启蒙运动及新古典主义【英文精品】

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康德：什么是启蒙运动［英文版］

康德：什么是启蒙运动［英文版］What Is Enlightenment?By Immanuel KantThe 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant published his influential work The Critique of Pure Reason in 1781. Three years later, he expanded on his study of the modes of thinking with an essay entitled "What is Enlightenment?" In this 1784 essay, Kant challenged readers to "dare to know," arguing that it was not only a civic but also a moral duty to exercise the fundamental freedoms of thought and expression.Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one's intelligence without the guidance of another. Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused by lack of intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use one's intelligence without being guided by another. Sapere Aude! [Dare to know!] Have the courage to use your own intelligence! is therefore the motto of the enlightenment.Through laziness and cowardice a large part of mankind, even after nature has freed them from alien guidance, gladly remain immature. It is because of laziness and cowardice that it is so easy for others to usurp the role of guardians. It is so comfortable to be a minor! If I have a book which provides meaning for me, a pastor who has conscience for me, a doctorwho will judge my diet for me and so on, then I do not need to exert myself. I do not have any need to think; if I can pay, others will take over the tedious job for me. The guardians who have kindly undertaken the supervision will see to it that by far the largest part of mankind, including the entire "beautiful sex," should consider the step into maturity, not only as difficult but as very dangerous.After having made their domestic animals dumb and having carefully prevented these quiet creatures from daring to take any step beyond the lead-strings to which they have fastened them, these guardians then show them the danger which threatens them, should they attempt to walk alone. Now this danger is not really so very great; for they would presumably learn to walk after some stumbling. However, an example of this kind intimidates and frightens people out of all further attempts.It is difficult for the isolated individual to work himself out of the immaturity which has become almost natural for him. He has even become fond of it and for the time being is incapable of employing his own intelligence, because he has never been allowed to make the attempt. Statutes and formulas, these mechanical tools of a serviceable use, or rather misuse, of his natural faculties, are the ankle-chains of a continuous immaturity. Whoever threw it off would make an uncertain jump over the smallest trench because he is not accustomed to such free movement. Therefore there are only a few who have pursued a firm path and have succeeded in escaping from immaturity by their own cultivation of themind.But it is more nearly possible for a public to enlighten itself: this is even inescapable if only the public is given its freedom. For there will always be some people who think for themselves, even among the self-appointed guardians of the great mass who, after having thrown off the yoke of immaturity themselves, will spread about them the spirit of a reasonable estimate of their own value and of the need for every man to think for himself. It is strange that the very public, which had previously been put under this yoke by the guardians, forces the guardians thereafter to keep it there if it is stirred up by a few of its guardians who are themselves incapable of all enlightenment. It is thus very harmful to plant prejudices, because they come back to plague those very people who themselves (or whose predecessors) have been the originators of these prejudices. Therefore a public can only arrive at enlightenment slowly. Through revolution, the abandonment of personal despotism may be engendered and the end of profit-seeking and domineering oppression may occur, but never a true reform of the state of mind. Instead, new prejudices, just like the old ones, will serve as the guiding reins of the great, unthinking mass.All that is required for this enlightenment is freedom; and particularly the least harmful of all that may be called freedom, namely, the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters. But I hear people clamor on all sides: Don't argue! The officer says: Don't argue, drill! The tax collector: Don't argue, pay! The pastor: Don't argue, believe!(Only a single lord in the world says: Argue, as much as you want to and about what you please, but obey!) Here we have restrictions on freedom everywhere. Which restriction is hampering enlightenment, and which does not, or even promotes it? I answer: The public use of a man's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment among men: while the private use of a man's reason may often be restricted rather narrowly without thereby unduly hampering the progress of enlightenment.I mean by the public use of one's reason, the use which a scholar makes of it before the entire reading public. Private use I call the use which he may make of this reason in a civic post or office. For some affairs which are in the interest of the commonwealth a certain mechanism is necessary through which some members of the commonwealth must remain purely passive in order that an artificial agreement with the government for the public good be maintained or so that at least the destruction of the good be prevented. In such a situation it is not permitted to argue; one must obey. But in so far as this unit of the machine considers himself as a member of the entire commonwealth, in fact even of world society; in other words, he considers himself in the quality of a scholar who is addressing the true public through his writing, he may indeed argue without the affairs suffering for which he is employed partly as a passive member. Thus it would be very harmful if an officer who, given an order by his superior, should start, while in the service, to argue concerning the utility or appropriateness of that command. He must obey, but he cannot equitably be prevented frommaking observations as a scholar concerning the mistakes in the military service nor from submitting these to the public for its judgment. The citizen cannot refuse to pay the taxes imposed upon him. Indeed, a rash criticism of such taxes, if they are the ones to be paid by him, may be punished as a scandal which might cause general resistance. But the same man does not act contrary to the duty of a citizen if, as a scholar, he utters publicly his thoughts against the undesirability or even the injustice of such taxes. Likewise a clergyman is obliged to teach his pupils and his congregation according to the doctrine of the church which he serves, for he has been accepted on that condition. But as a scholar, he has full freedom, in fact, even the obligation, to communicate to the public all his diligently examined and well-intentioned thoughts concerning erroneous points in that doctrine and concerning proposals regarding the better institution of religious and ecclesiastical matters. There is nothing in this for which the conscience could be blamed. For what he teaches according to his office as one authorized by the church, he presents as something in regard to which he has no latitude to teach according to his own preference.… He will say: Our church teaches this or that, these are the proofs which are employed for it. In this way he derives all possible practical benefit for his congregation from rules which he would not himself subscribe to with full conviction. But he may nevertheless undertake the presentation of these rules because it is not entirely inconceivable that truth may be contained in them. In any case, there is nothing directly contrary to inner religion to be found in such doctrines. For, should he believe that the latter was not the case he could notadminister his office in good conscience; he would have to resign it. Therefore the use which an employed teacher makes of his reason before his congregation is merely a private use since such a gathering is always only domestic, no matter how large. As a priest (a member of an organization) he is not free and ought not to be, since he is executing someone else's mandate. On the other hand, the scholar speaking through his writings to the true public which is the world, like the clergyman making public use of his reason, enjoys an unlimited freedom to employ his own reason and to speak in his own person. For to suggest that the guardians of the people in spiritual matters should always be immature minors is a nonsense which would mean perpetuating forever existing nonsense.But should a society of clergymen, for instance an ecclesiastical assembly, be entitled to commit itself by oath to a certain unalterable doctrine in order to perpetuate an endless guardianship over each of its members and through them over the people? I answer that this is quite inconceivable. Such a contract which would be concluded in order to keep humanity forever from all further enlightenment is absolutely impossible, even should it be confirmed by the highest authority through parliaments and the most solemn peace treaties. An age cannot conclude a pact and take an oath upon it to commit the succeeding age to a situation in which it would be impossible for the latter to enlarge even its most important knowledge, to eliminate error and altogether to progress in enlightenment. Such a thing would be a crime against human nature, the original destiny of which consistsin such progress. Succeeding generations are entirely justified in discarding such decisions as unauthorized and criminal. The touchstone of all this to be agreed upon as a law for people is to be found in the question whether a people could impose such a law upon itself. Now it might be possible to introduce a certain order for a definite short period as if in anticipation of a better order. This would be true if one permitted at the same time each citizen and especially the clergyman to make his criticisms in his quality as a scholar.… In the meantime, the provisional order might continue until the insight into the particular matter in hand has publicly progressed to the point where through a combination of voices (although not, perhaps, of all) a proposal may be brought to the crown. Thus those congregations would be protected which had agreed to (a changed religious institution) according to their own ideas and better understanding, without hindering those who desired to allow the old institutions to continue.…A man may postpone for himself, but only for a short time, enlightening himself regarding what he ought to know. But to resign from such enlightenment altogether either for his own person or even more for his descendants means to violate and to trample underfoot the sacred rights of mankind. Whatever a people may not decide for themselves, a monarch may even less decide for the people, for his legislative reputation rests upon his uniting the entire people's will in his own. If the monarch will only see to it that every true or imagined reform (of religion) fits in with the civil order, he had best let his subjects do what they consider necessary forthe sake of their salvation; that is not his affair. His only concern is to prevent one subject from hindering another by force, to work according to each subject's best ability to determine and to promote his salvation. In fact, it detracts from his majesty if he interferes in such matters and subjects to governmental supervision the writings by which his subjects seek to clarify their ideas (concerning religion). This is true whether he does it from his own highest insight, for in this case he exposes himself to the reproach: Caesar non est supra grammaticos [Caesar is not above the laws of grammar]; it is even more true when he debases his highest power to support the spiritual despotism of some tyrants in his state against the rest of his subjects.The question may now be put: Do we live at present in an enlightened age? The answer is: No, but in an age of enlightenment. Much still prevents men from being placed in a position or even being placed into position to use their own minds securely and well in matters of religion. But we do have very definite indications that this field of endeavor is being opened up for men to work freely and reduce gradually the hindrances preventing a general enlightenment and an escape from self-caused immaturity. In this sense, this age is the age of enlightenment and the age of(the Great)[Frederick II of].A prince should not consider it beneath him to declare that he believes it to be his duty not to prescribe anything to his subjects in matters of religion but to leave to them complete freedom in such things. In other words, a princewho refuses the conceited title of being "tolerant," is himself enlightened. He deserves to be praised by his grateful contemporaries and descendants as the man who first freed humankind of immaturity, at least as far as the government is concerned and who permitted everyone to use his own reason in all matters of conscience. Under his rule, venerable clergymen could, regardless of their official duty, set forth their opinions and views even though they differ from the accepted doctrine here and there; they could do so in the quality of scholars, freely and publicly. The same holds even more true of every other person who is not thus restricted by official duty. This spirit of freedom is spreading even outside (the country ofthe Great) to places where it has to struggle with the external hindrances imposed by a government which misunderstands its own position. For an example is illuminating them which shows that such freedom (public discussion) need not cause the slightest worry regarding public security and the unity of the commonwealth. Men raise themselves by and by out of backwardness if one does not purposely invent artifices to keep them down.I have emphasized the main point of enlightenment, that is of man's release from his self-caused immaturity, primarily in matters of religion. I have done this because our rulers have no interest in playing the guardian of their subjects in matters of arts and sciences. Furthermore immaturity in matters of religion is not only most noxious but also most dishonorable. But the point of view of a head of state who favors freedom in the arts and sciences goes even farther; for he understands that there is no danger in legislation permitting his subjectsto make public use of their own reason and to submit publicly their thoughts regarding a better framing of such laws together with a frank criticism of existing legislation. We have a shining example of this; no prince excels him whom we admire. Only he who is himself enlightened does not fear spectres when he at the same time has a well-disciplined army at his disposal as a guarantee of public peace. Only he can say what (the ruler of a)dare not say: Argue as much as you want and about whatever you want but obey! Thus we see here as elsewhere an unexpected turn in human affairs just as we observe that almost everything therein is paradoxical. A great degree of civic freedom seems to be advantageous for the freedom of the spirit of the people and yet it establishes impassable limits. A lesser degree of such civic freedom provides additional space in which the spirit of a people can develop to its full capacity. Therefore nature has cherished, within its hard shell, the germ of the inclination and need for free thought. This free thought gradually acts upon the mind of the people and they gradually become more capable of acting in freedom. Eventually, the government is also influenced by this free thought and thereby it treats man, who is now more than a machine, according to his dignity.。

文艺复兴和启蒙运动的中英文介绍

文艺复兴（一）一、概念（Concept）意大利文艺复兴（Italy Renaissance）文艺复兴运动是发生在14—17世纪的欧洲，是正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动The Renaissance was occurred in 14 - seventeenth Century in Europe, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the revival of Greek classical culture in Rome under the name of initiating promoting bourgeois ideology and cultural movement为什么称这场运动为“文艺复兴”？Why is referring to this movement as " the renaissance "由于新生的资产阶级是借助古代希腊、罗马的文化来反对封建神学的，所以历史上称这场新兴的文化运动为“文艺复兴”。

The new bourgeoisie is have the aid of ancient Greece, the culture of Rome to oppose the feudal theology, so the history that the new cultural movement of the Renaissance " ".二、实质（Solid matter）是一场以古典文化复活为外衣的新文化运动，是当时欧洲社会经济与政治结构变革条件下的产物，是中世纪晚期欧洲世俗文化发展的必然结果，同时，它又反过来进一步加速欧洲社会的进步。

To be a classical culture the resurrection as the coat of the new culture movement, was the European social economy and political structure reform under the conditions of the product, is a late medieval secular European culture and the inevitable result of the development, at the same time, it in turn further acceleration of European society.实质：资产阶级文化的兴起性质：资产阶级性质Properties: bourgeois文艺复兴运动为什么首先开始于意大利？The Renaissance began in Italy why?(1) 资本主义萌芽最早出现在意大利，这是意大利成为文艺复兴发源地的前提条件。

英国文学专业术语翻译

英国文学专业术语翻译01. Humanism (人文主义) 02.Renaissance(文艺复兴)03. Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌)04. Classism (古典主义)05. Enlightenment (启蒙运动) 06. Neoclassicism (新古典主义)07. The Graveyard School (墓地派诗歌) 08. Romanticism (浪漫主义)09. Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) 10. Critical Realism (批判现实主义)11. Aestheticism（美学主义）13. Modernism (现代主义)14. Stream of consciousness (意识流) (or interior monologue)18. the Age of Realism (现实主义时期)20. Naturalism (自然主义) 21. Local Colorist (乡土文学)22. Imagism (意象主义) 23. The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)25. The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) 27. Surrealism (超现实主义)28. Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）29. New Criticism (新批评主义)31. Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄32. Impressionism (印象主义)33. Post modernity (后现代主义) 38. Realism (现实主义)39. Meditative Poetry (冥想派诗歌)01. Allegory (寓言) 2. Alliteration (头韵)03. Ballad (民谣) 04. epic (史诗)06. Romance (传奇) 05. Lay (短叙事诗)07. Alexandrine (亚历山大诗行) 08. Blank Verse (无韵诗或素体广义地说09. Comedy (喜剧) 10. Essay (随笔)12. History Plays (历史剧) 13. Masquesc or Masks (假面剧)14. Morality plays (道德剧) 15.Sonnet (十四行诗)16. Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节) 17. Stanza (诗节)18. Three Unities (三一原则) 19. Tragedy (悲剧)21.Metar (格律24. Soliloquy (独白)25.Narrative Poem (叙述诗) 27. Beowulf (贝奥武甫)29. Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人) 30. Elegy (挽歌)31. Restoration Comedy (复辟时期喜剧) 32. Action (情节33. Adventure novel (探险小说) 34. Archaism (古语)35. Atmosphere (基调)37. Epigram (警句)39. The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) 40. Satire (讽刺)41. Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学) 43.Denouement (戏剧结局)42. Aside (旁白) 44. parable (寓言)45. Genre (流派) 46. Irony (反讽)47. Lyric (抒情诗) 48. Mock Epic (诙谐史诗)49. Ode (颂歌) 51. Pastoral (田园诗)52.Terza Rima (三行诗) 53. Ottava Rima (八行诗)54. Canto (诗章) ke Poets (湖畔诗人)57. Imagery (比喻) 58. Dramatic monologue （戏剧独白）59. Pre-Raphaelites (先拉菲尔派) 60. Psychological novel (心理小说)61.Point of View (叙述角度) 62. plot (情节)63. Allusion (典故)64. Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物)65. Flashback (倒叙) P133 66. Narration67. Ambiguity 69. Symbolism (象征主义)72. Existentialism (存在主义) 73. Anti-hero (反面人物)74 . Round Character (丰满的人物) 75. Flat character (平淡的人物)76. Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/ 蛮母厌父情结)77.omniscience (无所不知的)78. Poetry (诗歌) 79. Rhyme (押韵)80. Iambic pentameter (五音步诗) 81. Rhyme royal82. Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗) 83. Italian or petranrchan sonnet(意大利十四行诗)85. Poetic license (诗的破格) 86. Epiphany (主显节)87. Psychological penetration (心理透视) 88. Legend (传说)89. Myth (神话) 90. Pessimism (悲观主义)91. Jacobean age (英王詹姆斯一世时期) 92. Tragicomedy (悲喜剧)93. Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧) 94. Gothic novel (哥特式小说)95. Historical novel (历史小说) 96.Unitarianism (上帝一位论)99. Consonance (和音) 100. Free Verse (自由体诗歌)02. Theme (主题) 06. Theatre of the Absurd (荒谬剧)13. Magic realism (魔幻现实主义)14. Analogy (类比)15. Anapest (抑抑扬格) 16. Antagonist (次要人物)17. Antithesis (对立) 18. Aphorism (格言) 20. Argument (论据) 21. Autobiography (自传) 23. Biography (传记) 26. Character (人物)27. Characterization (性格描绘) 28. Climax (高潮)29. Conflict (冲突) 30. Connotation (隐含意义)31. Couplet (对偶) 32. Dactyl (扬抑抑格)33. Denotation (意义) T 34. Denouement (结局)35. Description (叙述) 36. Diction (措词)37. Dissonance (不协和音) 38. Emblematic image (象征比喻)A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.44. Exposition (解释说明) 45. Fable (寓言)46. Figurative language (比喻语言) 47. Figure of speech (修辞特征)48. Foil (衬托) 49. Foot (脚注) 50. Hyperbole (夸张). 51. Iamb (抑扬格) 59. Metaphor (暗喻) 63. Motivation (动机)64. Multiple Point of View (多视角) 65. Narrator (叙述者)67. Nonfiction (写实文学) 68. Novel (小说)69. Octave (八行体诗) 70. Onomatopoeia (拟声法构词)71. Oxymoron (矛盾修辞法) 72. Paradox (自相矛盾)73. Parallelism (平行) 74. Pathos (哀婉) 75. Persuasion (说服) 76. Pictorialism (图像) 77. Pre-Romanticism (先浪漫主义)78. Protagonist (正面人物)79. Psalm (圣歌) 80. Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) 81. Pun (双关语) 82. Quatrain (四行诗)83.Quintain (五行诗) the five-line stanza. 84. Refrain (叠句)85. Rhythm (韵律) 86. Scansion (诗的韵律分析)87. Septet (七重唱)88. Sestet (六重唱) 89. Setting (背景)90. Short Story (短篇小说) 91. Simile (明喻)he Waste Land (荒原)Lord Jim (杰姆老爷)To the Lighthouse (到灯塔去) The Mark on the Wall (墙上瑕疵) Lady Chatterley‘s Lover (查泰来夫人的情人)Sons and Lovers (儿子与情人) The Rainbow (虹)Women in Love (恋爱中的女人) The Lost Girl (迷途的女孩)Dubliners (都柏林人) Ulysses (尤里西斯)Finnegans Wake (非尼金人的觉醒)西方的红楼梦 In a Station of the Metro (地铁站)The Sound and The Fury (喧嚣与愤怒)As I Lay Dying (在我弥留之际)The Quiet Don (静静的顿河)Special Theory of Relativity (专业相对论)General Principles of Relativity (普通相对论)The Interpretation of Dreams (梦的解析)Pentateuch.摩西五经。

18世纪启蒙运动欧洲文学史课件

• The Enlightenment Movement
definition定义定义
• a term used to describe the intellectual trends • that the people of this period believed that they were emerging摆脱 from 摆脱 centuries of darkness and ignorance into a new age enlightened被启发文明的被启发文明的开明的 by reason, science, and a respect for humanity.
ideas
• He glorifies 赞美赞美human nature and attacks social inequality. • He favors a theory of social contract as the key to human freedom.
Glorification of human nature
It has triggered引起引起… 引起
1
The American “Declaration of Independence” ”
2
The United Kingdom’s ’ “Bill of Rights” ”
3
The French “Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen” ”
– Lessing莱辛莱辛 – Goethe 歌德 – Schiller 席勒
Historical Context
1 the Enlightenment movement the American Civil War (1775)

The Enlightenment and Classicism

The Enlightenment Movement
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment. It was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for improving society was … or …
•
Back
The Important Terms
• • • • 1) 2) 3) 4) enlightenment classicism sentimentalism realism 启蒙运动古典主义感伤主义现实主义
The Enlightenment Movement
P45
1) What is the Enlightenment Movement? 2) The Features of English Enlightenment (1)English enlighteners believed in the power of reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “ “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”. (2) Most of the enlighteners believed that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.

启蒙运动

2性质思想
启蒙运动启蒙运动是发生在17、18世纪欧洲的一场反封建、反教会的资产阶级思想文化解放运动，它为资产阶级革命作了思想准备和舆论宣传，是继文艺复兴运动之后欧洲近代第三次思想解放运动。
法语中，“启蒙”的本意是“光明”。当时先进的思想家认为，迄今为止，人们处于黑暗之中，应该用理性之光驱散黑暗，把人们引向光明。他们著书立说，积极地批判专制主义和宗教愚昧和封建特权主义，宣传自由、平等和民主。
而由于意识形态的原因，他在《论法的精神》中论述的自然历史环境对于人性的影响，对于国家品格的塑造长期以来一直被认为忽略了阶级性是国家的根本属性。然而，正因为如此，他的这一段论述才具有真实的客观意义。自然环境的影响，地理环境的作用是长期的根本的，是不会因为某人的立场或是利益分割而变化的，显然这样一种巨大作用将继续延续下去。在现代经济或是历史研究中，他的这个论证视角仍然具有很大的积极意义。
7、人权（一七八九年，法国国民议会通过《人权与公民权宣言》，确立了“个人权利不可侵犯”的原则。一七八七午时，启蒙运动的哲学家龚多塞(Condorcet)就发表了一篇有关女权的论文。他主张妇女也和男人一样有‘自然权利’。在一七八九年法国大革命期间，妇女们非常积极地反抗旧日的封建政权。举例来说，当时领导示威游行，迫使国王离开凡尔赛宫的就是一些女人。后来妇女团体陆续在巴黎成立。她们除了要求和男人享有一样的参政权之外，也要求修改婚姻法，并提高妇女的社会地位。但她们却没有得到这些权利。）
孟德斯鸠是资产阶级国家学说理论的奠基者之一。
2.伏尔泰
主要主张：
伏尔泰①反对君主专制，倡导君主立宪制。
②主张天赋人权、认为人生来就是自由和平等的。
③认为法律应以人性为出发点，在法律面前人人平等。

启蒙运动古典主义

启蒙运动的基本特征

“理性”：启蒙运动形成的资产阶级思想体系的核心
“启蒙”：从封建的、宗
教的意识中解脱出来
五、影响
在文学领域，启蒙主义运动使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。这股思潮便是新古典主义。
end
英国新古典主义时期
是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝
复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798 年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
我坚决反对你的观点，但是我誓死捍卫你说话的权利。 ----伏尔泰
思想主张
作品
《哲学通信》
《路易十四时代》
①猛烈抨击天主教会 ②反对君主专制，倡导君主立宪制；观 ③提倡“天赋人权”人生来自由平等点 ④法律应以人性为出发点，法律面前人人平等。
评价
伏尔泰的思想对18世纪的欧洲产生巨大影响
2、孟德斯鸠
一、新古典主义文学产生原因：
1、政治原因：君主专制政体的形成与强化——国家至上
1）人们依靠国家摆脱教会束缚，行使和加强世俗政权，使人们获得更多思想自由和经济独立。 2）国家是资产阶级和封建贵族之间冲突的调节人。 3）国家能够维护祖国统一，唤起人们的民族意识。路易十四、路易十五 “朕即国家”
2、哲学原因：理性主义哲学出现——笛卡尔——“我思故我在”，即人的本质不在感性，而是理性。作为一个人不能追求情欲的满足，要尽责任和义务。 3、法国作为罗马文化的中心，受其古典文化的影响，创作上的代表人物是维吉尔，理论上的代表作品是贺拉斯的《诗艺》。法国布瓦洛的《诗的艺术》。 4、当权者的提倡。奖励、设置法兰西学士院。 5、对文艺复兴崇尚感性、崇尚情欲的反拨。
观 ① “天赋人权”和“人民主权” 点 ②人类不平等的根源是财产私有。评卢梭是最激进的民主主义者。价卢梭代表中小资产阶级的利益。

英国文学文学术语

Literary terms(文学术语)（一）中古时期（1）民谣（ballad）:以诗的形式被歌唱和传诵，并代代相传。

如《罗宾汉》，《老水手之行》。

(2)史诗（epic）:叙述神与英雄行为的叙事长诗。

如《贝奥武夫》，《失乐园》《复乐园》《力士参孙》，荷马《伊利亚特》《奥德赛》，中世纪但丁的《神曲》。

（3）罗曼史∕骑士文学（romance）：中世纪的一种流行文学形式，用来歌颂骑士的冒险精神和英雄行为，骑士精神（如勇敢、慷慨、忠诚、善良）是其精神。

（4）押头韵（alliteration）：一行诗中的某些词的首个发音的重复或重现。

如：“I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”.(二)文艺复兴时期（1）文艺复兴（Renaissance）：Renaissance一词意为“重生”，指对西欧的希腊和罗马文化的复兴，其核心是人文主义，带有14、15世纪特点的态度和情感被渗入人文主义和宗教改革中。

英国文艺复兴的主流是伊利莎白时期的戏剧，莎士比亚是戏剧家的代表。

（2）人文主义（humanism）：是文艺复兴的核心，强调的是人类的尊严和现实生活的重要性，人文主义者认为人是宇宙的中心，他们不仅有权享受生活的美好，还有能力自我完善和创造奇迹。

（3）斯宾塞诗节（Spenserian stanza）：由埃德蒙•斯宾塞创造的，指每个诗节有9行诗句，前8行每行都是10个音节（五音步抑扬格），第9行为12个音节（六音步抑扬格），押韵为ababbcbcc，如《仙后》。

（4）奇特的比喻（conceit）:是一种牵强的明喻或暗喻，即把两个不相似的事物进行比较，这种手法多被约翰•多恩的诗歌采用。

（5）玄学派诗歌（metaphysical poetry）：指17世纪受多恩影响的作家所写的作品，多采用奇特的比喻手法。

玄学派诗人试图打破传统的伊利莎白时期的爱情诗歌的形式，其措词较伊利莎白和新古典主义时期更为简洁，与平民语言的用词和韵律相符，且其意象也源自现实生活。

常用英美文学术语

常用英美文学术语下面是店铺整理的一些常用英美文学术语，欢迎大家阅读!01. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word“Renaissance”means“rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3>the real mainstream of the english Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the wordsand cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classcism(古典主义)Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2>the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3>they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4>The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2>with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of rightingall the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3>Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the“Byronic Hero”10. Aestheticism(美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement---“art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2>aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3>According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4>This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱11. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2>It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3>Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4>Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2>although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actualimprovement of the society.4>Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2>modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3>the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4>in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized byassociative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a c haracter’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

英国文学名词解释

1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Ballad民谣: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3．Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5．Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.7．Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.8．Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason. 10．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.12．Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.13．Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.14．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 15．Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16．Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.17．Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.18．Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 19．Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.(杰弗里乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)2.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays《随笔集》- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)4. Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)四大悲剧：（1）《奥瑟罗》叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言，被嫉妒所压倒，掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜，随后自己也悔恨自杀。

The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义

Alexander Pope
1688-1774
2。亚历山大蒲柏 Alexander Pope
1688-1744 A great poet

蒲柏是启蒙主义时期英国文学的代表人物，新古典主义的倡导者，他第一个将理性主义（rationalism)引入英国，强调秩序在文艺创作中的重要性。作为当时最伟大的诗人，他发展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅及平衡的诗风，并使英雄偶句诗体(Heroic couplet) 完美化。代表作有《论批评》（An Essay on Criticism), 《夺发纪》（The Rape of the Lock), 《群愚史诗》（The Dunciad），《论人类》（An Essay on Man）等，另有译作《伊里亚特》（Iliad) 和《奥德赛》（Odyssey）
Heroic Couplet

The heroic couplet, lines in iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs, appeared early in English---it was Chaucer„s favorite meter---and came into vogue流行 in poetic drama in the seventeenth century, but in the eighteenth century, in the hands of masters like Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, it became for many years the dominant English verse form. In the Neo-classical period the heroic couplet consisted of a couplet of end-stopped lines which formed a short stanza, and substituted for the Greek and Latin heroic hexameter 六音步 .

英美文学名词解释最全版

01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

启蒙运动(英文版)

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment is mankind‘s final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error.-Immanuel KantThe Enlightenment usually refers to a period between the early 18th century and the French Revolution in1789, in which new thougts were emerging . The Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state.EvolutionThe enlightenment originated in England in 17th century，it was sparked by philosophers such as John Locke (1632-1704), mathematician Newton (1643-1727) and others. The Enlightenment flourished in late 18th century. The enlightenment met its climax in France. After that, it extended to Germany, the Netherland and North America.1. Feudalism suppressed the bourgeois political rights, so they carry out anti-feudal and antichurch propaganda ideologically, to prepare for the struggle for power.2.With the Capitalist economic development, the bourgeoisie‘s economic strength surges ，so they required their own interests ideologically.3. ①The Renaissance and religious reform promoted the people's ideological emancipation;②With the development of modern science, rationalism, as an asset Anti-feudal class provides the ideological and theoretical weapon.Representative figuresDenis DiderotHe was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent person during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of the Encyclopedie.EncyclopedieThe first Encyclopedia is considered to be the pinnacle of the Enlightenment period. It was compiled by Denis Diderot in 1751-1772.VoltaireHe was famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties , including freedom of religion, free trade, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets.He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist , he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day. His most famous work is Candide.RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy heavily influenced the Fench Revolution,as well as the overall development of modern political,sociological,and educational thought.The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainThe ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Eur ope in the 15th and 16th cent., which led to a vast influx of precious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a mon ey economy. Expansion of trade and the money economy stimulated the dev elopment of new institutions of finance and credit (see commercial revolutio n). In the 17th cent. the Dutch were in the forefront financially, but with the establishment (1694) of the Bank of England, their supremacy was effectively challenged. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a new type of commer cial entrepreneur developed from the old class of merchant adventurers. Man y machines were already known, and there were sizable factories using them, but these were the exceptions rather than the rule. Wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these early factories. As the 18th cent. began, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and better goods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood. Early-model steam engin es were introduced to drain water and raise coal from the mines. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, an d the greatly improved engine (1769) of James Watt marked the high point i n this development. Cotton textiles was the key industry early in the Industria l Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle (1733), James Hargreaves's spinning jenny(patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, and E dmund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) facilitated a tremendous incr ease in output. The presence of large quantities of coal and iron in close pro ximity in Britain was a decisive factor in its rapid industrial growth. The use o f coke in iron production had far-reaching effects. The coal mines from the e arly 1700s had become paramount in importance, and the Black Country app eared in England at the same time that Lancashire and Yorkshire were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. Factories and indus trial towns sprang up. Canals and roads were built, and the advent of the rail road and the steamship widened the market for manufactured goods. The Be ssemer process made a gigantic contribution, for it was largely responsible fo r the extension of the use of steam and steel that were the two chief feature s of industry in the middle of the 19th cent. Chemical innovations and, most important of all, perhaps, machines for making machines played an important part in the vast changes. The Industrial Revolution did not in fact end in Brit ain in the mid-1800s. New periods came in with electricity and the gasoline e ngine. By 1850, however, the transformation wrought by the revolution was a ccomplished, in that industry had become a dominant factor in the nation's li fe.。

The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义

Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
1)In the field of literature, the 18th century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. 2)The neoclassicists hold that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones. 3)They believed that the artistic ideas should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.

1。约翰班扬 John Bunyan（1628-1688）

班扬是个坚定的清教徒，深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。他的写作风格与《圣经》异曲同工代表作《天路历程》（The Pilgrim‟s Progress) 是英文作品中最成功的宗教语言（the religious allegory) 。
The Neoclassical Period

Chapter 2(Page79 to Page156)

Chapter II The Neoclassical Period新古典主义1) The Enlightenment Movement启蒙运动The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules and advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope and so on.2) Neoclassicism新古典主义In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, and so on)and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.3) The heroic couplet 英雄双行体It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme and are written with five beats each..4) the Realistic Novel英国现代小说The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, and Oliver Goldsmith.I．John Bunyan约翰班扬His major worksJohn Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) 天路历程is the outstanding 17th-century English religious literature. 17世纪宗教文学的代表For more than 200 years this book was second in popularity only to the Bible. 圣经Selected Reading"The Vanity Fair", 名利场an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim's Progress.天路历程(1) Theme: The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to comply with Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also beats much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor-lifeas a journey-is simple and familiar.(2) "Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The Pilgrim's Progress. It tells how Christian and his friend Faithful come to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven," a fair where in should be sold all sorts of vanity and that it should last all the year long: therefore at this fair all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferments, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and delights of all sorts as harlots, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones and what not." As they refuse to buy anything but truth, they are beaten and put in a cage and then taken out and led in chains up and down the fair. They are sentenced to death-to be put to the most cruel death that can be invented." Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English society, law and religion in Bunyan's day.II. Alexander pope亚历山大蒲柏1. 一般识记His life and careerPope's mock-heroic poem 英雄双行体诗The Rape of the Lock 夺发记a delightful burlesque of epic poetry 一部奇妙的讽刺史诗.3. 识记His major works1). The Rape of the Lock夺发记A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on Criticism论批评His first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense and the adherence to classical rules in writing and criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence andtherefore makes easy reading.3）The Dunciad群愚史诗Generally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning and works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, and in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack.Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education and even religion, is expertly exposed and satirized.4. 领会His language style语言风格Pope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit, good sense and charm of expression. After Shakespeare, he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful andwell-balanced style.III. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福His major worksPerhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe (1719)鲁滨逊漂流记, an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), sometimes considered his best work, has such a colorful and detailed account of the London plague of 1664 and 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece, Moll Flanders (1722), is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions", thenarrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts, prisons, and other social institutions of Defoe's era.4. 领会Characteristics of his worksDefoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credibleand fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.5. 应用Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from chapter IV of Robinson Crouse. 鲁滨逊漂流记Robinson Crouse, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a na?ve and simple youth into a mature and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor andthe puritan fortitude, which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride andhappiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence, and get his reward.VI. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特Swift is a master satirist 一位伟大的讽刺大师A master Droposal is generally takes as a prefect model 一个温和的建议被誉为一篇完美的讽刺小说领会His style写作风格Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity andan apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful.Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places."恰当的地方用恰当的词Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays, poems and novels.应用Selected readingAn Excerpt from Chapter III, Part I of Gulliver's Travels.格列夫游记Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift's best fictional work, contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and satiresof all aspects in the then English and European life - socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon anindependent structure, and yet complementing the others and contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings and the Lilliputians and the contrast between the Brobdingnagians and human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization and deals with different malpractices and false illusions about science, philosophy, history and false illusions about science, philosophy, history and even immortality. The lost part, where comparison is made through both similarities anddifferences, leads the reader to a basic question: What on earth is a human being?V. Henry Fielding 亨利菲尔丁１. 一般识记：His life and careerOf all his plays, the best known are The coffee-House Politician ((1730)咖啡馆的政治家, The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730),悲剧中的悲剧Pasquin (1736) 巴斯昆and The Historical Register for the Year 1736 ，1736历史鉴定(1737).In 1742 appeared his first novel, 第一部小说The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, which was first intended as a burlesque of the dubious morality and false sentimentality of Richardson's Pamela. The next year came 第二部小说The History of Jonathan Wild the Great, a satiric biography that harks back to Fielding's early plays. The novel was followed by The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) and The History of Amelia (1751). The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social life at the time.2. 识记: His major works2) The History of Jonathan Wild the GreatIt's a satiric biography that harks back to Fielding's early plays. It takes the life of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for demonstrating the petty division between a great rogue and a great politician such as Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister. The ironical praises for the very qualities of the unscrupulous self-aggrandizement of wild point out the way the Prime Minister had achieved his "greatness." The Great Man, properly considered, is no letter than a great gangster.3. 领会：His achievement in English novelFielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel,"英国小说之父for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose," 散文体喜剧史诗the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. B4. 领会：Characteristics of his language 语言特色His language is easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues and other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence and unexpectedness.5.应用：Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from chapter VIII, Book Four of Tom Jones. 汤姆琼斯Tom Jones, generally considered Fielding's masterpiece, brings its author the name of the"Pose Homer." The panoramic view it provides of the 18th century English country and city life with different places and about 40 characters is unsurpassed. The language is one of clarity and suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its 18 books of epic form are divided into 3 sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the high way and in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."VI. Samuel Johnson塞穆尔约翰逊一般识记：His life and literary careerSamuel Johnson, English writer, critic, and lexicographer, born in Richfield, England, Sept.18.1709, and died in London. England, Dec, 13,1784.Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of18th-century English literature. He was an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist.识记：His major worksHis major works include poems: "London"(1738),伦敦and "The vanity of Human Wishes"(1749);人类欲望的幻想a romance: The History of Rasselas拉塞拉斯的历史, Prince of Abyssinia (阿比西尼的王子1759); a tragedy: Irene (1749);艾琳As a lexicographer,辞典编纂家Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary 英国第一部英国辞典by an Englishman-A Dictionary of the English Language (1755),英文大字典Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. 是18世纪新古典主义启蒙主义最后一位伟大的作家领会：His contribution to English language-A Dictionary of the English Language In 1746, a group of booksellers commissioned Johnson to prepare a dictionary. Published in 1755, A dictionary of the English Language was the first real attempt at a systematic and interestingly written survey of English usage and the first dictionary to quote from poets and other writers to illustrate definitions. On the whole, the work showed great scholarship, although it contained humor and reflected a number of Johnson's prejudices.VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德B谢拉丹18世纪唯一一位重要的戏剧家The theme of his plays 剧作主题Morality is the constant theme of Richard B. Sheridan's plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.His major worksHis plays, especially The Rivals 情敌and The School for scandal,造谣学校as true classics in English comedy.真正的古典喜剧应用：Select readingAn Excerpt from Act 4, Scene III of The School for Scandal造谣学校1) Brief IntroductionsThe School for Scandal is mainly a story about 2 brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface.2) ThemeThe School for Scandal is one of the great classics in English drama. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th-century England, on the vicious scandal mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance and love intrigues in the high society and above all, on the immorality and hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living and high-sounding moral principles. And in terms of theatrical art, it shows the playwright at his best. No wonder, the play has been regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.VIII. Thomas Gray托马斯格雷识记: His major worksIn contrast to those professional writers, Gray's literary output was small. His masterpiece, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" 写在教堂墓地的挽歌was published in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially "the Graveyard School."墓地诗人作品In addition to his elegiac masterpiece, Gray is known for his odes, including "Ode on the Spring"(1742), "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College"(1747), "Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat" (1748), "Hymn to Adversity"(1742), and two translations from old Norse: The Descent of Odin(1761) and The Fatal Sisters(1761).应用：Selected Reading"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" 写在教堂墓地的挽歌1) Theme: It is a meditation on human mortality, the tragic dignity it gives to all mankind, and the stability and serenity of rustic life. The Elegy lies in Gray's perfect expression of what all men feel about life and death. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the ordinary people with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.。

启蒙运动词语汉译

启蒙运动词语汉译
1.【问题】启蒙运动词语汉译
【答案】启蒙运动词语汉译整理如下，供大家学习参考。

泛指通过宣传教育，使社会接受新事物而得到进步的运动。

知识拓展：启蒙运动（文艺复兴后的又一次思想解放运动）启蒙运动（法文：Siècle des Lumières，英文：The Enlightenment，德文：die Aufklärung），指发生在17-18世纪的一场资产阶级和人民大众的反封建，反教会的思想文化运动。

是继文艺复兴后的又一次反封建的思想解放运动。

其核心思想是“理性崇拜”。

这次运动有力批判了封建专制主义，宗教愚昧及特权主义，宣传了自由，民主和平等的思想。

为欧洲资产阶级革命做了思想准备和舆论宣传。

这个时期的启蒙运动，覆盖了各个知识领域，如自然科学、哲学、伦理学、政治学、经济学、历史学、文学、教育学等等。

启蒙运动同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。

Enlightenment 英国文学史启蒙运动

The 18th century1．Enlightenment Intellectual movementan expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.2. Classicismbalance, proportion, decorum and restraint attributed to the major works of ancient Greek and Roman literature3．Difference 17th and 18th Classicism17 please the declining aristocracy18 for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order.4．Joseph Addison and Richard Steele essayistsRichard Steele and The Tatler"The Tatler", to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers. contained several essays. in a conversational styleJoseph Addison and “The Spectator“"The Spectator", a daily paper, was a collaborative project by Addison and Steele together.it contained a gallery of vivid portraits of the members of the so-called "Spectator Club". supposed to be edited by a small club headed by Mr. SpectatorThe most striking features of the paper are the character sketches of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club，and these sketches become the forerunner of the modern English novel. They attempted to improve manners and moralcontribution1. new code of social morality for the bourgeoisie.2. picture of the social life3. the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.5.Alexander Popemost important English poet,representative of the Enlightenment,one of the first to introduce rationalism to England,master in satiric and didactic verseAn Essay on Criticismheroic couplet, aesthetic theories. a comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism. .Essay on Manheroic couplet, indicates political and philosophical viewpointThe Rape of the Lockmock-heroic poem, in which he satirized the triviality and silliness of the high society with a delicate wit.The Dunciad the Iliad of DuncesPope was also an editor of Shakespeare's plays.the poet laureate桂冠诗人an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school6、Jonathan Swift master satiristThe Battle of the Books satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modernwriters. Thought ancient writers were better than the modern ones.A Tale of a Tub（木桶的故事）a prose satire and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Gulliver's Travels (fiction work) Lillipu,Brobdingnag,Flying Island,Houyhnhnmparticular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventures on some remote islandfloating island of Laputa . absent-minded philosophers and astronomers.satirizes the scientists who keep themselves aloof from practical life.island of Sorcerers. satire against all kinds of English social institutions.Pamphlets on Ireland:denounced the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government.The Drapier’s Letters A Modest Proposal7.Defoe forerunner of the English realistic novel.all take the form of memoirs or pretended historical narratives, everything in them gives the impression of reality.jack-of-all-trades great in journalism and authorshipMoll FlandersRobinson Crusoe based on a real factPlot:It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. Meaning:realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island,representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. best qualities: his marvellous capacity for work, his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend before his will. Defoe glorifies human labour and the hero of bourgeoisie and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.8.Samuel Richardson Pamela the first modern novelnoted as a storyteller, letter-writer and moralizer.Pamela a series of letters from the heroine to her parentsgirl of virtue, bear the burden of a profligate放荡的husband and how she does all her best to reform him.意义a.pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b. moral instruction.c. secret thoughts and feelings. the first English psycho-analytical novel.9.Henry Fielding father of the English novel, comic epic in prose,first to give the modern novel its structure and stylenovelist, dramatist, essayist, pamphleteer, indeed a versatile man.began by attacking Richardson’s Pamela .criticized for its excessive sentimentality and its utilitarian moralityher secret pleasure in the temptations and her dexterous熟练的manoeuvring to secure the rewards of virtue（把贞操当作商品待价而沽）ridiculing Pamela’s brother, Joseph Andrews, under the same temptationsthis novel called “a.”散文滑稽史诗Other works:Joseph Andrews.The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great.The History of Tom Jones,a Foundlingfrom the "great" thief Jonathan Wild to the "great" minister Robert Walpole to all the "great" men of the ruling classes.Tom Jones is Fielding's masterpiece, a pano’ramic全景的picture of England10.Tobias Smollett "Roderick Random"Laurence Sterne The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy11. English Drama not reach the same high level as novelRichard Brinsley SheridanThe RivalsThe School for Scandal best English comedy since shakespeare12.Samuel Johnson lexicographer, critic and poetA Dictionary of the English LanguageBoswell's "Life of Johnson" become a classic of English biography.13.Edward Gibbon 吉朋The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empirehis classical and elevated style a model for succeeding historians and prose-writers.14.Sentimentalism prized feeling over thinking, passion over reasonsincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasantscriticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions.15.Oliver Goldsmith poet, novelist, dramatist and essayistPoems: “The Traveller”“The Deserted Village”(best) in the heroic couplet.Novel The Vicar of Wakefield16.Thomas Gray“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”which is a model of sentimentalist poetry.17.Pre-romanticismstrong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature.18.Robert Burns poor Scotch peasant family passion for Scottish folk songsPoems Chiefly in the Scottish DialectPoetry several groups to the subject matterA. love and friendship. "A Red, Red Rose"and "Auld Long Syne".B. hate for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom "A Man's A Man for A'That"C. patriotic poems "My Heart's in the Highlands".D. verse-tales which he based on old Scottish legends.19.William BlakeSongs of Innocence A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.Songs of Experience A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: The Chimney Sweeper、London、The Tiger Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tiger is a symbol of dread and oiolenceThe Marriage of Heaven and Hell。

外国文学--启蒙运动

elaborate and decorative style of art.
Quintessentially Rococo artists include Jean-Honore
Fragonard, François Boucher, Jean-Antoine Watteau and
Giovanni Battista
European Culture: an Introduction
Division 6 The Age of Enlightenment
Main Contents:
I. General Introduction II. French Philosophy and Literature III. English Literature IV. Art V. Music
century. The spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason. 2. Daniel Defoe (1660 --- 1731) Novelist and political journalist. The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of
The jurist, satirist, and political and social philosopher
Works: a. Persian Letters (1721) b. The Spirit of the Laws
(1748)
II. French Philosophy and Literature (2)
Tiepolo.
Rococo was eventually replaced by Neoclassicism, which

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康德：什么是启蒙运动［英文版］

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18世纪 启蒙运动 欧洲文学史课件

The Enlightenment and Classicism

启蒙运动

启蒙运动 古典主义

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常用英美文学术语

英国文学 名词解释

The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义

英美文学名词解释最全版

启蒙运动(英文版)

The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义

Chapter 2(Page79 to Page156)

启蒙运动 词语 汉译

Enlightenment 英国文学史启蒙运动

外国文学--启蒙运动

18世纪启蒙运动欧洲文学史课件

启蒙运动古典主义

英国文学名词解释

启蒙运动词语汉译