英语国家概况爱尔兰篇中英翻译

第十一章
Part Two The Republic of Ireland
爱尔兰共和国
地理与历史 Geography and History
不列颠群岛由两大岛屿和几百座小岛组成。

两大岛屿是大不列颠和爱尔兰岛。

爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫而被称为绿宝石岛。

爱尔兰分为两个政治区域：北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国。

北爱尔兰是联合王国的一部分。

爱尔兰共和国是个独立国家。

The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because ot its rich green countryside. Ireland is divided into two political units. They are Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Island is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is an independent country.
I.Geographical Features地理特征
爱尔兰共和国的面积为70，282平方公里。

与北爱尔兰接壤的边界为434公里。

The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km.
首都是都柏林，The capital is Dublin.
爱尔兰一直被比作盆地，内有海滨高地围起的石灰岩高原。

海洋性气候影响全国。

Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highland s. Maritime influences penetrate the land.
最高峰是卡朗图山(1，041米)
The highest peaks are Carrantuohill (1,041 m)
爱尔兰最大的河是香农河，它发源于斯利戈湾附近的高原, 香农河为共和国提供了大部分电力。

The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It rises in the plateau near Sligo Bay, The Shannon River provides electric power for much of the Republic.
多样化是低地的主要特征。

中部低地是爱尔兰的心脏。

山谷的通道和低地走廊通向每一个爱尔兰海岸，
Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. Easy passageways along valley and lowland corridors lead from it to every Irish shore.
因为爱尔兰在冰川时期完全被冰层覆盖，现在所有的动植物种类都是从欧洲
其他地方迁徙来的。

As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the lce Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe.
沼泽仍是爱尔兰最重要的地形特征。

在所有山脉中随处可见，并覆盖低地的大片地区。

Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape. They occur on all the mountains and cover large areas of the lowlands.
l.气候 Climate and Weather
爱尔兰的气候被描绘成"温和、温润和多变",地理学家把全岛划分为六大气候区：
The weather of Ireland is described as "mild, moist and changeable." Geographers have distinguished six climatic regions
爱尔兰雨量过多。

中部低地,是爱尔兰雨量最少的地区
Ireland has excessive rainfall. The Central Lowland is the area of the lightest rainfall in Ireland,
东北部以极佳的农场和庄稼闻名
The Northeast is noted for its excellent cattle pastures and crops.
Ⅲ.人口与宗教 Population and Religion
爱尔兰的基本民族是凯尔特人，同时还混合有挪威人、法国人、诺曼人和英国人。

In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic, with an admixture of Norse, French, Norman and English.
因为其种族的同一性，历史上的爱尔兰一直没有种族冲突。

There are no significant ethnic minorities. Historically Ireland has been free of ethnic conflicts because of its racial homogeneity.
爱尔兰有四大不寻常的人口特征：
Ireland has four unusual demographic features:
(1)结合整个世纪的迁移而形成的低出生率；a low birthrate compounded by a century of emigration,
(2)晚婚(男性35岁，女性29岁)；a late marriage age (35 for men and 29 for women),
(3)人口中男性过剩；an excess of males in the population .
(4)人口中各种年龄的独身男女占高比例。

a high proportion of bachelors and spinsters of all ages.
1845年开始的大饥荒标志着爱尔兰社会历史的一个时代结束和另一个时代的开始。

The year 1845, when the Great Famine began, marks the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland.
在人口自然下降的基础上雪上加霜的是同样历史悠久的人口外迁浪潮。

从
1845年起，赤贫的人们跳上任何一艘能运载他们渡过爱尔兰海或大西洋的船只。

约有6百万人离开了爱尔兰。

To natural decrease was added a flow of emigration almost as long.From 1845 onward the desperately poor sought any ship that could carry them across the Irish Sea or the Atlantic. some 6 million people are estimated to have left Ireland in the century following the Great Famine.
爱尔兰自由邦建立后 (1921年)，移民锐减。

After the establishment of the Irish Free State (1921), emigration showed a sharp decline.
爱尔兰有两种官方语言：爱尔兰语(凯尔特语)和英语。

There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English,
爱尔兰是欧洲最为信奉天主教的国家。

美国约有一半的天主教主教是爱尔兰裔。

Ireland is one of the most Catholic countries of Europe. About half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.
爱尔兰圣公会是最大的非天主教教派。

尽管天主教占绝对优势，但很少发生反对非天主教徒的宗教歧视。

The Anglican Church of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denomination，Despite the Catholic predominance, there is very little religious discrimination against non-Catholics.
Ⅳ.历史背景 Historical Background
在史前时代，爱尔兰遭受许多凯尔特部落的入侵，最重要的是盖尔人。

约公元前4世纪他们抵达此岛，征服了北方的皮克特人和南方的爱兰人部落(这是爱尔兰名称的来源)，后来他们定居下来建立了繁荣的盖尔文明。

Ireland was invaded by a number of Celtic tribes in prehistoric times. The most important were the Gaels. They arrived in the island about the 4th century BC. They conquered the Picts in the north and the Erainn tribe (from whom the name Ireland is derived) in the south. Then they settled down to establish a flourishing Gaelic civilization.
爱尔兰历史上最重要的事件或许是公元432年圣帕特里克来到爱尔兰岛，并把此岛变成学问中心和基督教文化中心。

The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 432 was perhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture.
英国人和爱尔兰人之间的冲突持续了近800年。

亨利八世是使爱尔兰置于英国的完全统治下的首位国王。

Conflict between the English and the Irish went on for almost 800 years. Henry VIII was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.
1610年苏格兰定居者在乌尔斯特建立殖民地。

Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 1610.
爱尔兰共和军和英国政府之间爆发了战争( 1919 -1921)， 1921年，英国人签署了《英爱条约》，建立拥有自治身份的爱尔兰自由邦，并在国教占统治地位的北爱尔兰建立分离的政府。

War broke out between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the British government (1919~21). In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.
1932年就职的阿蒙·德·凡勒拉领导的爱尔兰没有参加二战，以表明它与英国人之间的长期不睦，1937年颁布一部新宪法，选出的总统取代了总督，国家的名称正式改为爱尔兰。

Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World War 1I to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British. In 1937, under a new constitution, the Governor-General was replaced by an elected president and the name of the country was officially changed to Ireland (Eire in Gaelic).
1948年，爱尔兰投票使自己脱离英联邦，1949年4月18日宣布为共和国。

In 1948, Ireland voted itself out of the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic.
Ⅴ.外交政策 Foreign Policy
独立以来，爱尔兰一直奉行中立与不结盟政策。

Since independence Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment,
1979年6月22日，爱尔兰与中国建立外交关系。

目前爱尔兰与46个国家保持外交关系。

Ireland established diplomatic relations with China on June 22, 1979. Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries.
第十二章
今日爱尔兰Ireland Today
Ⅰ.政治体制 Political Structure
根据1937年的宪法，爱尔兰是议会制共和国和中央集权国家。

理论上而言，此宪法适用于整个爱尔兰岛。

北爱尔兰公民也被视为共和国公民，能够竞选南方的职位。

爱尔兰共和国由爱尔兰32个郡中的26个郡组成。

Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Constitution. The Constitution is theoretically applicable to the whole of Ireland. Citizens of Northern Ireland are also considered citizens and cart run for office in the South. The Republic of Ireland consists of 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland.
1.行政权Executive power
国家元首是总统，直接投票选举产生，任期七年。

他召集或解散议会；签署和颁布法律；任命法官、首相和其他内阁成员；统率武装部队。

The head of state is the president, elected by direct suffrage for a term of seven years. He summons or dissolves the Oireachtas (Parliament) ; signs and promulgates laws; appoints judges, the prime minister（taoiseseh） and other members of the cabinet ; and heads the defense forces.
总统应在众议院提名下任命首相；在众议院事先批准而首相提名下任命其他政府成员。

the president shall appoint the prime minister on the nomination of the House of Representatives (Dail)and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.
政府向众议院所负的责任是集体的，它被要求作为一集体权力部门聚会和行动。

集体负责制要求政府对公众和众议院以统一战线的面目出现。

爱尔兰议会生活的这一特征归功于政党团结和忠诚。

The government's responsibility to the Dail is collective, and it is required to meet and act as a collective authority. Collective responsibility requires the government to present a united front to the public and to the Dail. This feature of Irish parliamentary life is due to party solidarity and loyalty.
作为政府首脑，首相只对众议院负责。

他仅被要求让总统对"国内和国际事务的方针有总体了解"。

As the head of government the taoiseseh is answerable only to the Dail. He is required only to keep the president "generally informed on matters of domestic and international policy. "
2.立法权 Legislative power
所有立法权都赋予了国家议会。

国家议会分为两院：众议院和参议院。

All the legislative powers are vested in the national parliament. The national parliament (Oireachtas) has two Houses. They are the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann ) and the Senate (Seanad).
宪法所规定的参议院的权力通常比众议院的权力要少。

The powers of the Seanad, as defined by the Constitution, are in general less than those of the Dail.
1）要求总统拒绝签署议案,直到提交全民公决的请愿书,必须获得参议院的多数议员同意(但众议院只需三分之一同意)。

A petition to the president to decline to sign a bill until the matter can be put before the people in a referendum requires the assent of a majority of the members of the Seanad (but only one-third of the membership of the Dail).
2）个人议案必须首先在参议院提出。

A private bill must be introduced in the Seaned first.
3.爱尔兰法律和法院3. Irish laws and courts
爱尔兰法律以英国的普通法为基础，随后的立法和1937年的宪法对之加以修改。

Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislation and the 1937
Constitution.
只有议会决议能对法官免职。

高级法院裁决宪法条款范畴内的任何法律的合法性。

judges can be removed from office only by resolution of the Oireaehtas. The high court also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.
最高法院可以宣布现有立法违宪。

The Supreme Court may declare existing legislation to be unconstitutional.
Ⅱ.政党 11. Political Parties
爱尔兰是两极政党制，主要的两大党为共和党和统一党。

两党都由新芬党发展而来。

Ireland has a bipolar political party system with two major parties, Fianna Fail and Fine Gael. They are both descended from Sinn Fein (We Ourselves).
后来的统一党，接受英爱条约和在英联邦内的自治领地位，而少数派共和党，则由埃蒙·德·凡勒拉领导，拒绝接受条约并继续斗争。

Cumann na Gael,later Fine Gad,accepted the treaty and dominion status within the British Commonwealth while the minority, Fianna Fail, led by Eamort De Valera, refused it and continued the struggle.
具有一定的规模的唯一全国性的其他政党是工党
The only other national party of some size is the Labor Party.
1)共和党是爱尔兰的最大政党，在所有阶级和所有地区都有广泛的群众基础。

Fianna Fail (Soldiers of Destiny) is the largest political party in Ireland, it has a broad popular base among all classes and in all regions.
(2)统一党(自我党), 从一开始统一党就是个保守政党, 赞成平衡预算和较低税收。

它在农民和中产阶级中更受欢迎。

此政党不像共和党那以提倡盖尔语。

Fine Gael (Irish Tribe)。

From its outset Fine Gael was a conservative party favouring balanced budgets and lower taxation. It is stronger among the farmers and the middle class. The party is less in favor of promoting Gaelic than Fianna Fail is.
(3)爱尔兰工党是爱尔兰最古老的政党。

The Irish Labor Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.
(4)进步民主党是1987年大选后的最大少数党。

The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor parties after the 1987 elections.
Ⅲ.经济III. The Economy
爱尔兰是私有经济占主导地位的自由市场经济。

它是欧共体中最不发达国家之一。

Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sector. It is one of the least developed countries in the EC.
1.农业 Agriculture
尽管爱尔兰不能被看作主要是农业国，但农业仍然是主要产业。

Although Ireland cannot be considered to be primarily an agricultural country ，agriculture still is
a major sector.
总体上说，爱尔兰农业是混合经济。

但农民的一大部分收入来自家畜。

农业总产值的84%来源于家畜和家畜产品，几乎所有都是牛和牛奶。

As a whole, Irish farming is a mixed economy. But the farmer derives a sizable part of his income from livestock. Some 84% of the value of gross output in agriculture is accounted for by livestock and livestock products, almost all of which derives from cattle and milk.
爱尔兰农业中最重要的近期发展是其成为欧共体成员。

欧共体成员身份使爱尔兰农民能参加共同体的公共农业政策并把他们的产品出口到更广范围的市场。

The most significant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. EC membership enabled Irish farmers to participate in the Community's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and export their products to a wider range of markets.
2.制造业2. Manufacturing
自从20世纪60年代以来，制造业一直是爱尔兰经济的支柱。

Since the 1960s, manufacturing has become the mainstay of the Irish economy.
在工业就业中，66%雇佣于制造业。

Of industrial employment, 66% are employed in manufacturing.
3.矿业 3. Mining
自从20世纪60年代以来，爱尔兰一直是主要的矿产生产国。

Ireland has been a major mineral producer since the 1960s.
现在爱尔兰是欧洲最大的铅和锌生产国
Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.
4.能源4. Energy
虽然爱尔兰缺乏有规模的石油储藏，但它在覆盖全国广阔地区的泥煤沼中拥有极有价值的能源。

泥煤被视为爱尔兰的固体燃料。

While Ireland lacks sizable oil deposits, it has a valuable energy source in the peat, or turf, bogs that cover extensive areas of the country. Turf is considered as a solid fuel in Ireland.
5.劳动力5. Labor
失业是爱尔兰的一个长期问题。

政府和工会都把失业视为国家最严重的经济问题。

Unemployment is a chronic problem in Ireland. It is seen by both the government and the trade unions as the country's most serious economic problem.
失业产生的原因如下：
the reasons for this phenomenon are as follows:
(1)爱尔兰人口相对年轻--欧洲最年轻的国家之一。

Ireland has a relatively young population--one of the youngest in Europe.
(2)农业就业在衰减。

Agricultural employment is declining.
(3)因预算原因公共部门的就业在减少。

Public sector employment is being reduced for budgetary reasons.
(4)大多数高新技术产业不是劳动密集型产业。

Most of the new hi-tech industries are not labor-intensive.
6.对外贸易 Foreign trade
现在的爱尔兰是工业出口国，爱尔兰现有双重出口基地。

进口商品额通常超过出口商品额。

这就是为什么爱尔兰长期贸易逆差。

一直依靠进口石油是高进口额的原因之一。

Ireland is now an industrial exporter.Ireland now has a dual export base. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.
Ⅳ.教育IV. Education.
6岁到15岁之间的教育是义务的，主要的教学语言是英语。

Schooling is compulsory between ages 6 and 15. The chief language of instruction is English
中学大体上是私立和宗教学校。

爱尔兰最古老的大学是都柏林大学，
Secondary schools are by and large private and denominational. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dublin,
Ⅴ.传媒和文化V. Media and Culture
第一份报纸在1659年2月发行。

今天《爱尔兰泰晤士报》是全国最有影响的日报。

它的读者通常是职业人士和高级管理人员。

《爱尔兰独立报》是最畅销的日报，发行量最大。

它倾向于统一党，The first newssheet was published in February 1659. Today the Irish Times is the nation's most influential daily. It is regularly read by the professional and managerial elite. The Irish Independent is a best-selling daily. It has the largest circulation. It is loosely identified with the Fine Gad Party。

杂志在爱尔兰出版。

其中约五分之一涉及宗教问题。

Almost one-fifth of magazine deal with religion.
爱尔兰报纸禁止提及爱尔兰共和军，因为爱尔兰共和军在爱尔兰是非法组织。

Irish newspapers are forbidden to refer to the Irish Republican Army because the IRA is an illegal organization in Ireland.
爱尔兰没有国家通讯社。

Ireland has no national news agency.
爱尔兰中世纪时期最重要的着作是散文传奇和组诗。

当时最着名的作家之一是诗人奥西恩The most important works of the Middle Irish period are prose sagas and poemcycles. One of the most well-known writers of that period is the poet Ossian,
现代最着名的爱尔兰作家是詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941)
The most well-known Irish writer of the modern period is James Joyce (1882-1941)。