非谓语动词(二)——动名词

非谓语动词（二）——动名词

【基本概念】

1.现行高中教材中将动名词和现在分词统称为-ing形式。这样处理英语传统语法项目的初衷是简化语法术语、淡化语法概念，让学生更多地通过语感掌握其用法。然而，在教学实践中却遇到了另外一些不好解决的问题。其一，取消了“现在分词”的概念之后，增加了“现在分词和过去分词的区别”这一关键知识的教学难度：其二，混淆动名词和现在分词的概念使得属于动名词范围的一些细节问题的教学不容易开展，如动名词做宾语的问题、分词和动名词的逻辑主语问题等。

现在分词和动名词都可以做定语和表语，概念却有所不同。遇到这些问题完全可以采取淡化或者回避的办法，就如同我们很少强调形容词做定语、表语同名词做定语、表语的区别一样。学生能够领悟其中的区别更好，不能理解也无关紧要。

2.动名词在书写形式上同现在分词相同，但语法概念和语法功能各异。动名词具有名词的语法作用，在句子中主要充当主语和宾语。

例1：动名词做主语

Using body language in a correct way will help communicate with people and make the stay in a foreign country easy and comfortable. ( P.16, Senior Book2A ) Checking information is very important. ( P.20, Senior Book2A )

Doing this can save a lot of time and money. (P.20, Senior Book2A )

Learning new words and useful expressions is very important for me. ( P.22, Senior Book2A)

例2：动名词做宾语

After a short while he started directing films himself. ( P.26, Senior Book2A ) Disney stopped drawing and watched the mouse. ( P.2, Senior Book2A )

例3：动名词做介词的宾语

Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening. (P.3, Senior Book 1B )

after在句中为介词，动名词opening 做介词的宾语，形容词性物主代词its 是动名词的逻辑主语。

The money spent on educating a black child was just one fourth of that spent on each white child. ( P.38, Senior Book2 )

I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. ( P.35, Senior Book2B )

having been 是动名词being的完成式，做介词for 的宾语。

【关键知识】

动名词一章的关键知识是动名词做宾语同不定式做宾语的区别。这种区别根据“约定俗成”的原则成为语法规则，因此没有过多的道理可讲。牢牢记住这些规则，在语言实践中能够熟练地运用，便是最好的学习方法。

1.下列动词只能用动名词做宾语，不能用不定式：suggest, finish, enjoy,

pr actise, miss, avoid, require, delay, excuse, pardon, consider, deny, escape, can‟t help, risk 等。

Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. ( P.22, Senior Book2A)

Then for a period of several weeks we practise doing the play. ( P.25, Senior Book2A)

2.一些动词后用动名词做宾语和用不定式做宾语意思不同。

①remember, forget, regret后用动名词做宾语表示已经发生过了的动作；用不定式做宾语表示将要发生或尚未发生的动作。

remember to do 表示记住要去做某事；remember doing表示记得曾经做过某事。regret doing表示后悔做了某事；regret to say (tell)表示遗憾地说（告诉）。

---- The light in the office is still on.

---- Oh, I forgot ______. (1991年全国高考试题)

A. turning it off

B. turn it off

C. to turn it off

D. having turned it off

答案为C。句子的意思是“我刚才忘记了关灯”，“关灯”的动作没有发生。

---- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

---- Well, now I regret ______ that. （1995年全国高考试题）

A. to do

B. to be doing

C. to have done

D. having done

答案为D。having done是动名词doing的完成式，表示该动作先于谓语动作，句子的意思是“后悔在会议上提出反对意见”。

②try to do 表示“设法做”（克服困难、障碍努力做）；try doing表示“试着做”（对结果没有把握，尝试去做，看看是否可以）。

The little time we have together we try ______ wisely. (上海市1995年高考试题)

A. spending it

B. to spend it

C. to spend

D. spending that

the little time we have together是spend的宾语，前置以示强调。正确的答案为C。

③like (love) to do 表示具体的一次性动作；like (love) doing表示倾向性的动作。

Little Tom should love ______ to the theatre this evening. （1992年全国高考试题）

A. to be taken

B. to take