构词法知识要点与练习

Chapter 4 Word Formation

Part I：知识要点

The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation.Not all the words that are produced by applying the rules are acceptable.Rules only provide a constant set of models from which new words are created from day to day.

现代英语词汇的扩充主要依靠构词法。并不是所有应用规则产生的单词都是可接受的。规则只提供了一组固定的模型，从这些模型中可以日复一日地创建新单词。

Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes.

affixation 30%-40%，compounding 28%-30%，conversion 26%，shortening 8%-10% ，(clipping and acronymy) blending and others 1%-5%

1.Affixation

Affixation (也叫Derivation)：the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems. ( derivative 派生词)According to their position，affixation falls into：prefixation (前缀法)and suffixation (后缀法). I.l. Prefixation ----------- t he formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. It

does not change the word-class of the stem but change its meaning.

通过在词干上加前缀来形成新词。它并不改变词干的词类，而是改变词干的意义。

2.Negative prefixes ：

-a- (abnormal)，dis- (disobey)，in- (il-，ir-，im-) (injustice)，non- ( non-smoker)，un- (unwilling) un- are the most productive and can usually

replace in- or dis- with adj.

3.Reversative or privative prefixes 逆反前缀：

-de- ( decentralize)，dis- ( disunite)，un- (unwrap)

4.Pejorative prefixes (贬义的前缀)：

-mal- ( maltreat)，mis- ( mistrust)，pseudo- (pseudo-science)

5.Prefixes of degree or size：表程度或大小的前缀

-arch- ( archbishop ), extra- (extra-strong), hyper- (hyperactive ),

macro- (macrocosm) , micro- (microcomputer) , mini- (mini-election), out- (outlive), over- (overweigh), sub- (subheading), super-

(superfreeze), sur- (surtax), ultra- (ultra-conservative), under-

(underdeveloped)

6.Prefixes of orientation and attitude：倾向、方向和态度前缀

-anti- (anti-nuclear), contra- (contraflow), counter-, pro- (pro-student)

7.Locative prefixes ：方位前缀

-extra- (extraordinary) , fore- (forehead) , inter- (inter-city) , intra- (intra-party)，tele-，trans-

8.Prefixes of time and order:时间和顺序的前缀

-ex- (ex-wife), fore- (foretell), pre-, re- (reconsider)

9.Number Prefixes ：数字前缀

-bi-, multi- (poly-) (multi-purpose), semi- (hemi-), tri- (tricycle), uni-(mono-)

(uniform)

10.M iscellaneous prefixes ：其他类型的前缀

-auto-，neo- (neo-Nazi )，pan- (pan-European)，vice-

1.2.Suffixation —Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Change the grammatical function of stems (the word class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis.后缀发是通过在词干中添加后缀来形成新词。改变词干(词类)的语法功能。后缀可以根据语法分组。

1.2.1.Noun suffixes 名词后缀

Denominal nouns来自名词的名词后缀(名词+suffix ----------- 名词)

a.Concrete(表具体) ------ eer (engineer)，-er (teenager)，-ess (hostess)，

-ette (cigarette )，-let (booklet)

b.Abstract (表抽象) ------ -age (wastage) ，-dom (处于… 状态) (officialdom )，-ery (slavery )，-ery (-ry)，-hood (childhood )，-ing

(farming )，- ism (…主义) (terrorism)，-ship (状态) (sportsmanship) Deverbal nouns来自动词的名词后缀(动词+suffix ---------- 名词)