著作权法 02 作品 2011 L3-4

第三讲/第四讲著作权的保护对象

——作品

哪些是作品，哪些有著作权

《阿Q正传》；周作人的作品；CCTV电视节目预告表；天气预报；“女子十二乐坊”策划创意；《老照片》书名

一．作品的概念

作品，是指文学、艺术和科学领域内，具有独创性并能以某种有形形式复制的智力创作成果。（《著作权法实施条例》第2条）

二、作品的构成条件：

（一）作品是思想的表达，而非思想本身idea-- expression

TRIPS协定第9条第2款规定：著作权保护应及于表达，而不及于思想、工艺、操作方法或数学概念本身。

Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such

（二）作品应当具有独创性（originality）

广西煤矿工人报转载一周电视节目预告案：/article/default.asp?id=33984

美国Feist案：/copyright/cases/499_US_340.htm

1．独创性是指作者对思想的表达，体现其取舍、选择与安排。美国法官认为，独创性不仅要求作者独立创作，还要具备“最低创造性”（at least some minimal degree of creativity）标准。故对于电话号码簿不给予著作权保护。

To determine whether the copyright in Rural's directory protects the names, towns, and telephone numbers copied by Feist

The most fundamental axiom of copyright law is that [p*345] "no author may copyright his ideas or the facts he narrates." Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539, 556 (1985)

To qualify for copyright protection, a work must be original to the author.

To qualify for copyright protection, a work must be original to the author. See Harper & Row, supra, at 547-549. Original, as the term is used in copyright, means only that the work was independently created by the author (as opposed to copied from other works), and that it possesses at least some minimal degree of creativity. 1 M. Nimmer & D. Nimmer, Copyright §§ 2.01[A], [B] (1990) (hereinafter Nimmer). To be sure, the requisite level of creativity is extremely low; even a slight amount will suffice. The vast majority of works make the grade quite easily, as they possess some creative spark, "no matter how crude, humble or obvious" it might be. Id., §1.08[C][1].

Originality does not signify novelty; a work may be original even though it closely resembles other works so long as the similarity is fortuitous, not the result of copying. To illustrate, [p*346] assume that two poets, each ignorant of the other, compose identical poems. Neither work is novel, yet both are original and, hence, copyrightable. See Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., 81 F. 2d 49, 54 (CA2 1936).

The “sweat of the brow” doctrine had numerous flaws, the most glaring being that it extended copyright protection in a compilation beyond selection and arrangement -- the compiler's original contributions -- to the facts themselves.

2．数据库是否享有著作权保护

我国著作权法第14条规定。汇编若干作品、作品的片段或者不构成作品的数据或者其他材料，对其内容的选择或者编排体现独创性的作品，为汇编作品。

WCT第5条规定：数据或其他资料的汇编，无论采用任何形式，只要其内容的选择或编排构成智力创作，其本身即受到保护。这种保护不延及数据或资料本身，也不损害汇编中的数据或资料已存在的任何著作权。

TRIPS协定第10条规定：/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_01_e.htm

Article 10Computer Programs and Compilations of Data

1) Computer programs, whether in source or object code, shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention (1971).

2) Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such. Such protection, which shall not extend to the data or material itself, shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or material itself.

欧盟数据库指令：Directive on the legal protection of databases (1996)

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&nu mdoc=31996L0009&model=guichett

Article 3. Object of protection

1. In accordance with this Directive, databases which, by person of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute the author’s own intellectual creation shall be protected as such by copyright. No other criteria shall be applied to determine their eligibility for the protection.

2. The copyright protection of databases provided for by this Directive shall not extend to their contents and shall be without prejudice to any rights subsisting in those contents themselves. Article

Article 7 Object of protection of sui generis right

1. Member States shall provide for a right for the maker of a database which shows that there has been qualitatively and / or quantitatively a substantial investment in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents to prevent extraction and / or re-utilization of the whole or of a substantial part, evaluated qualitatively and / or quantitatively, of the contents of that