta9. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the ＿century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th10. Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the ＿century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20thⅢ. Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What are the two components of the British parliament?2.What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements?3.What were the two camps in Europe in World WarⅠ?4.Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World WarⅡ?Answers:1.They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2.Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted furtherindustrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.3.The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgariaand the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, Italy and the United States.4.Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former SovietUnion.Ⅳ. State your understanding of the following questions.1.What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?2.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?Answers:1.The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial productivity increaseddramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed. The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians became the most important political issue.2.Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning ofthe British Empire. By 1837, Britain had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British governmentconsolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government.Before World WarⅠ, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britainsuffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall of the Empire.。

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I.Fill in the BlanksThe full and official name of uk is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The UK is an __island_____ country.The UK is located in the __northwestern Europe. _244,100 __square kilometers, the 75th__largest country in the world.The UK is country of island surrounded by__North sea_______ ( to its east),___Atlantic ocean__ (to its north)___Irish sea (to its west and between Great Britain and Ireland),________English Channel and Strait of Dover_____ (to its south).The British Isles –a geographic term which includes two large islands, Great Britainand Ireland island , and 5,000 small islands.Great Britain: comprises only England , Scotland and _Wales___.Ireland island: includes Northern Ireland and southern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of The UK , while southern Ireland became an independent country– Republic of Ireland .The UK is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .The UK is made up of England , Scotland , __Wales and Northern Ireland.The largest part of U.K. is _ England __.In 1707, by the Act of Union , Scotland joined the kingdom of Great Britain.Ben Nevis, (The Ben), 1344 m,the highest mountain in Scotland and the UK .The capital of Wales is Cardiff ,a small city.Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC.The full official name of the country is the United States of America, usually referred to asthe U.S.A.In the United States, _ Houston __, which is a city of Texas, is nicknamed “ the Space City”.Harvard is located in __ Boston __, which is also called “ The Athens of America” from the teaching and research carried out in over 100 colleges and universities.The “first Americans” were the Indians .In 1492, Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands.The New World was named America to honor Amerigo Vespucci.The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.September 22, 1862 issued the Emancipation Proclamation which granted freedom to about 4 million slaves.On April 9, 1865，The Civil War officially ended with the unconditional surrender of the South.The Severn River is the longest river in Britain (355km).The Thames River is the second largest and most important river in Britain (338km).The Clyde River is the most important river in Scotland (170km).Continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The 2 newest states: Alaska and Hawaii separated from continental United States .Alaska borders on northwestern Canada, Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.Its Atlantic coast faces the developed countries of Western Europe, and its Pacific coast and Hawaii give the nation an approach to the Far East and Australasia.In the past the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans served as natural barriers between the US and the rest of the world. This allowed the US to grow and become strong with little outside interference.II.Explain the Following TermsThe Backbone of England:The Pennines is called the back bone of England. The highest point of the Pennines is Cross Fell.(893 meters). The mountain takes on a general dip towards the east and fades into the low ground bordering the North Sea .Lake District:It is on the west side of the northern Pennines (northwest of England), it is a very famous touring spot in Britain ; it has an immense variety of mountain, lake and valley scenery, and many high, rocky cliffs; it is the home of the lake poets Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey of the 19th century.Giant’s Causeway : It is the 8th Natural Wonder of the World . A stretch of basaltic rock pillars weathered to different heights and presenting a stepped surface on the north coast of Northern Ireland. 37,000columns formed by cooling lava.The River Thames: “If there were no Thames, there would be no London.” The River Thames is the lifeline of London, flows through London and goes into the English Channel.Lough Neagh is the largest lake on the British Isles in Northern Ireland (396 km).Loch Ness is the best-known lake in Northern Scotland because of the Loch Ness monster.Birmingham:Birmingham is a metropolitan district and an industrial and manufacturing city(pop.977087) (2001) in the West Midlands,the second largest city in England,and the market centre of the Black Country.It is famous for metal goods, hardware, cars, electrical equipment, machine tools, jewellery, small arms and plastics.Liverpool:Liverpool is the second largest port (pop.439 473) of England, a metropolitan district with City status in Merseyside on the Mersey estuary. Its industries are shipbuilding,engineering,food processing and sugar refining. The University of Liverpool was built in 1903.The Beatles:The Beatles were an English pop and rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, and one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. From 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon (rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals) and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). As the band devoloped , lots of the great songs were produce. Yesterday is one of them. It was recorded by for their 1965 album Help!. The song remains popular today with more than 3,000 recorded cover versions.Glasgow ：Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom.Glasgow is in Scotland on the River Clyde,a manufacturing and shipping centre.Products are iron and steel, machinery, chemicals,textiles and clothing.The Uiversity of Glasgow(1450) and Strathclyde University (1964) are to be found there.Cardiff ：Cardiff is a port (pop.305 353) (2001) and district in S.Glamorgan,Wales,on the River Taff.Industries are shipping (the Bristol Channel),iron and steel.University College,Cardiff(1863),is part of the University of Wales.Edinburgh ：Edinburgh is the capital (pop.449 020) (2001) of Scotland since the 15th century and main town of Lothian,built around the rocky ridge on which its fortified castle stands.Its adjoining port,Leith,lies on the south shore of the Firth of Forth.Industries are banking,insurance,printing,publishing,shipbuilding,chemicals,distilling and brewing.The university was founded in 1583.It holds an international festival of music and the arts every year.The Hadri an’s Wall and Antonine Wall: The Romans built two great walls to keep the Picts. One was Hadrian’s Wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle, the other was Antonine Wall linking the estuaries（河口）of the Forth and the Clyde.Uncle Sam :It is a figure symbolizing the United States ,it portrayed as a tall, white-haired man with a goatee,often dressed in red, white, and blue, and wears a top hat.“Uncle Sam” to the United State s is “John Bull” to UK.The Appalachian Mountains: The Appalachian Mountains run slightly from the northeast to southwest . The Appalachian Mountains are old (have been worn out over millions of years) and low (the highest peak is only a little over 2,000 metres) , noted for virgin forests and mines ,served as a natural barrier for westward movement during the early settlement.The Rocky Mountains:The Rocky Mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. The Rocky Mountains are younger (are consi dered as young as China’s Himalayas) and high (with the higher peak Elbert of about 4,500 metres),and it the backbone of the North American continent and is known as the Continental Divide.,famous for lots of natural national parks It is also known as the Continental Divide, because it separates the major river systems of the United States.The Mississippi:The Mississippi is 3,782 kilometres long and is called “father of waters” and the “old man river” .The Mississippi and its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the world .They form a 19,000-kilometre system of waterways and serve as important means of transportation.The Missouri :The Missouri is over 6,000 kilometres, and is one of the longest rivers in the world runs 3,725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi.The Ohio :The Ohio is about 1,500 kilometres long and is called the American Ruhr (after the Ruhr River in Germany), famous for its rich valuable deposits.The area is well known for its steel industry.The First Continental Congress:In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was heldin Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.The Second Continental Congres:The Second Continental Congress(three weeks after the battle at Lexington in 1775 ) founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of Washington; Appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration(Thomas Jefferson was the man who draft it), the Declaration of Independence, And adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.The Treaty of Paris :In September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States; The war was from 1775 to 1781, it shows that, in a just war ,a weak nation can defeat a strong one. American people gained independence and capitalism developed in America. It also had great international influence.Gettysburg Address：On November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended his speech with these memorable words:“ That government of the people ,by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.The Great Depression:In October 1929, the stock market crashed, marketing the beginning of the Great Depression. During the great depression, the United States experienced deflation, unemployment soared from 3% in 1929 to 25% in 1933, and manufacturing output collapsed by one-third.The Truman Doctrine: the U.S government should support any country which said it was fighting against commuism. It was put forward by the U.S. President Truman in 1947。