关系分句

关系分句（Relative Clause）
关系分句也叫定语从句（attributive clause）
限制性关系分句于非限制性分句：
限制性分句与先行词是不可分割的。

缺了它，句子的表述就不完整。

Stone is one of the teachers (who) I like most.
非限制性关系分句与先行词的关系比较松散，没了，句子也完整。

Stone’s speech, which bored everyone, went on and on, he ignoring our protest.
一般来说，当先行词带有表示类别的不定冠词，定冠词或all, any, some, every, no等限定词的时候，其后的关系分句是限定性的。

She was a woman who must be treated decently.
He is the man who told me the news.
Anyone who knows the answer please raise your hands.
当先行词是专有名词或物主代词或指示代词所修饰时，后面的关系分句是非限定的（P420）。

My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week.
Stone, who is my grammar teacher, is a very perverted/obscene man.
但是也有定冠词the修饰先行词，后面用限制性关系分句的。

The Chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.
另外一点，非限制性关系分句还可以修饰整个句子，把前面的主句作为先行词。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
除了which外，as也能引导非限制关系分句，区别（P421 讨论）
关系词的选择：
1. 用that不用which的情况
1) 先行词既指人又指物，后面用that不用who。

例如：
They are talking about the people and countries that they had visited.
2) 在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面：
He is the best student that I have ever met.
3) 在以“It is...”,“It was...”等开头的强调句中，和相应的疑问句中：
What is it that he wants?
4) 在only,, the first, the last, all, everything, someting, little, much, the one和否定意义的词nothing, little, none等的后面：
This is all that I know.
There is no person that is always in the right.
5) 避免重复，当主句中已有疑问词who或which时，要用关系代词that：
Which is the bike that you lost?
用which不用that的情况
1) 介词后面不用that，物用which，人用whom（非正式可用who）
The picture for which he paid $1,000 was once owned by a duke.
2) 避免重复，主句有that，或有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已有which,另一个宜用that。

相反，如果其中一个为that，另一个宜用which。

I have that dog which you gave me.
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
3) 在非限定性定语从句中一般不能用that。

但用了that的表郑重。

例如：She is very like Miss Catler, that I used to meet at Dumdum.
4) 先行词为物并且先行词和关系代词之间插有人。

Larry told the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.（在此处用that，可能指airman）
关系代词的省略：
1. 在分句中作宾语，关系代词前没有介词
Tom is not the boy (who) I gave the tickets to.
Tom is not the boy to whom I gave the tickets.
2. 关系代词在分句中作为补语。

He’s not the man (that/who) he was.
3. when, where, why 在the reason (why), the time (when), the place (where) 中引导限制性分句，非正式语体可以省略when, why, where
I will never forget the day (when) I met my wife.
The reason (why) Stone is here doesn’t concern me.
where在先行词是“place”的时候才能省略：
That’s the place (where) I met my wife.
the way结构的省略：
一般来说，the way后面跟in which, that表示“以…方式”
The way (in which) you answered the question is recommendable.
The way (that) you follow is totally wrong.。