柏拉图
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• 亚里士多德则手指下地，象征他认 为知识是透过经验观察所获得的概 念。柏拉图的手指向天，象征了他 对于“形式”理论的信念。
Plato and Socrates precise relationship between Plato and Socrates remains an area of contention among scholars.
He advocates a belief in the immortality of the soul, and several dialogues end with long speeches imagining the afterlife. More than one dialogue contrasts knowledge and opinion, perception and reality, nature and custom, and body and soul.
several dialogues, Socrates floats the idea that knowledge is a matter of recollection, and not of learning, observation, or study.
• 我们所品尝到的食物的甜美只 不过是“甜美”的理所反射的 阴影，而我们所见到的光辉四 射的太阳也只不过是“光明” 本身形式反射的残影。 理”应该被视为一种永恒的东 西，亦即它们是永恒不变的、 完美的、而且静态的。
• 鲁迅曾说，悲剧就是 把美好摔碎在人们面 前。美好不复美好， 臆像中的乌托邦如沙 漠海市蜃楼，直教人 扼腕叹息。最沉重的 幸福或许便是那难为 水的曾经沧海。
Theory of Forms Main article: Theory Of Forms The Theory of Forms (Greek: ἰδέαι) typically refers to the belief expressed by Socrates in some of Plato's dialogues, that the material world as it seems to us is not the real world, but only an image or copy of the real world. Socrates spoke of forms in formulating a solution to the problem of univerals
强调“用体育锻炼身体，用音乐陶冶心灵”。柏拉图丰 富的体育思想对后世体育的发展有深远的影响。
Plato's philosophical views had many societal implications, especially on the idea of an ideal state or government.
Plato's dialogues are not only a memorial to Socrates, but also the happier days of his own family
• 柏拉图的著作主要可以 分为三个阶段： • 1．早期阶段， “苏格拉底”的对话； • 2．成熟期的对话， 包括《理想国》； • 3．后期的对话， 包括《法律篇》。
Aristocracy is the form of government (politeia) advocated in Plato's Republic
• 理想国向我们描绘出了一幅理想的乌托邦 的画面，柏拉图认为，国家应当由哲学家 来统治。
但是在这个国家中，女人和男人有着同样的权利，存在 着完全的性平等。政府可以在为了公众利益时撒谎。 每一个人应该去做自己分内的事而不应该打扰到别人 。在今天看来，柏拉图描绘的理想国是一个可怕的极权 主义国家。但是“理想国其实是用正确的方式管理国 家的科学家的观点”，柏拉图本人并没有试图实现理想 国中的国家机器。
柏拉图说:分手后 不可以做 朋友,因为彼此伤害过. 不可 以做敌人.因为彼此深爱过, 所以我们变成了最熟悉的陌 生人.柏拉图说:人生最遗憾 的, 莫过于,轻易地放弃了不 该放弃的, 固执地,坚持了不 该坚持的。
柏拉图说:我以为小鸟飞不过 沧海， 是以为小鸟没有飞过 沧海的勇气， 十年以后我才 发现，不是小鸟飞不过去， 而是沧海的那一头， 早已没 有了等待
Many have interpreted Plato as stating that knowledge is justified true belief, an influential view that informed future developments in modern analytic epistemology. This interpretation is based on a reading of the Theaetetus wherein Plato argues that belief is to be distinguished from knowledge on account of justification.
• 柏拉图最早用排列图分析社会财富分布的 状况
排列图又称为柏拉图，由此图的发明者19世纪意大利 经济学家柏拉图（Pareto）的名字而得名。
• 男女平等的爱情观 (互相都更加尊敬对方才 算是 平等，而不是互相不尊敬，也不是只 有一方尊敬另一方) • 在这世上有，且仅有一个人，对你(你)而言， 她(他)是完美的，而且仅对你(你)而言是完 美的。也就是说，任何一个人，都有其完 美的对象，而且只有一个。
Plato describes these "philosopher kings" as "those who love the sight of truth" (Republic 475c) and supports the idea with the analogy of a captain and his ship or a doctor and his medicine. According to him, sailing and health are not things that everyone is qualified to practice by nature. A large part of the Republic then addresses how the educational system should be set up to produce these philosopher kings.
The exact place and time of Plato's birth are not known, but it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic and influential family.
Plato often introduced his distinguished relatives into his dialogues, or referred to them with some precision
Plato never speaks in his own voice in his dialogues. In the Second Letter, it says, "no writing of Plato exists or ever will exist, but those now said to be his are those of a Socrates become beautiful and new" (341c);
苏格拉底经常将哲学家与医生 （iatros）做对比，形容哲学家 能治愈人们最严重的疾病—头 脑的无知（psyche），这也是 今天心理医生（psych-iatrists ）一词的由来。苏格拉底主张 人的身体是为灵魂的监狱，而 身体与灵魂之间是很难调和的 ，这种区分方式一直到今天都 还被经常提起。
Recurrent themes He often discusses the father-son relationship and the "question" of whether a father's interest in his sons has much to do with how well his sons turn out.
• 知识论
学习只是将原本埋藏在灵魂深层的理想发掘出来
柏拉图认为，知识是固定的和肯定的，不可能 有错误的知识。但是意见是有可能错误的。
只有到了文艺复兴，当西方世界对于古典文明的 兴趣开始复苏时，柏拉图的哲学才又开始受到广 泛重视。
教育观
• 他认为：“做女孩的应该练习各种跳舞和 角力；结婚以后，便要参加战斗演习、行 营布阵和使用武器……因为一旦当所有的 军队出动去打敌人的时候，她们就能保卫 儿童和城市”（《柏拉图论教育》）
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics.
Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael. Aristotle gestures to the earth, representing his belief in knowledge through empirical observation and experience, while holding a copy of his Nicomachean Ethics in his hand. Plato holds his Timaeus and gestures to the heavens, representing his belief in The Forms
Plato and Socrates precise relationship between Plato and Socrates remains an area of contention among scholars.
He advocates a belief in the immortality of the soul, and several dialogues end with long speeches imagining the afterlife. More than one dialogue contrasts knowledge and opinion, perception and reality, nature and custom, and body and soul.
several dialogues, Socrates floats the idea that knowledge is a matter of recollection, and not of learning, observation, or study.
• 我们所品尝到的食物的甜美只 不过是“甜美”的理所反射的 阴影，而我们所见到的光辉四 射的太阳也只不过是“光明” 本身形式反射的残影。 理”应该被视为一种永恒的东 西，亦即它们是永恒不变的、 完美的、而且静态的。
• 鲁迅曾说，悲剧就是 把美好摔碎在人们面 前。美好不复美好， 臆像中的乌托邦如沙 漠海市蜃楼，直教人 扼腕叹息。最沉重的 幸福或许便是那难为 水的曾经沧海。
Theory of Forms Main article: Theory Of Forms The Theory of Forms (Greek: ἰδέαι) typically refers to the belief expressed by Socrates in some of Plato's dialogues, that the material world as it seems to us is not the real world, but only an image or copy of the real world. Socrates spoke of forms in formulating a solution to the problem of univerals
强调“用体育锻炼身体，用音乐陶冶心灵”。柏拉图丰 富的体育思想对后世体育的发展有深远的影响。
Plato's philosophical views had many societal implications, especially on the idea of an ideal state or government.
Plato's dialogues are not only a memorial to Socrates, but also the happier days of his own family
• 柏拉图的著作主要可以 分为三个阶段： • 1．早期阶段， “苏格拉底”的对话； • 2．成熟期的对话， 包括《理想国》； • 3．后期的对话， 包括《法律篇》。
Aristocracy is the form of government (politeia) advocated in Plato's Republic
• 理想国向我们描绘出了一幅理想的乌托邦 的画面，柏拉图认为，国家应当由哲学家 来统治。
但是在这个国家中，女人和男人有着同样的权利，存在 着完全的性平等。政府可以在为了公众利益时撒谎。 每一个人应该去做自己分内的事而不应该打扰到别人 。在今天看来，柏拉图描绘的理想国是一个可怕的极权 主义国家。但是“理想国其实是用正确的方式管理国 家的科学家的观点”，柏拉图本人并没有试图实现理想 国中的国家机器。
柏拉图说:分手后 不可以做 朋友,因为彼此伤害过. 不可 以做敌人.因为彼此深爱过, 所以我们变成了最熟悉的陌 生人.柏拉图说:人生最遗憾 的, 莫过于,轻易地放弃了不 该放弃的, 固执地,坚持了不 该坚持的。
柏拉图说:我以为小鸟飞不过 沧海， 是以为小鸟没有飞过 沧海的勇气， 十年以后我才 发现，不是小鸟飞不过去， 而是沧海的那一头， 早已没 有了等待
Many have interpreted Plato as stating that knowledge is justified true belief, an influential view that informed future developments in modern analytic epistemology. This interpretation is based on a reading of the Theaetetus wherein Plato argues that belief is to be distinguished from knowledge on account of justification.
• 柏拉图最早用排列图分析社会财富分布的 状况
排列图又称为柏拉图，由此图的发明者19世纪意大利 经济学家柏拉图（Pareto）的名字而得名。
• 男女平等的爱情观 (互相都更加尊敬对方才 算是 平等，而不是互相不尊敬，也不是只 有一方尊敬另一方) • 在这世上有，且仅有一个人，对你(你)而言， 她(他)是完美的，而且仅对你(你)而言是完 美的。也就是说，任何一个人，都有其完 美的对象，而且只有一个。
Plato describes these "philosopher kings" as "those who love the sight of truth" (Republic 475c) and supports the idea with the analogy of a captain and his ship or a doctor and his medicine. According to him, sailing and health are not things that everyone is qualified to practice by nature. A large part of the Republic then addresses how the educational system should be set up to produce these philosopher kings.
The exact place and time of Plato's birth are not known, but it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic and influential family.
Plato often introduced his distinguished relatives into his dialogues, or referred to them with some precision
Plato never speaks in his own voice in his dialogues. In the Second Letter, it says, "no writing of Plato exists or ever will exist, but those now said to be his are those of a Socrates become beautiful and new" (341c);
苏格拉底经常将哲学家与医生 （iatros）做对比，形容哲学家 能治愈人们最严重的疾病—头 脑的无知（psyche），这也是 今天心理医生（psych-iatrists ）一词的由来。苏格拉底主张 人的身体是为灵魂的监狱，而 身体与灵魂之间是很难调和的 ，这种区分方式一直到今天都 还被经常提起。
Recurrent themes He often discusses the father-son relationship and the "question" of whether a father's interest in his sons has much to do with how well his sons turn out.
• 知识论
学习只是将原本埋藏在灵魂深层的理想发掘出来
柏拉图认为，知识是固定的和肯定的，不可能 有错误的知识。但是意见是有可能错误的。
只有到了文艺复兴，当西方世界对于古典文明的 兴趣开始复苏时，柏拉图的哲学才又开始受到广 泛重视。
教育观
• 他认为：“做女孩的应该练习各种跳舞和 角力；结婚以后，便要参加战斗演习、行 营布阵和使用武器……因为一旦当所有的 军队出动去打敌人的时候，她们就能保卫 儿童和城市”（《柏拉图论教育》）
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics.
Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael. Aristotle gestures to the earth, representing his belief in knowledge through empirical observation and experience, while holding a copy of his Nicomachean Ethics in his hand. Plato holds his Timaeus and gestures to the heavens, representing his belief in The Forms