第二章--合同法(中英文)

Importance of contract law
Contract
law is a very important branch of the law for all of us because contracts are an integral part of everyday life. 合同，这个原本陌生的经济行为正以日趋热 烈的姿态走进寻常巷陌、普通家庭，与个人 行为发生密切关系。


合同法第二十八条“受要约人超过要约期限发出承诺的，除要约人及时 通知受要约人该承诺有效的以外，为新要约。” Where an offeree makes an acceptance beyond the time limit for acceptance, the acceptance shall be a new offer except that the offeror informs the offeree of the effectiveness of the said acceptance promptly.
样的话：“我公司有权以公告、通知等形式 告知客户后单方修改本协议内容。”这种单 方无限扩大的解释权，已经是一种霸王条款。
Contract law in different countries
capitalist
countries continental law system: codes common law system: cases China: General Provisions of the Civil Law （民法通则）, Economic Contract Law（经 济合同法）, Foreign Economic Contract Law（涉外经济合同法） (new) Contract Law 1999
在某医院做手术时，院方让家属在一份协议
书上签字，协议书上写着，手术后无论出现 任何问题，院方没有责任。这种把责任推脱 得干干净净的条款单方扩大了解释权，侵害 了消费者的权益。法律规定，造成对方人身 伤害的、因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产 损失的免责条款无效。
曾有家电信企业在针对消费者的合同里有这
(1) If the offer is made in dialogues, the acceptance shall be made immediately except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties; (2) If the offer is made in forms other than a dialogue, the acceptance shall arrive within a reasonable period of time.
Basic concepts of contract
General
Provisions of the Civil Law A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship. A contract established pursuant to the law is protected by law.

合同法第二十三条“要约没有规定承诺期限的，承诺应当依照下列规定 到达（１）要约以对话方式作出的，应当即时作出承诺，但当事人另有 约定的除外；（２）要约以非对话方式作出的，承诺应当在合理期限内 到达。”

Where no time limit is fixed in the offer, the acceptance shall arrive in accordance with the following provisions:

第二节 Formation of contract 合同的成立


二、订立合同的程序 （一）Offer要约 An offer is a statement by one party of a willingness to enter into a contract on stated terms, provided that the offeror is bound to these terms in case of acceptance.
Requirements for a effective contract
1. An agreement shall be reached by offer and acceptance between the parties. 2. The parties shall have appropriate capacities to contract. 3. a contract shall have consideration and legal cause. 4.The object and content shall be legal. 5.A contract shall comply with the requirement of legal form. 6. In signing contracts, the parties shall truly express their intention.
Contract relations round us
在商店、商场、超市花10块钱买条毛巾或者
其它商品，就与店家形成口头的买卖合同关 系，因数额较小且双方货、款能够及时清结， 没必要签订书面的买卖合同关系。 劳动合同
个人之间的借钱合同也有很多无效情况，比
如借条上写到的还款利息如果超过银行利息 的4倍就不合法了，合同也就无效。 一位顾客在一家商店内以135元价格买了一台 收录机，回去使用时发现不能使用，该顾客 要求退货，但店主以店中告示“当场看好货， 出门概不负责”为由拒绝处理。后工商所对 该店进行了处罚并责令其为顾客退货。
第一节、合同法概述 一、合同与合同法的概念 （一）合同的概念 我国现行《合同法》第二条规定，合同是平等主 体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、 终止民事权利义务关系的协议。 A contract means an agreement on the establishment, alteration or termination of a civil right-obligation relationship between natural persons, legal person or other organization as subjects with equal status. 合同法简言之，就是规范合同的法律。合同法是 调整平等主体之间合同关系的法律规范的总和。 Contract Laws are the legal norms of adjusting contractual relationship between equal parties.
３、要约的法律效力 （１）要约的生效：合同法第十六条“要约到达 受要约人时生效”。An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree . （２）要约的撤回：合同法第十七条“要约可以 撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人 之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。” An offer may be withdrawn, if the withdrawal notice reaches the offeree before or at the same time when the offer arrives. （３）要约的撤销：合同法第十八条“要约可以 撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺 通知之前到达受要约人。” An offer may be revoked, if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.


合同法十九条“有下列情形之一的，要约不得撤销 （１）要约人确定了承诺期限或者以其他形式明示该要约是 不可撤销的； （２）受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的，并已经为履 行合同作了准备工作。” An offer may not be revoked, if
(1) the offeror indicates a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise explicitly states that the offer is irrevocable; or
Law
of Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures 中外合资经营企业法 Law of Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Enterprises 中外合作经营企业法 Regulations on Administration of Technology Acquisition Contract 技术引进合同管理条例
(2) It indicates the proposal of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
要约与要约邀请（invitation for offer）
要约邀请是希望他人向自百度文库发出要约的意思
表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖公告auction announcement 、招标公告bidding announcement 、招股说明书prospectus、 商业广告commercials等为要约邀请。但是， 如果商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视为 要约。
2. 承诺的内容与要约相一致。 合同法第三十条“受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性 变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价 款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任 和解决争议方法等变更，是对要约内容的实质性变 更。” The contents of an acceptance shall comply with those of the offer. If the offeree substantially modifies the contents of the offer, it shall constitute a new offer. The modification relating to the contract object, quality, quantity, price or remuneration, time or place or method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract and the settlement of disputes, etc., shall constitute the substantial modification of an offer.

（二）承诺
１、承诺的概念和构成条件
合同法第二十一条“承诺是受要约人同意要
约的意思表示”。 An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.
（1）承诺必须是受要约人向要约人作出； （2）承诺必须在要约规定的有效期限内作出；
１、要约的概念和构成条件。 要约，又称发盘（offer），是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示， 该意思表示应当符合下列规定。 （１）内容具体确定；（２）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受 该意思表示约束;（3）要约必须向特定的人发出。


Article 14 An offer is a proposal hoping to enter into a contract with other parties. The proposal shall comply with the following stipulations: (1) Its contents shall be detailed and definite;
(2) the offeree has reasons to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and has made preparation for performing the contract.
（４）要约的撤回与撤销的区别：撤回的要约不发 生法律效力，要约人无须承担任何责任；撤销要约 使受要约人遭受损失的，要约人承担赔偿责任。 （５）要约的有效期限：要约自到达受要约人时生 效，承诺期限届满，承诺人未做承诺的，要约失效。 商品房买卖中的楼书、广告是否构成要约，不实是 否构成欺诈？商店中对商品标明价格是否构成要约？ 公交车投币箱是否是要约？悬赏广告是否构成要约？