LED光源在景观设计中的应用-外文翻译-完成
LED在景观照明中的应用 毕业论文外文翻译
Application of LED in the landscape lightingApart from the mercury-free LED light source, saving energy, materials, environmental non-electromagnetic interference, non-harmful rays five advantage, fields in lighting, especially in landscape lighting, there are many advantages. Such as: low-voltage power supply - no high-pressure areas, in order to insulation costs much less, high reliability annex simple - no starter, ballast or EHV transformer; simple structure - a solid source of the greatest advantages , Non-carbonated, non-glass case, no gas sealing problems, impact resistance; controllable good - fast response time (microsecond order of magnitude) can be repeated frequently-out, basically inert, will not be tired; color Chunhou -- Semiconductor PN junction produce their own color, pure, strong, rich colors - plus three primary colors of digital technology, evolution of arbitrary color; light structure - wood, cost-saving; lamps on strength and stiffness requirements of very low -- -- The compact size of the LED lamps can be seen as the LED cells, only the smallest LED mm2 order of magnitude or less; flexible good - LED light source of the compact, LED can adapt to all kinds of different size and geometry of space size The decorative lighting requirements, such as: point, line, surface, the ball, different forms, and any form of art lighting sculpture; visible, LED is worthy of a green lighting of the 21st century proud.LED decorative landscape lighting research and development due to the characteristics of the LED with a series of advantages, LED lamps in the landscape of research and development mainly in the following directions: garden lights, path lights, lamps and buried, small spotlights, Caoping Deng, the Fast-Track Road Lamps, wall lamp, and so on. Source use LED, combined with changes in control, upgrading the Hongtuo on the landscape, making them more artistic tastes. Non-standard profiled the development of landscape lighting, landscape lighting, lamps installed to protect the landscape and environment, the prevention of lighting the visual impact, in order to beautify the day, under the artistic Lianghua night. This requires installation of lamps because of the structure and system to King, the architectural features to the system, many can not meet the standard lamps is more than required. LED lamps designed flexible, especially for the system to King because of the non-standard lighting design, landscape lighting and visual coordination, beautify the environment to achieve a new level.Art of Landscape Lighting lamps is itself a development of Visual Arts, and the LED light source can be more creative art of landscape lighting to a higher realm. As the controllable LED good, rich colors, and microelectronic technology intelligent control, to all kinds of ideas can be colourful and exciting joyful rhythm, melody beautiful landscape lighting. Such as: LED lights Perak, Perak than the gas-discharge lamps to be much more longevity, not damaged, and richcolors. Another example: LED lights winds, just intelligent computer control, we can achieve "No wind at the" rapid rotation, and also enables automatic transmission and for the wonderful color changes. Similar ideas, as long as the inspiration, can achieve.Lighting sculpture category of development, any of the simulation, bionics, comics, cartoons, commercial, tourism and so on the various lighting sculpture, and sound can be combined LED technology and microelectronics control, when necessary, together with On the mechanical and electrical integration technology, developed to attract people's attention a series of landsca lighting sculptures.LED lighting landscape of intelligent control technology, LED lighting landscape of intelligent control technology, a digital or analog technology, or computer control technology, for the most compact or embedded systems. Characteristics: high reliability, excellent prices; many changes in patterns; existing single-light control, another group control mode; many non-standard design; long long lamps or more (such as: long-zone, many Wall linear layout) ; LED display technology and a lot of difference. According to the landscaping requirements, changes in control mode, gives to rich and colorful, beautiful melody, rhythm joyful feelings, sometimes to shake the core to give people a strong boost. According to LED controllable, and the characteristics of rich color, color constitute almost unlimited. In accordance with the principles of the three primary colors and gray-scale digital control technology, on the principle of evolution to be almost beyond the arbitrary nature color. For example: three color LED, such as using only two gray-scale control, namely: the dark and can achieve eight kinds of color evolution; Another example: three color LED, a three-gray control, namely: that in the dark, To achieve 27 kinds of color changes; Another example: three color LED, such as the use of the eight digital control of gray, color categories has reached an alarming level, reaching 16.77 million kinds, even the names of every color you are too late Named.Currently, LED lamps electronic control structure, there are five or more categories: single-light control, light control group, or super-long span of control of lights, noise control, sensor control.On the performance of life, the silicone can be achieved to extend the service life of white LED target, or even reach more than 40,000 hours of life, but is not really suited to do the lighting on the application of research still needs to be, because the silicone Is a flexible soft material, so in the packaging process, the need to pay special attention to application of the way, from designing the most appropriate application of technology.For the future of the area, improve white LED light output efficiency will be key to winning the point. White LED production techniques, from a blue LED and a yellow YAGphosphor mix, developed a simulation of the white target, the use of colour or mixed use of GaN materials, developed a white LED, the applications have already Will be read out in the direction towards a more extensive expansion.In addition, the luminous efficiency white LED, which has been good in the development of LED lighting promoting the Japan Association goal is to look forward to in 2009 is expected to reach 100 lm / w the luminous efficiency, and in fact, a considerable number of In the industry towards the development of this area, is expected in the next few years, 100 lm / w luminous efficiency can actually commercial applications.LED micro-electronic control circuit design optimization of the focus is: reliable, the price of distinctions, using common components, sources of wealth. The length or long span of control lights in addition to the above requirements, but also has the following advantages, such as: Shu Shimi, 100 meters and 1,000 meters above the band or linear layout of the point source. Optimal Design of the objectives are: motion control, it is necessary to colourful, bringing amazing visual images, both of transition, have graded, but also to minimize - wire.LED development of the main issues to be tackled into the LED lighting is new to the area, is of epoch-making significance. However, as with any new technology, LED there are still some areas in urgent need of improvement.1) research and development of high power LED light source at the international level, Phlips, GE, OSRAN and other big companies have double-spherical HID products, which is currently the world's most advanced high-power HID light sources, especially Phlips company based on this source of sports Venues lamps, lamp efficiency and with very good light curve. Although LED many unique advantages, but this area is blank. High-power density point for the semiconductor LED light source on the principle of LED may be a lot of technical difficulties.2) the development of high efficiency, high power factor, the price of gifted compact modular power LED, LED power supply is simple, can DC power supply, power supply can pulse. HID no neon lights and a series of high-pressure troubles. At present, the low efficiency of the power supply system, dragged down by the LED, greatly reduced the level of energy. Switching power supply from the 1970s to 20 KHZ the standard has now reached more than 1 MHZ the soft-switch technology, the crux of the problem is how to achieve quality and cheap.3) the development of new LED mixed light, blending technical LED light source, unit volume is very small, on many occasions clearly merits, but sometimes also shortcomings. Such as: the LED-type light on the plane, there are usually spot-beam and uneven blend phenomenon. At present, the mixed light, blending the question is: mixed light, blended with the uniform level of transparency of contradictions. This issue is also hindered the development of LED, primarilyfor materials, the need to capture the landscape LED lamps have a very important practical significance.To enter the field of LED lighting, lighting technology is a revolutionary leap. LED lighting on the Green's historic contribution to the development, will be silk-ho in line with the times from the tube to the transistor era leap, even as transistors for evaluation by leaps and bounds to the changes in the same large-scale integrated circuits, no exaggeration.In landscape lighting, LED has a more unique advantages, can be confident that, LED lamps landscape will be more interdisciplinary fusion along the road, toward the arts and intelligent, flexible in the direction of rapid development.LED在景观照明中的应用LED光源除了无汞、节能、节材、对环境无电磁干扰、无有害射线五项优点之外，在照明领域中，特别是在景观照明中，还有很多优势。
园林景观照明中LED光源的运用分析马敏洁
园林景观照明中LED光源的运用分析马敏洁发布时间：2022-07-18T05:34:13.918Z 来源：《新潮·建筑与设计》2022年2期作者：马敏洁[导读] LED光源属于节能性较强的光源，和园林景观工程进行相互的融合能够体现别具一格的园林环境龙腾照明集团股份有限公司摘要： LED光源属于节能性较强的光源，和园林景观工程进行相互的融合能够体现别具一格的园林环境，同时还可以节约不必要资源的消耗，为园林工程建设提供重要基础，因此在实际工作中需要充分地发挥LED光源本身的优势，优美园林景观照明环境。
基于此本文论述了园林景观照明中LED光源的具体应用。
关键词：园林景观；景观照明；LED光源；照明运用在园林景观照明中利用LED光源时，需要根据园林景观照明的特点创新当前的设计方案，进一步地完善园林景观本身的功能，同时还需要加强对照明系统的建设力度，不仅要满足人们对光源的需求，还需要通过巧妙地布置烘托背后的景观，彰显出景观本身的艺术魅力。
因此设计人员需要根据园林景观照明的特点，充分发挥LED光源本身的优势，为园林景观观赏提供重要的基础。
一、LED光源特点和应用价值（一）特点在园林景观照明中融入LED光源时，需要明确的光源的特点之后，再为后续设计工作指明正确的方向，使各项设计科学求能够得到充分的保证。
LED灯源的应用非常的广泛，例如包含了交通信号灯和广场等等，这些系统离不开LED灯的正确使用。
首先具备节能效果较为显著的优势，在相同亮度的前提下，LED灯相比于普通的白炽灯更加的省电和节能，使用寿命非常长，主要是依靠半导体芯片来进行发光，即使是没有灯丝和玻璃泡影，可以进行正常的使用，不会影响本身的使用寿命。
在LED灯光源具体使用的过程中，所发出的光线不会产生严重的辐射，在光线中紫外线红外线的含量较少，并且其中不会含有汞等相关的有害元素，随时随地的满足当前的回收要求，充分地发挥LED灯光源本身的利用价值。
--LED新技术在景观照明上的应用_照明工业
LED新技术在景观照明上的应用景观照明是指既有照明功能，又兼有艺术装饰和美化环境功能的户外照明工程。
景观照明可分为园林广场景观照明、道路景观照明、建筑景观照明、文化旅游景观照明。
景观照明通常涵盖范围广、门类多，需要整体规划性思考，景观照明手法多样，照明灯具的选择也复杂，对照明设计师的整体能力要求较高。
LED 因其节能环保、易于控制等优势替代传统照明产品是大势所趋。
LED应用中的智慧照明系统融合了监测、通讯、指示、照明等功能，未来将在各类城市景观照明管理中发挥重要作用。
LED（Light Emitting Diode），又称发光二极管，是利用固体半导体芯片作为发光材料，当两端施加正向电压时，半导体中的载流子发生复合，放出过剩的能量而引起光子发射产生可见光、远红外、近红外光，在景观照明工程中充分利用了 LED 的可见光。
LED光源凭借其发光体接近点光源、便于二次光学设计、发光响应时间短、易于做成小体积灯具、节省安装空间等特性将景观特有的形态和空间内涵以多种方式展现出一道独特的风景。
近年来伴随着LED技术的不断发展，带动了很多其他相关技术的快速发展。
LED 半导体技术的发展随着科技的发展，LED半导体技术已被广泛运动到各行各业，其应用领域主要集中在信号指示、智能显示、汽车灯具、景观照明和特殊照明等，以下为LED技术最新发展动态：1、纳米线型LED：波尔研究所研究纳米线型LED，其纳米线的核是Gan材料，长度约2微米，直径约 10 —— 500纳米，外围材料是InGan。
二极管中的光是由两种材料间的机械张力决定的，这种纳米线是可以使用更少的能量提供更高的亮度，更节能。
2、量子点LED：量子点（QD）使用纳米技术制作，QD颗粒一般在2nm——12nm 之间，量子点发光体由发光核、半导体壳、有机配位体组成，如发光核 cdse（硒化镉）QD颗粒，其优点是可发射可见光至红外，发光稳定，内量子效率可达 90％，与LED结合产生色彩丰富、十分明亮的暖白光。
LED 灯在室外景观照明中的应用
LED 灯在室外景观照明中的应用张译方【摘要】LED 灯的基本结构是一块电致发光的半导体材料芯片，用银胶或白胶固化到支架上，然后用银线或金线连接芯片和电路板，再四周用环氧树脂密封，起到保护内部芯线的作用，主要探究 LED 灯在室外景观照明中的应用。
【期刊名称】《技术与市场》【年(卷),期】2015(000)010【总页数】1页(P84-84)【关键词】LED 灯;室外景观照明;应用【作者】张译方【作者单位】长沙市南雅中学，湖南长沙 410000【正文语种】中文0 引言随着城市的发展和人们审美的需求，城市里建设的各式各样的现代景观，从高楼大厦到人工公园。
这些景观已融入了人们的生活。
现代景观的夜景主要是通过灯光来呈现，将人们的生活环境装点得五光十色。
这些景观照明设计是现代人们需要考虑的一个重要问题，其光源的寿命、耗电量、低热量都是室外景观照明需要考虑的问题。
当前，符合室外景观照明需求的主要是LED灯，无论是从寿命或是耗电量和低热量来说相比于其他的照明光源其优势都十分突出。
加强对LED灯在现代室外景观照明中的设计和应用非常重要，这有利于更好的设计和美化城市建设，从而提高城市的外观质量。
1 LED灯的发光原理LED光源是以一种固态半导体二极管，这种二极管可以把电能转化成可见光。
LED 等在发展初期由于技术不够成熟，曾经一度出现了成本高、功率大、效率低、显色差等缺点，其应用效率远远比不上白炽灯、日光灯和节能灯。
但是随着近十几年的发展，LED灯的技术趋于成熟，不但克服了以上缺点，还将其成本低、效率高、亮度强、使用寿命长的优点凸显出来，真正的实现了节能环保的优点。
之后更是将微电子技术加入了LED灯，使得LED灯具有了颜色的可控性，可以通过控制变换出不同的颜色，折射出丰富多彩的光线，使得LED灯在应用上更加的广泛。
而在2010年的上海世博会中，LED灯应用广泛、大放异彩。
可见LED光源在市场上的应用变得越来越广泛，因为其自身的优点显著，在室外景观照明中也受到了人们的青睐。
LED光源在园林景观照明中的应用分析
LED光源在园林景观照明中的应用分析摘要：在环境污染日益严重的情况下，为了确保我国的经济和社会能够保持健康、可持续发展，国家一直在积极地提倡构建节约型社会，重视节能减排，走可持续发展的道路。
LED光源是一种节能效果很好的光源，与园林景观照明相结合，可以体现出独特的园林环境，还能节省资源浪费，为园林工程建设奠定重要的基础。
在实践中设计人员要将LED光源自身优点发挥出来，营造出美丽的园林景观照明环境。
本文对LED在园林景观照明中的具体应用进行探讨。
关键词：LED光源；园林景观照明；应用引言在将LED光源应用于园林景观照明时要结合园林景观照明的特点，对现有的设计方法进行创新，使园林景观自身的功能得到进一步的提高，还要加大对照明体系的建设，既要满足人们对于光源的要求，又要通过对背景景观的巧妙安排来衬托出其自身的艺术魅力。
设计人员必须在充分利用LED光源自身优点的前提下，针对LED光源的特点，为园林景观的观赏性奠定基础。
1 LED光源的特点在将LED光源引入到园林景观照明中时必须要明确光源的特征，然后为后续设计工作指明正确的方向，才能确保各项设计的科学性。
LED光源的应用范围很广，比如交通信号灯、广告显示牌及照明灯具等，都离不开LED光源。
首先是节能，在同样的亮度下，LED灯要比普通的白炽灯更省电，而且它的寿命也很长，可连续使用10万小时；因为它的光源是由一块半导体芯片提供的，可以正常工作，而不会对它的寿命造成太大的影响。
在LED灯光源具体使用的过程中所发出的光线不会产生严重的辐射，在光线中紫外线红外线的含量较少，并且不会含有汞等有害元素，可以随时随地满足目前的回收要求，充分发挥LED灯光源本身的利用价值[1]。
其次是安全系数高，LED光源工作电压通常不超过36V，属于特低压电源灯具，无触电危险；LED光源灯具在照明灯具市场具有明显的市场潜力，其适用于不同的场所，有效地优化了当前的照明效果，充分发挥出LED灯本身的利用优势。
植物景观照明设计中LED应用初探
植物景观照明设计中LED应用初探董辉;宋捷翘;于娟【摘要】With the increasing of urban nighttime environment in China, and the rapid progress in quality of LED light source, LED light source is widely used in ambient lighting at night. Nowadays, LED is extensively applied in plant landscape lighting, while related theoretical research is quite poor. This article discussed the present situation which LED is applied to plant landscape lighting, and aimed to understand the latest re⁃search on the topic, in order to enhance the design quality of landscape lighting and improve the quality of people’ s night life , as well as the overall image of the whole city.%随着中国城市夜间环境不断提升，以及LED光源品质迅速进步，使LED广泛应用于夜间环境照明。
现今LED已大量应用于植物景观照明，而相关的理论研究却相当匮乏。
文章论述LED应用于植物景观照明的现状，旨在了解该专题的最新研究动态，为提升植物景观照明设计质量和改善人们晚间生活休闲品质，提高城市整体形象贡献一份力量。
【期刊名称】《灯与照明》【年(卷),期】2014(000)002【总页数】4页(P47-49,54)【关键词】LED;植物;景观照明【作者】董辉;宋捷翘;于娟【作者单位】天津市市政工程设计研究院，天津300072;天津大学建筑学院，天津300072;天津大学建筑学院，天津300072【正文语种】中文0 引言植物景观照明在夜景的塑造中有不可替代的作用，不管是在建筑周边、广场还是公园、绿地的夜景营造中，树木照明都是环境的重要组成部分，在植物公园中又作为照明的主角出现。
博物馆展厅设计中LED光源的运用
博物馆展厅设计中LED光源的运用在博物馆展厅设计中，LED光源被广泛运用。
LED（Light Emitting Diode）是一种具有高亮度、低能耗、寿命长、体积小、环保等优点的新型照明光源，正逐渐取代传统的照明方式在博物馆展厅设计中扮演着重要角色。
下面将从四个方面探讨LED光源在博物馆展厅设计中的应用。
首先，LED光源作为主要照明光源，可以提供良好的照明效果。
博物馆展厅要求照明效果柔和、均匀，以保证观众在观展时能够清晰地看到展品细节。
与传统的照明方式相比，LED光源具有发光均匀、无闪烁、色彩还原度高等优势，能够更好地满足博物馆展厅设计的要求。
此外，LED光源的亮度和色温可根据不同展品的特点进行调节，从而更好地展示展品的真实色彩。
其次，LED光源能够实现多种灯光效果，增强展品的艺术感和观赏性。
博物馆展厅不仅仅是展示展品，更是通过灯光的设计和运用，为观众营造出艺术氛围和观展体验。
通过调整LED光源的颜色、亮度、光线角度等参数，可以实现多种灯光效果，如聚焦照明、投影照明、柔和照明等，从而使展品在不同的灯光下呈现出不同的效果，让观众对展品产生更多的感受和理解。
第三，LED光源在博物馆展厅中的应用还可以实现环境照明和装饰照明的双重效果。
博物馆展厅不仅要保证展品的展示效果，还要通过环境照明和装饰照明来塑造特定的展览氛围。
LED光源的灯具种类繁多，可以根据展厅的设计风格和展品特点选择合适的灯具进行装饰。
比如，在古代艺术品展厅中使用仿古灯具，可以提高观众的身临其境感；在科技展厅中使用现代感强的灯具，可以增强展品的科技感。
最后，LED光源具有低能耗、寿命长、维护成本低等优势，符合博物馆展厅节能环保的发展趋势。
传统的照明方式常常需要大量能源，并且照明设备的维护和更换成本较高。
而LED光源的能耗较低，寿命长达数万小时，不仅可以节约能源和减少维护成本，还可以减少对环境的污染。
对于博物馆展厅来说，这意味着能够更好地控制运营成本，同时也符合社会和环境的可持续发展要求。
LED照明在城市景观亮化中的应用
LED照明在城市景观亮化中的应用摘要：景观亮化又叫做夜景亮化，是指充分发挥人工灯光的装饰及造景作用，来形成一定的景观，并打造出独特的夜间空间，进而提供一种视觉享受。
伴随先进科技的飞快进步，LED在市政景观亮化中，起到了很关键的照明作用，并且正在逐步代替传统光源。
基于此，本文概述了LED，并且探讨了在市政景观亮化中，LED照明的优势作用及有效的应用措施。
关键词：有效应用；景观亮化；LED照明伴随现代城市日益增大夜景亮化需求，市政景观方面也涌现出越来越多的亮化工程，并逐步发展成为一种产业[1]。
但是，传统照明体系在环保、节能、色彩等上，现已很难满足城市亮化景观方面的要求。
而作为固体半导体类型的发光器件，LED照明表现出很好的节能环保等性能，所以逐步取代了景观亮化中的传统照明[2]。
现阶段，LED照明正在不断改进优化LED技术，令LED光源变得更加实用，所以在市政照明工程中LED日益推广应用，极大地丰富了城市夜景。
一、LED的概述LED作为发光二极管，属于固体半导体类型发光器件，其中的半导体固体芯片充当的是发光材料[3]。
在LED两端施教正向电压，用以复合半导体内存在的少数、多数截流子，并且放出多余的能量，进而诱发光子发射，形成色彩丰富多样的光。
作为前景一片光明的新光源之一，LED尽管当前还无法完全代替其他功能照明光源，但是，在市政景观照明上，现已呈现出非常强大的优势特点。
二、市政景观亮化中LED照明的优势特点现阶段，LED照明呈现出一系列的优势特点，如小体积、高效、可调颜色、智能化控制等[4]。
相较于传统景观照明，LED照明体现出以下优势特点：①LED照明用的是低压电源，电压主要位于3-24V区域，可很方便地防范火灾，并且还用到了冷发光科技，要较普通照明具有明显更少的发热量，有益于植物生长。
②LED出光存在一定程度的方向性，可很好地控制光的整体分布、缩减室外景观逸散光。
尤其是针对植物景观，所需的照明除了宜室外光环境气氛适宜外，还需有效控制光污染，所以非常适合LED照明。
led照明毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
led照明毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsHigh-brightness LEDs—Energy efficient lighting sources and their potential in indoor plant cultivation ABSTRACTThe rapid development of optoelectronic technology since mid-1980 has significantly enhanced the brightness and efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LEDs have long been proposed as a primary light source for space-based plant research chamber or bioregenerative life support systems. The raising cost of energy also makes the use of LEDs in commercial crop culture imminent. With their energy efficiency, LEDs have opened new perspectives for optimizing the energy conversion and the nutrient supply both on and off Earth. The potentials of LED as an effective light source for indoor agriculturalproduction have been explored to a great extent. There are many researches that use LEDs to support plant growth in controlled environments such as plant tissue culture room and growth chamber. This paper provides a brief development history of LEDs and a broad base review on LED applications in indoor plant cultivation since 1990.Contents1. Introduction2. LED development.3. Color ratios and photosynthesis4. LEDs and indoor plant cultivation.4.1. Plant tissue culture and growth4.2. Space agriculture84.3. Algaculture4.4. Plant disease reduction5. Intermittent and photoperiod lighting and energy saving6. Conclusion1. IntroductionWith impacts of climate change, issues such as more frequent and seriousdroughts, floods, and storms as well as pest and diseases are becoming more serious threats to agriculture. These threats along with shortage of food supply make people turn to indoor and urban farming (such as vertical farming) for help. With proper lighting, indoor agriculture eliminates weather-related crop failures due to droughts and floods to provide year-round crop production, which assist in supplying food in cities with surging populations and in areas of severe environmental conditions.The use of light-emitting diodes marks great advancements over existing indoor agricultural lighting. LEDs allow the control of spectral composition and the adjustment of light intensity to simulate the changes of sunlight intensity during the day. They have the ability to produce high light levels with low radiant heat output and maintain useful light output for years. LEDs do not contain electrodes and thus do not burn out like incandescent or fluorescent bulbs that must be periodically replaced. Not to mention that incandescent and fluorescent lamps consume a lot of electrical power while generating heat, which must be dispelled from closed environments such as spaceships and space stations.2. LED developmentLED is a unique type of semiconductor diode. It consists of a chip of semiconductor material doped with impurities to create a p–n junction. Current flows easily from the p-side (anode), to the n-side (cathode), but not in the reverse direction.Electrons and holes flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon. The color (wavelength) of the light emitted depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p–n junction. The materials used for an LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.The key structure of an LED consists of the die (or light-emitting semiconductor material), a lead frame where the die is placed, and the encapsulation which protects the die (Fig. 1).Fig.1LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances in materials science have made possible the production of devices with ever-shorter wavelengths, producing light in a variety of colors. J.Margolin reported that the first known light-emitting solid state diode was made in 1907 by H. J. Round. No practical use of Round’s diode was made for several decades until the invention of the first practical LED by Nick Holonyak, Jr in 1962. His LEDs became commercially available inlate 1960s. These GaAsP LEDs combine three primary elements: gallium, arsenic and phosphorus to provide a 655nm red light with brightness levels of approximately 1–10 mcd at 20mA. As the luminous intensity was low, these LEDs were only used in a few applications, primarily as indicators. Following GaAsP, GaP (gallium phosphide) red LEDs were developed. These device sex hibit very high quantum efficiencies at low currents. As LED technology progressed through the 1970s, additional colors and wavelengths became available. The most common materials were GaP green and red, GaAsP orange, and high efficiency red and GaAsP yellow. The trend towards more practical applications (such as in calculators, digital watches, and test equipment) also began to develop. As the LED materials technology became more advanced, the light output was increased, and LEDs became bright enough to be used for illumination.In 1980s a new material, GaAlAs (gallium aluminum arsenide) was developed followed by a rapid growth in the use of LEDs. GaAlAs technology provides superiorperformance over previously available LEDs. The voltage requirement is lower, which results in a total power savings. LEDs could be easily pulsed or multiplexed and thus are suitable for variable message and outdoor signs. Along this development period, LEDs were also designed into bar code scanners, fiber optic data transmission systems, and medicalequipment. During this time, the improvements in crystal growth and optics design allow yellow, green and orange LEDs only a minor improvement in brightness and efficiency. The basic structure of the material remained relatively unchanged.As laser diodes with output in the visible spectrum started to commercialize in late 1980s, LED designers used similar techniques to produce high-brightness and high reliability LEDs. This led to the development of InGaAlP (indium gallium aluminum phosphide) visible light LEDs. Via adjusting the energy band gap InGaAlP material can have different color output. Thus, green, yellow, orange and red LEDs could all be produced using the same basic technology. Also, light output degradation of InGaAlP material is significantly improved.Shuji Nakamura at Nichia Chemical Industries of Japan introduced blue LEDs in 1993. Blue LEDs have always been difficult to manufacture because of their high photon energies (>2.5 eV) and relatively low eye sensitivity. Also, the technology to fabricate these LEDs is very different and less advanced than standard LED materials. But blue is one of the primary colors (the other two being red and green). Properly combining the red, green, and blue light is essential to produce white and full-color. This process requires sophisticated software and hardware design to implement. In addition, the brightness level is low and the overall light output of each RGB die being used degrades at a different rate resulting in an eventual color unbalance. The blue LEDs available today consist of GaN (gallium nitride) and SiC (silicon carbide) construction. The blue LED that becomes available in production quantities has result in an entire generation of new applications that include telecommunications products, automotive applications, traffic control devices, and full-color message boards. Even LED TVs can soon become commercially available.Compare to incandescent light’s 1000-h and fluorescent light’s 8000-h life span, LEDs have a very significantly longer life of 100,000 h. In addition to their long life, LEDs have many advantages over conventional light source. These advantages include small size, specific wavelength, low thermal output, adjustable light intensity and quality, as well as high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Such advantages make LEDs perfect for supporting plant growth in controlled environment such as plant tissue culture room and growth chamber. Table 1 is a list of some common types of LEDs as compiled from .The chlorophyll molecules in plants initiate photosynthesis bycapturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy to help transforming water and carbon dioxide into the primary nutrient for living beings. The generalized equation for the photosynthetic process is given as:CO2 + H2O—light—>（CH2O）+ O2where (CH2O) is the chemical energy building block for thesynthesis of plant components.Chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths most efficiently. The green and yellow wavelengths are reflected or transmitted and thus are not as important in the photosyntheticprocess. That means limit the amount of color given to the plants and still have them grow as well as with white light. So, there is no need to devote energy to green light when energy costs are aconcern, which is usually the case in space travel.The LEDs enable researchers to eliminate other wavelengths found within normal white light, thus reducing the amount of energy required to power the plant growth lamps. The plants grow normally and taste the same as those raised in white light.Red and blue light best drive photosynthetic metabolism. These light qualities are particularly efficient in improving the developmental characteristics associated with autotrophic growth habits. Nevertheless, photosynthetically inefficient light qualities also convey important environmental information to a developing plant. For example, far-red light reverses the effect of phytochromes, leading to changes in gene expression, plant architecture, and reproductive responses. In addition, photoperiod (the adjustment of light and dark periods) and light quality (the adjustment of red, blue and far-red light ratio) also have decisive impacts on photomorphogenesis.The superimposed pattern of luminescence spectrum of blue LED (450–470 nm) and that of red LED (650–665 nm) corresponds well to light absorption spectrum of carotenoids and chlorophyll. Various plant cultivation experiments are possible when these twokinds of LED are used with the addition of far-red radiation (730–735 nm) as the light source. Along the line of the LED technology advancement, LEDs become a prominent light source for intensive plant culture systems and photobiological researches. The cultivation experiments which use such light sources are becoming increasingly active. Plant physiology and plant cultivation researches using LEDs started to peak in 1990s and become inevitable in the new millennium. Those researches have confirmed that LEDs are suitable for cultivation of a variety of algae,crop, flower, fruit, and vegetable.Some of the pioneering researches are reviewed in the followings.Bula et al. have shown that growing lettuce with red LEDs in combination with blue tubular fluorescent lamp (TFL) is possible. Hoenecke et al. have verified the necessity of blue photons for lettuce seedlings production by using red LEDs with blue TFL. As the price of both blue and red LEDs have dropped and the brightness increased significantly, the research findings have been able to be applied in commercial production. As reported by Agence France Press, Cosmo Plant Co., in Fukuroi, Japan has developed a red LED-based growth process that uses only 60% of electricity than a fluorescent lighting based one.Tennessen et al. have compared photosynthesis from leaves of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) enclosed in a leaf chamber illuminated by LEDs versus by a xenon arc lamp. The responses of photosynthesis to CO2 are similar under the LED and xenon arc lamps at equal photosynthetic irradiance. There is no statistical significant difference between the white light and red light measurements in high CO2. Some leaves exhibited feedback inhibition of photosynthesis which is equally evident under irradiation of either lamp type. The results suggest that photosynthesis research including electron transport, carbon metabolismand trace gas emission studies should benefit greatly from the increased reliability, repeatability and portability of a photosynthesis lamp based on LEDs.Okamoto et al. have investigated the effects of different ratios of red and blue (red/blue) photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) levels on the growth and morphogenesis of lettuce seedlings. They have found that the lettuce stem length decreases significantly with an increase in the blue PPFD. The research has also identified the respective PPFD ratio that (1) accelerates lettuce seedlings’stem elongation, (2) maximizes the whole plant dry weight, (3) accelerates the growth of whole plants, and (4) maximizes the dry weights of roots and stems. Photosynthesis does not need to take place in continuous light. The solid state nature allows LEDs to produce sufficient photon fluxes and can be turned fully on and off rapidly (200 ns), which is not easily achievable with other light sources. This rapid on–off feature has made LEDs an excellent light source for photosynthesis research such as pulsed lighting for the study of photosynthetic electron transport details. The off/dark period means additional energy saving on top of the LEDs’low power consumption.4. LEDs and indoor plant cultivation4.1. Plant tissue culture and growthTissue culture (TC), used widely in plant science and a number of commercial applications, is the growth of plant tissues or cells within a controlled environment, an ideal growth environment that is free from the contamination of microorganisms and other contaminants. A controlled environment for PTC usually means filtered air, steady temperature, stable light sources, and specially formulated growth media (such as broth or agar). Micropropagation, a form of plant tissue culture (PTC), is used widely in forestry and floriculture. It is also used for conserving rare or endangered plant species. Other uses of PTC include:1short-term testing of genetic constructions or regeneration oftrans genic plants,2 cross breeding distantly related species and regeneration of the novel hybrid,3 screening cells for advantageous characters (e.g. herbicidere sistance/tolerance),4embryo rescue (i.e. to cross-pollinate distantly related specie sand then tissue culture there sulting embryo which would normally die),5 large-scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture inside bioreactors as a source of secondary products (like recombinant proteins used as biopharmaceuticals).6production of doubled monoploid plants from haploid cultures to achieve homozygous lines more rapidly in breeding programs (usually by treatment with colchicine which causes doubling of the chromosome number).Tissue culture and growth room industries have long been using artificial light sources for production. These light sources include TFL, high pressure sodium lamp (HPS), metal halide lamp (MHL) and incandescent lamp, etc. Among them, TFL has been the most popular in tissue culture and growth room industries. However, the use of TFL consumes 65% of the total electricity in a tissue culture lab. That is the highest non-labor costs. As a result, these industries continuously seek for more efficient light sources. The development of high-brightness LED has made LED a promising light source for plant growth in controlled environments.Nhut et al. have cultured strawberry plantlets under different blue to red LED ratios as well as irradiation levels and compared its growth to that under plant growth fluorescent. The results suggest that a culture system using LED is advantageous for the micropropagation of strawberry plantlets. The study also demonstrates that the LED light source for in vitro culture of plantlets contributes to an improved growth of the plants in acclimatization.Brown et al. have measured the growth and dry matter partitioning of ‘Hungarian Wax’pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants grown under red LEDs compared with similar plants grown under red LEDs with supplemental blue or far-red radiation. Pepper biomass reduces when grown under red LEDs without blue wavelengths compared to plants grown under supplemental blue fluorescent lamps. The addition of far-red radiation results in taller plants with greater stem mass than red LEDs alone. Fewer leaves developed under red or red plus far-red radiation than with lamps producing blue wavelengths. The results of their research indicate that with proper combination of other wavelengths, red LEDs may be suitable for the culture of plants in tightly controlled environments.4.2. Space agricultureBecause re-supply is not an option, plants are the only options to generate enough food, water and oxygen to help make future explorers self-sufficient at space colonies on the moon, Mars or beyond. In order to use plants, there must be a light source. Standard light sources that used in homes and in greenhouses and in growth chambers for controlled agriculture here on Earth are not efficient enough for space travel. While a human expedition outside Earth orbit still might be years away, the space farming efforts are aimed at developing promising artificial light sources. LEDs, because of their safety, small mass and volume, wavelength specificity, and longevity, have long been proposed as a primary light source for space-base plant research chamber or bioregenerative life support systems .Infrared LEDs that are used in remote controls devices have other uses. Johnson et al. have irradiated oat (Avena sativa cv Seger) seedlings with infrared (IR) LED radiation passed through a visible-light-blocking filter. The irradiated seedlings exhibited differences in growth and gravitropic response when compared to seedlings grown in darkness at the same temperature. This suggests that the oat seedlings are able to detect IR LED radiation. These findings also expand the defined range of wavelengths involved in radiation–gravity (light–gravity) interactions to include wavelengths in the IR region of the spectrum.Goins et al. grow wheat under red LEDs and compare them to the wheat grown under (1) white fluorescent lamps and (2) red LEDs supplemented with blue light from blue fluorescent lamps. The results show that wheat grown under red LEDs alone displayed fewer subtillers and a lower seed yield compared to those grown under white light. Wheat grown under red LEDs + 10% BF light had comparable shoot dry matter accumulation and seed yield relative to those grown under white light. These results indicate that wheat can complete its life cycle under red LEDs alone, but larger plants and greater amounts of seed are produced in the presence of red LEDs supplemented with a quantity of blue light.The research of Goins and his team continues in plant growth chambers the size of walk-in refrigerators with blue and red LEDs to grow salad plants such as lettuce and radishes. They hope the plant growth chamber would enable space station staff to grow and harvest salad greens, herbs and vegetables during typical fourmonth tours on the outpost .4.3. AlgacultureAlgaculture, refers to the farming of species of algae, has been a great source for feedstock, bioplastics, pharmaceuticals, algae fuel, pollution control, as well as dyes and colorants. Algaculture also provides hopeful future food sources.Algae can be grown in a photobioreactor (PBR), a bioreactor which incorporates some type of light source. A PBR is a closed system, as opposed to an open tank or pond. All essential nutrients must be introduced into the system to allow algae to grow and be cultivated. A PBR extends the growing season and allows growing more species. The device also allows the chosen species to stay dominant. A PBR can either be operated in ‘‘batch mode’’or ‘‘continuous mode’’in which a continuous stream of sterilized water that contains air, nutrients, and carbon dioxide is introduced. As the algae grows, excess culture overflows and is harvested.When the algae grow and multiply, they become so dense that they block light from reaching deeper into the water. As a result, light only penetrates the top 7–10 cm of the water in most algalcultivation systems. Algae only need about 1/10 the amount of direct sunlight. So, direct sunlight is often too strong for algae. A means of supplying light to algae at the right concentration is to place the light source in the system directly.Matthijs et al. have used LEDs as the sole light source in continuous culture of the green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa). The research found the light output of the LED panel in continuous operation sufficient to support maximal growth. Flash operation at 5-ps pulse ‘‘on’’ duration between dark periods of up to 45 ps would stillsustain near maximum growth. While longer dark periods tend to cut the growth rate, the light flux decrease resulting from such operation does not reduce the growth as much as that of the similar flux decrease in continuous operation. Their research concludes that the use of flashing LEDs (which means intermittent light) in indoor algal culture yielded a major gain in energy economy comparing to fluorescent light sources. An additional advantage is that heat waste losses are much smaller. The most interesting discovery of this study may be that adding blue light to the red LED light did not change the growth properties.In order to take advantage of the biotechnological potential of algae, Lee and Palsson have calculated theoretical values of gas mass transfer requirements and light intensity requirements to support high-density algal cultures for the 680 nm monochromatic red light from LED as a light source. They have also designed a prototype PBR based on these calculations. Using on-line ultra filtration to periodically provide fresh medium, these researchers have achieved a cell concentration of more than 2×109cells/ml (more than 6.6%, vol/vol), cell doubling times as low as 12 h, and an oxygen production rate as high as 10 mmol oxygen/l culture/h. This research indicates that the development of a small LED-based algal photobioreactors is economically achievable.Another research of algae via LEDs is conducted by Nedbal et al. Their research is a study of light fluctuation effects on a variety of algae in dilute cultures using arrays of red LEDs to provide intermittent and equivalent continuous light in small-size (30 ml) bioreactors. The results endorse that the algae growth rates in certain calculated intermittent light can be higher than the growth rate in the equivalent continuous light. Yanagi and Okamoto has grown five spinach plants under the red LEDs and another five under 40W plant growth fluorescent lamps at the same light intensity of 125 mmol/m2/s. The dry matter production under the LEDs is slightly less than that under the fluorescent lamps. The plant leaf area under the red LEDs is also smaller than that under the fluorescent lamps. Nevertheless, they reach a conclusion that LEDs can qualify as an artificial light source for plant growth.4.4.Plant disease reductionSchuerger and Brown have used LED arrays with different spectral qualities to determine the effects of light on the development of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) in peppers and powdery mildew on cucumbers. Their research concludes that spectral quality may alter plant disease development. Latter research regarding bacterial wilt on tomato has confirmed this conclusion and demonstrates that spectral quality may be useful as a component of an integrated pest management program for space-based ecological life support systems. Schuerger et al. have shown that the spectral quality effects on peppers’ anatomical changes in stem and leaf tissues are corr elated to the amount of blue light in primary light source.Miyashita et al. use red LEDs (peak wavelength: 660 nm) and white fluorescent lamps as light sources for potato plantlets growth in vitro. They found that shoot length and chlorophyll concentration of the plantlets increases with increasing 630–690 nm red photon flux (R-PF) while there are no significant differences in dry weight and leaf area of the plantlets with different R-PF levels. This means red lightaffects the morphology rather than the growth rate of potato plantlets in vitro. As a result, they suggest that red LEDs can be used for controlling plantlet morphology in micropropagation.5. Intermittent and photoperiod lighting and energy savingTime constants for photosynthetic processes can be divided into three ranges: primary photochemistry, electron shuttling, and carbon metabolism. These three photosynthetic processes can be uncoupled by providing pulses of light within the appropriate range for each process. At high frequencies, pulsing light treatments can be used to separate the light reactions (light harvesting and charge separation) from the dark reactions (electron shuttling) of photosynthetic electron transport. LEDs’ flexible pulsating ability can be coupled with such characteristics of photosynthesis and lead to additional energy saving.Tennessen et al. use LEDs to study the effects of light pulses (micro- to milli-second) of intact tomato leaves. They found that when the equivalent of 50 mmol photons mp -2s-1 is provided during 1.5 ms pulses of 5000 mmol photons mp -2s-1 followed by 148.5 ms dark periods, photosynthesis is the same as in continuous 50 mmol photons mp -2s-1 . Data support the theory that photons in pulses of 100 ps or shorter are absorbed and stored in the reaction centers to be used in electron transport during the dark period. Pigments of the xanthophyll cycle were not affected by pulsed light treatments. This research suggests that, instead of continuous light, using effectively calculated intermittent light (which means less energy consumption) might not affect the plant production.Jao and Fang have investigated the effects of intermittent light on growth of potato plantlets in vitro. They also use conventional TFLs for the experiment to explore the electrical savings realized by adjusting the frequency and duty ratio of LEDs. TFLs provide continuous fluctuating light at 60 Hz while LEDs provide nonfluctuating light and pulse light of the preset frequency and duty ratio. When the growth rate is the only concern, LEDs at 720 Hz (1.4 ms) and 50% duty ratio with 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod stimulated plant growth the most. When energy consumption is the major concern, using LEDs at 180 Hz (5.5 ms) and 50% duty ratio with 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod would not significantly sacrifice plant growth, especially when energy for heat removal is also taken into account.6. ConclusionsThe first sustained work with LEDs as a source of plant lighting occurred in the mid-1980s when a lighting system for plant growth was designed for space shuttles and space stations for it is realized that people cannot go to the Moon, Mars, or beyond without first mastering the art of indoor farming on Earth. As the performance of LED continues to improve, these lighting systems progress from red only LED arrays using the limited components available to high-density, multi-color LED chip-on-board technologies. Today, space age gardeners who have been testing high-efficiency light sources for future space colonists have identified energy efficient LEDs as the major light source not only to grow food but also to generate and purify oxygen and water—key sustainers of human life. The removal of carbon dioxide from a closed environment is another added benefit.LEDs are the first light source to provide the capability of true spectral composition control, allowing wavelengths to match to plant photoreceptors to optimize production as well as to influence plant morphology and composition. They are easily integrated into digital control systems, facilitating complex lighting programs like varying spectral composition over the course of a photoperiod or with plant development stage. LEDs do not contain mercury. They are safer to operate than current lamps since they do not have glass envelopes or high touch temperatures.While the process of photosynthesis does not require continuous light of full spectrum, LEDs can produce sufficient photon fluxes of specific wavelength on and off rapidly. Such mechanism of photosynthesis coupled with the solid state characteristics of LEDs constitute two ways of energy saving (cutting out unnecessary spectrum segment and turning off the light periodically) on top of the LEDs’ low power consumption. These are not easily achievable with other light sources.This paper provides a broad base review on LED applications in horticulture industry since 1990. These researches pave the way for the researches of similar types using different species and lead to comparable conclusion that LEDs are well qualified to replace its more energy demanding counterparts as controlled environment light source for agricultural research such as providing tissue culture lighting as well as supplemental and photoperiod lighting for greenhouses.With the energy it can save, LED’s becoming ec onomically feasible in large-scale indoor farming lighting applications is just around the corner.再生可持续能源评论高亮高效节能LED灯的来源及其在室内植物栽培中的潜力摘要自1980年中期以来，光电子技术的迅猛发展，显著调高了发光二极管（LED）的亮度和效率。
LED灯光设计在景观照明中的应用研究
LED灯光设计在景观照明中的应用研究近年来，随着城市化的进程不断加速，城市景观照明逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。
而LED灯光设计作为一种新兴的照明技术，在景观照明领域中得到了广泛的应用。
本文将探讨LED灯光设计在景观照明中的应用研究，从多个方面对其进行分析。
1. LED灯光与景观照明作为一种新型照明技术，LED灯光在能效、寿命、颜色丰富度等方面具有明显的优势。
在景观照明中，LED灯光得以广泛应用，除了传统的照明效果外，还可以发挥出更多创意的设计。
通过LED灯光表现出现代感和艺术效果，也更具有环保意义。
它不仅可以美化城市环境，还能为城市文化建设和增强城市形象做出贡献。
2. LED灯光设计在景观照明中的应用在景观照明设计中，LED灯光设计可以分为光线控制、色彩选择、灯具造型设计和瑞气盛世外观包装四个方面。
其中，在同一空间中适用不同的灯光的夜景效果呈现不同的感觉、阴影及节奏。
而在色彩选择方面，颜色温度、颜色饱和度及灯光调节仪可以用来灯光调节。
此外，融入自然色调和特殊效果，能使灯光更具有当代美感，表现地域文化特色。
在灯具造型设计方面，灯具大胆采用龙的造型、盘古开天造型、松鹤延年造型等，增发艺术感和美学价值。
3. LED灯光在景观照明中的重要意义在城市景观照明中，LED灯光设计不仅可以从视觉上美化环境，还可以扮演着诸多功能，如夜晚方向指示、产业展示、城市标志设计等。
此外，LED灯光设计还可以提高节能环保意识，灯具耗电量、耗能量更低，且不含有铅、汞和其他有害物质，能够有效地降低一些危险品的使用，提高环保意识。
4. LED灯光设计在具体建筑中的应用案例市立汉堡博物馆市立汉堡博物馆位于德国汉堡市，作为汉堡市最先进的博物馆之一，其灯光设计与建筑扮演着重要的角色。
在夜晚，博物馆被灯光装饰，呈现出美丽的夜景。
灯光色彩与建筑外壳融为一体，既为建筑增添了美感，又为夜间游客提供视觉指引。
爱琴海音乐厅作为希腊雅典市最重要的建筑项目之一，爱琴海音乐厅的设计充满了当代艺术气息。
LED光源在园林景观照明中的应用
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LED调光控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译译文LED调光控制及优点传统上，LED的调光是利用一个DC信号或滤液PWM对LED中的正向电流进行调节来完成的。
减小LED电流将起到调节LED 光输出强度的作用，然而，正向电流的变化也会改变LED的彩色，因为LED的色度会随着电流的变化而变化。
许多应用（例如汽车和LCD TV背光照明）都不能允许LED发生任何的色彩漂移。
在这些应用中，由于周围环境中存在不同的光线变化，而且人眼对于光强的微小变化都很敏感，因此宽范围调光是必需的。
通过施加一个PWM信号来控制LED亮度的做法允许不改变彩色的情况下完成LED的调光。
-1-人们常说的真正彩色（True Color）PWM调光是利用一个PWM 信号来调节LED的亮度。
调节LED亮度有三种常用方法：（1）使用SET电阻，在LED驱动控制IC引脚RSET两端并联不同的转换电阻，使用一个直流电压设置LED驱动控制IC引脚RSET的电流，从而改变LED的正向工作电流，达到调节ALED发光亮度的目的。
（2）采用PWM技术，利用PWM控制信号，通过控制LED的正向工作电流的占空比来调节ALED的发光亮度。
（3）线性调节最简便的方法是在LED驱动控制C中使用外部SET电阻来实现LED的调光控制。
虽然，这种调光控制方法有效，但却缺乏灵活性，无法让用户改变光强度。
线性调节则会降低效率，并引起白光LED朝向黄色光谱的色彩偏移。
可能是轻微的偏移，但可在敏感应用中检测出。
采用数字或叫PWM的LED调光控制法以大于100HZ的开关工作频率，以脉宽调制的方法改变LED驱动电流的脉冲占空比来实理LED的调光控制，选用大于100HZ开关调光控制频率主要是为了避免人眼感觉到调光闪烁现象，在LED的PWM调光控制下，LED-2-的发光亮度正比于PWM的脉冲占空比，在这种调光控制方法下，可以在高度调光比范围内保持LED的发光颜色不变，采用PWM的LED调光控制的调光比范围可达3000：1。
LED光源在道路照明中的应用及展望
LED光源在道路照明中的应用及展望摘要：随着技术的突破．应用的拓展，发光二极管(LED)半导体在城市景观照明中的应用也越来越多。
本文主要阐述了有关LED光源在道路照明中的应用及展望。
关键词：LED光源，道路照明，应用及展望Abstract: along with the technical breakthrough. The expansion of the application, the light emitting diode (LED) applications of semiconductor in the city landscape lighting in more and more. This paper mainly describes the application and Prospect of LED light source in road lighting.Keywords: LED lighting, road lighting, application and Prospect.一.前言随着LED技术的迅猛发展，其发光效率的逐步提高，造价逐步降低，LED 的应用市场将更加广泛，特别是在全球能源短缺的背景下，LED光源在照明市场的应用前景备受瞩目，针对LED光源在道路照明中的应用及展望进行研究和探讨。
二.应用现状及发展趋势LED光源除了大量用于各种电器装置、仪器仪表、设备的显示外，主要集中在照明领域，包括：1.景观照明市场。
主要用于重要建筑、街道、商业中心、名胜古迹、庭院、草坪、休闲娱乐场所的装饰照明，以及集装饰与广告为一体的商业照明。
在政府的推动下，功耗低的LED，在用电量巨大的景观照明市场中具有很强的市场竞争力，因此LED照明已经越来越多地应用到景观照明市场中。
随着2008年北京奥运会和2010年上海世博会的陆续申办成功，北京、上海等主要的举办城市加大了对景观照明的投入，受此影响，LED应用于照明领域的市场规模也呈逐年快速增长之势。
LED光源在城市景观照明中的应用-LED技术论文（1）
LED光源在城市景观照明中的应用-LED技术论文（1）一、照明工程中LED光源发展史 LED(Light Emitting Diode)，又称发光二极管，是利用固体半导体芯片作为发光材料，当两端施加正向电压时，半导体中的载流子发生复合，放出过剩的能量而引起光子发射产生可见光、远红外、近红外光，在照明工程中只利用了LED的可见光。
1964年世界上第一支红色发光二极管研制成功，之后出现了黄光LED，绿光LED。
1994年蓝光LED的研制成功使白光LED的开发成为可能。
1996年日本Nichia（日亚）公司成功开发出二波长白光（基于蓝光单晶片衬底上加以YAG黄色荧光粉混合产生白光）LED并成功实现商品化，同年在世界范围内取得了该项技术的专利。
目前发展的方向是无机紫外光晶片加红、蓝、绿三颜色荧光粉混合产生白光的三波长白光LED，实现商品化后它将取代荧光灯、紧凑型节能荧光灯及二波长LED，成为新一代的光源。
二、LED光源的基本特征1、发光效率高 LED经过几十年的技术改良，发光效率有了较大的提高。
HP公司开发的应用TIP(Truncated Inverted Pyramid)晶粒结构的红光LED发光效率达到100lm/w，绿光LED也可达到50lm/w，单个功率LED的光通量达到了几十流明（白炽灯、卤钨灯光效为12-24lm/w，荧光灯50～70lm/w），而且其光的单色性好、光谱窄，无需过滤可直接发出有色可见光。
2、耗电量少 LED单体功率0.03～0.06w，采用直流或脉冲直流驱动，单体驱动电压1.5～4V，工作电流10-18mA，响应时间微秒级，可高频操作。
同样照明的效果下，其耗电量是白炽灯泡的八分之一、荧光灯管的二分之一。
就桥梁护栏灯为例，同样效果的一支日光灯每米耗电40多W，而采用LED每米的功率只有6-8W（以100只?LED单体红、绿、蓝三色均布计算）。
3、使用寿命长一般来讲，普通白炽灯的寿命约为1000小时，荧光灯、高强度气体放电灯的寿命也不超过1万小时，LED的使用寿命可长达数万小时，而且体积小、重量轻，采用环氧树脂的封装结构可承受高强度的机械冲击和震动。
LED光源在景观照明中的应用
LED 光源在景观照明中的应用
LED(Light Emitting Diode）又称发光二极管，它是利用固体半导体芯片作为发光材料，当两端加上正向电压，半导体中载流子发生复合，放出过剩能量而引起光子发射产生可见光。
LED 固态照明带来的第三次照明领域的革命，将成为最有效的节能和环保手段，将通过改善人类生存环境、发展照明的新概念和新模式来改善和提高人类的生活质量。
2003 年6 月，我国由科技部在“863”计划的支持下，在照明领域及时启动了“国家半导体照明工程”。
2004 年4 月，科技部确定工作重点——发展新型照明行业，并确定福建厦门、上海、大连和江西南昌为首批四个国家半导体照明产业基地。
通过“863”计划等科技计划的支持，我国已经初步形成从外延片生产、芯片制备、器件封装集成应用的比较完整的产业链。
中国科学院院士郑有最近在中国（南昌）半导体照明产业发展论坛上指出，作为新型照明技术，LED 以其应用灵活、绿色环保、调节方便等诸多优点，将引发一次照明领域的革命。
一、LED 应用城市景观照明的优特点：
1、效率高：LED 发光效率并不高，但LED 的光谱几乎全部集中于可见光频段，光效率在65%左右，而且单色性好，无需过滤可直接发出有色可见光，光线很纯。
而白炽灯可见光效率仅为10～20%；
2、能耗少：LED 功率一般在0.03～1w，通过集群方式可以满足各种造型的需要，由于其光谱中无紫外线，故无热量，无辐射损失。
需要彩色光时，其固有的色彩又避免了白光经过滤色的费时费力和耗能。
不会形成光污染，是真正的绿色光源；
3、安全可靠：LED 单体工作电压1.5～5V 之间，工作电流20～70mA 之。
LED光源在园林景观中的应用
LED光源在园林景观中的应用作者：孙业明宋艾儒薛瑞来源：《现代园艺》2015年第14期摘要：LED光源被广泛应用于园林景观设计中，基于LED自身特性和优势在应用中起到了良好效果。
将以LED光源特性为切入点，对LED在园林景观中的具体应用展开详细分析和论述。
关键词：LED光源；节能；园林景观；环保LED光源是一种绿色光源，具有良好的节能效果。
LED光源又被成为第四代照明光源，其自身优势明显，如高效节能，促进环境保护，其自身体积较小，且应用时间较长等。
LED 主要是应用发光二极管作为光源，实现节能照明。
近年来，LED光源在园林景观设计中广泛应用，起到了良好应用效果。
1.LED光源特性1.1光学特征LED光源包括多种色彩，按照光源亮度的不同又可以分为不同级别，在芯片应用相同的情况采用不同封装方法能够产生不同亮度，如普亮、高亮或超高亮。
若将LED光源以视觉效果区分，则可分为可见光和不可见光；按照发光情况，可以分为单色或彩色不同类型。
色彩纯度不同，则价格差异也较大，目前市场纯白色价格偏高。
1.2温度特性LED光源在焊接过程中要保证温度控制在250℃内，时间为3-5s。
若焊接温度过高则会导致芯片受损，同时LED亮度与温度存在直接关系，温度越高，亮度越低，同时对使用寿命也造成一定影响，因此，对LED光源的应用要尽量避免电路过热。
1.3防静电特性LED光源在园林景观中要注重防静电措施的应用，由于安装中或人体所带静电都会对LED造成影响，出现静电反击穿LED双电极，这对LED的使用寿命有着较大影响，甚至造成其无法使用。
为解决这一问题可通过配防静电腕带实现，通过防静电相关设备安装，有效避免静电影响。
2.LED光源在园林景观中的应用2.1LED高节能效果LED光源在园林景观应用中的最大优势在于其节能环保性。
一方面LED发光率较高，具有良好的单色性，且光谱较窄，有色可见光可未经过滤实现。
LED光源耗电量较少，其单管功率0.03-0.06W，采用直流驱动，单管驱动电压1.5-3.5V，电流15～18 mA，其电光功率转换接近100%，反应速度快，可在高频下操作。
LED光源在城市景观照明设计中的应用研究
LED光源在城市景观照明设计中的应用研究摘要：城市对景观建设的需求非常高，而景观照明是景观建设的一个重要内容。
五颜六色的灯光为都市的夜景增加了许多色彩，但是却极大地耗费了城市的能量，直至LED灯的问世，才解决了景观照明的瓶颈。
因此，在现代景观照明设计中，LED光源的应用和研究是十分必要的。
关键词：LED光源；现代景观；问题；途径1 LED光源概述LED光源本质上属于能够把电能转换成光能的半导体二极管。
一是光效可达50~200 lm/W，其光的单色性能好，光谱窄，不需要过滤就可以直接发射彩色可见光。
二是能源消耗较少。
LED的功率在0.03-0.06 W之间，它的响应速度很快，能适应高频率的工作，在相同的情况下，它的耗电量只有普通白炽灯的十分之一，而荧光灯的二分之一。
三是寿命长。
LED灯泡具有体积小、质量好、包装材料为环氧树脂，能经受强烈的机械震动和震动，其使用寿命达到100，000小时。
四是安全性高。
LED是一种低温光源，它的发热率很低，不会产生热辐射，可以精确的控制光线的角度和形状，光线柔和，不会产生刺眼的光线，不会产生钠、汞等对身体的伤害。
五是对环境有好处。
LED废料能高效循环利用，不会造成环境污染，安装和维修方便。
LED光源能发出多种不同的可见光，并能产生不同的亮度。
LED是指在不同的工作环境下，可以产生超高、高、普三种不同的亮度，也可以发射可见光和不可见光。
通常的节能型发光二极管，其单管的驱动是直流电源，工作功率为0.03~0.06 W，因此所需的电源消耗很少；响应快的LED，通常为1.5~3.5 V，电流为15~18 mA，因此，其电转光效率为100%。
目前市场上，LED光源的成本相对较高，它具有低辐射、不含紫外线、红外线、无污染、防眩晕等优点，因此LED成为新一代光源。
2现代景观与光源在现代景观中，光源是一个重要的组成部分，它对当代景观的发展起到了积极的促进作用。
在现代景观中，景物与光源的完美融合，突出了景观的艺术性和观赏性，创造了一个城市的标志性效果。
LED光源在现代景观照明设计中的应用
LED光源在现代景观照明设计中的应用
杨兆仑
【期刊名称】《城市地理》
【年(卷),期】2015(000)004
【摘要】随着时代的发展和各种新技术的出现，人们的生活已经被如今的现代景观所包围，人们的生活已经离不开他们。
灯光作为现代景观的主角，将人们的生活点缀的五彩斑斓，因此照明设计是人们需要考虑的一个重要问题，照明设计需要很多光源，当前LED光源是人们比较认可的一种，它所具备的经济环保﹑使用寿命长﹑低热量﹑低电量﹑高亮度等特点使其成为了当代照明设计的主角。
这篇文章就LED光源在现代景观照明设计中的应用做了详细介绍和分析，希望能对现代景观照明设计的进一步发展有所贡献。
【总页数】1页(P127-127)
【作者】杨兆仑
【作者单位】河北建筑设计研究院有限责任公司，河北石家庄 050011
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
1.LED光源在城市照明设计中的应用分析 [J], 欧阳冬梅
2.LED光源在溶洞景观照明中的应用--宜兴善卷洞景观照明设计思考 [J], 刘乃东;雍志国
3.LED光源在现代景观照明设计中的应用现状 [J], 张奕隆;
4.LED光源在现代景观照明设计中的应用现状 [J], 吴贝妮
5.LED光源在变电站照明设计中的应用 [J], 顾新
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LED在景观照明中的应用ＬEＤ光源除了无汞、节能、节材、对环境无电磁干扰、无有害射线五项优点之外，在照明领域中,特别是在景观照明中，还有很多优势。
如:低压供电——无高压环节，为了绝缘的开销要小得多，可靠性高；附件简单——无启动器、镇流器或超高压变压器;结构简单——具有固体光源的最大优点，不充气,无玻璃外壳,无气体密封问题，耐冲击;可控性好——响应时间快(微秒数量级),可反复频繁亮灭,基本无惰性，不会疲倦;色彩纯厚——由半导体PN结自身产生色彩，纯正，浓厚；色彩丰富——三基色加数码技术，可演变任意色彩;轻质结构——节材，节约费用;对灯具强度和刚度要求很低;——体积小巧大的LＥＤ灯具可看成由ＬED细胞组成,最小的LEＤ仅为平方毫米数量级或更小;柔性化好——LED 光源的精巧,使LEＤ能适应各种几何尺寸和不同空间大小的装饰照明要求,诸如:点、线、面、球、异形式，乃至任意艺术造型的灯光雕塑;可见,LED不愧为21世纪绿色照明的骄子。
LED景观装饰灯具研发的特点由于LED具有上述一系列优势,LＥD在景观灯具的研发方面主要有以下几个方向:园林灯,步道灯，地埋灯，小型射灯，草坪灯，快车道分道地灯，壁灯等。
光源采用LＥD,并结合变幻控制，可升级对景观的烘托,使其更具艺术品位。
非标异形景观灯具的开发,在景观照明中,灯具安装要保护景观和环境,防止灯具有碍观瞻,要做到白天美化,夜幕下艺术亮化。
这就需要灯具的结构与安装因景制宜，因建筑特色制宜，很多标准灯具是满足不了以上要求的。
LED灯具设计的柔性化,特别适合因景制宜的非标灯具设计,使景观照明与景观协调,达到美化环境的新水平。
艺术化景观灯具开发灯具本身就是一种造型艺术,而LED光源将更能使景观灯具的艺术创意达到更高境界。
由于LED的可控性好,色彩丰富，与微电子技术实现智能化控制,可以构思出各种色彩缤纷、动感节奏欢快、旋律优美的景观灯具。
如：LED霹雳灯，比气体放电型霹雳灯要长寿得多,又不易损坏，而且色彩丰富。
又如：LＥＤ风车灯，只需微机智能控制，就可实现“无风时”飞速旋转，并且还能实现自动变速和换色的美妙变幻。
类似这样的构思,只要有灵感,都能实现。
灯光雕塑类的开发,任何仿真的、仿生的、漫画的、卡通的、商业的、旅游的等等的各种灯光雕塑，均可结合LＥＤ和声响技术以及微电子控制，必要时还可再加上机电一体化技术,开发出一系列吸引人们眼球的景观灯光雕塑。
LED景观照明的智能化控制技术,ＬEＤ景观照明的智能化控制技术，属于模拟或数码技术、或微机控制技术领域,多数为紧凑型或嵌入式系统。
特点:可靠性高，价格优;变化花样繁多;既有单灯控制，又有群控模式;非标设计很多;长或超长灯具多(如:长光带，很多壁灯线状布局情况）；与ＬEＤ显示屏技术有很多不同之处。
根据景观美化的要求，变幻控制模式，给人以丰富多彩,旋律优美，节奏欢快的感受,有时芯至给人以撼动人心的强烈刺激。
根据LＥD可控性好，色彩丰富的特点,色彩构成几乎无限。
按照三基色原理加数字灰度控制技术,原理上可演变出几乎超越大自然存在的任意色彩。
例如：三基色LED,如只采用二级灰度控制,即:明和暗,可实现8种色彩演变;又如：三基色LED，采用三级灰度控制,即：明、中、暗,可实现2７种色彩变幻；再如:三基色LED，如都采用八位数码的灰度控制,色彩种类竟达到了令人吃惊的程度，达１677万种，连每一种颜色的名字你都来不及命名。
目前,LED灯具的电子控制结构,主要有五大类或更多:单灯控制、群灯控制、长或超长跨距灯控制、声响控制、感应控制。
就寿命表现度而言,硅树脂可以达到延长白光LEＤ使用寿命的目标,甚至可以达到４万小时以上的使用寿命,但是,是不是真的适合用来做照明的应用就还有待研究,因为硅树脂是具有弹性的柔软材料，所以在封装的过程中,需要特别注意应用的方式,而来设计出最适当的应用技术。
对于未来应用的方面，提高白光LED的光输出效率将会是决胜的关键点。
白光ＬEＤ的生产技术，从过去的蓝色ＬED和黄色的YAG荧光体的组合,开发出仿真白光的目标，到利用三色混合或者使用GａＮ材料，开发出白光LED,对于应用来说,已经可以看的出将会朝向更广泛的方向扩展。
ﻫ另外,白光LED的发光效率,这些年已经有了不错的的发展,日本LED照明推进协会目标是,期望能够预计在2009年达到１00ｌm/w的发光效率，而事实上，有相当多的业者都在朝向这方面开发，所以预计在数年内,10０lm／ｗ发光效率就能够实际上商业化应用。
ＬED微电子控制电路优化设计的焦点在于：可靠、价优,采用通用元器件，来源丰富。
对于长或超长跨距灯的控制除以上要求,还要有以下优点,如：数十米,百米乃至千米以上的光带或线状布局的点光源。
优化设计的目标还有:在运动控制上，要色彩丰富,变幻多姿，既含跳变，又有渐变,同时还要最大限度地减少讯导线。
LED发展中要攻克的主要问题ＬED进入照明领域是新生事物,具有划时代的意义。
但是,与任何新技术一样，LED还存在一些急需完善的方面。
１)研发LED高功率点光源国际上，Phliｐs、ＧE、OＳＲAＮ等大公司都有双端的球形HＩＤ产品，这是目前世界上最先进的大功率ＨID光源，特别是Ｐhl ｉps公司基于这种光源的体育场馆灯具，灯具效率和配光曲线非常优秀。
尽管LED有很多独特的优势,但目前这方面却是空白。
高功率密度的点状光源对用于半导体发光原理的LED可能是一个很大的技术难点。
2）发展高效率、高功率因数、价优的紧凑型模块化LＥD电源，LED供电简便,既可直流供电,又可脉冲供电。
没有ＨＩD和高压霓虹灯的一系列麻烦。
目前,低效率的供电系统,拖了LEＤ的后腿,节能水平大打折扣。
开关电源从70年代的20KＨZ的标准到目前已达到1ＭＨZ以上的软开关技术，问题关键在于如何做到质优价廉。
３）发展新型LED混光、混色技术LED光源,单位体积很小,在很多场合明显是优点，但有时又是缺点。
如:在ＬED平面型光源上，通常出现点状光斑以及混色不均匀现象。
目前，混光、混色存在的问题是：混光、混色的均匀水平与透光率的矛盾。
这个问题也是阻碍ＬＥD发展的因素，主要是材料的原因,急待攻克,对LED景观灯具实用性有很重要的意义。
ＬED进入照明领域,是照明技术的革命性飞跃。
LED对绿色照明发展的历史性贡献，将丝豪不逊于从电子管时代到晶体管时代的飞跃,即使评价为如同晶体管跨越到大规模集成电路的巨变一样,也毫不夸张。
ﻫ在景观照明方面,LED有着更为独特的优势,可以深信，LEＤ景观灯具将沿着多学科交叉融合的大道,朝着艺术化、智能化、柔性化的方向快速发展。
作者:王滨. 《LED光源在景观设计中的应用》．照明设计,2008年5月20日ｈtｔp://hi.ｂ/z.mshｅｊｉs．cｏmＬED ｌightinｇ in ｔhe landｓcａpe ofＡｐart from thｅｍeｒcｕry－fｒｅe LED lｉght source，sａviｎg enｅrgｙ，matｅriaｌｓ，environmｅｎtａl ｎon-ｅlectｒomａgnetｉｃinterf ｅrence, nｏn-harｍfｕl raｙs fｉve advantagｅ, fｉelds ｉｎlightiｎg,eｓpecialｌy iｎｌandscａpe ｌｉghtinｇ，there are maｎy aｄvａntages. 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Sｏｕrce ｕse LED, ｃｏmbｉnｅｄwitｈchａnｇes in cｏｎtｒｏl,ｕpgraｄinｇthe Hｏnｇtｕo oｎthe laｎｄｓcape, making thｅｍｍore artｉstic ｔasｔes. Non-standard proｆｉｌed tｈe developmｅｎt of laｎdscape lｉｇhtｉｎｇ, lａndsｃape lightiｎg, lamｐｓiｎstａｌled to pｒotecｔthｅlandsc ａpe anｄenviｒonment，the preventioｎof ligｈtｉng tｈｅvisuａl impａct, in oｒdｅr to beaｕtiｆy theｄay, ｕnder the aｒtistic Lianghｕa nｉght. Thi ｓrequires insｔaｌlatiｏｎof laｍps ｂｅcａｕｓe of ｔhe ｓtｒuｃｔurｅand syｓtem to Ｋｉng, ｔｈｅａrｃhiteｃｔuraｌfｅaｔures ｔo the ｓｙstem，many cａn not meeｔtｈe sｔandａrｄlamps is more ｔhａｎrｅqｕir ｅｄ．LＥD lａmpｓdｅsigned ｆlｅxｉｂlｅ, especｉaｌly fｏr ｔhｅsｙｓtｅm tｏKing ｂecause ｏf the ｎｏn-staｎdaｒdｌighting design, lａnｄscape lighｔing and vｉsｕａl ｃoｏrdｉｎaｔｉon，bｅａｕtifｙｔｈe ｅnｖｉrｏnment tｏａchｉevｅａnｅwｌｅvel.Ａrt of Ｌandsｃaｐe Lightｉnｇｌamｐs iｓｉtsｅlf a devｅlｏｐmeｎｔｏｆVisuａl Ａrts，ａnd tｈｅＬEＤｌｉgｈt sｏｕrceｃan be ｍoｒｅcｒｅaｔive arｔof landscaｐe ligｈtｉnｇtｏ a ｈigher reaｌm. As ｔｈｅcontroｌlaｂle LED goｏd,riｃｈｃｏlors，aｎｄｍicroelｅctrｏｎic technoｌｏgｙintelliｇｅnt contrｏl, to all kiｎds of ideａs caｎｂｅcolo ｕrful and ｅxcitｉnｇｊoyｆuｌrhythｍ,melodyｂeａｕtiful ｌandscape lighting. Such as: LED lights Peｒaｋ, Perak than the gas-dｉsｃhargeｌamp ｓto ｂe mｕch morｅlongevity, ｎot ｄａmaｇed, and ricｈcolorｓ. Aｎother ｅxａｍple: ＬＥD lighｔs wｉnds，ｊust intｅlligeｎｔcompuｔｅr ｃｏnｔrol，we cａn ａchieve "Nｏwｉnd aｔtｈe" rapid rotａtiｏn, ａndａlｓo eｎaｂles auｔｏmatic trａｎｓmiｓsioｎanｄｆｏr theｗｏｎderｆｕｌｃｏlor cｈangeｓ. Simｉlａr ｉｄｅａｓ, aｓlｏng ａs thｅｉｎspirａtion,ｃａn acｈiｅve.Ligｈｔiｎg sｃｕlptuｒe cａtegoｒｙof devｅlopment, any of the ｓimuｌａtiｏn, bｉoｎｉｃs, comｉｃs, cａrtoons, commeｒcial，ｔouｒisｍand ｓｏoｎthｅｖariouｓligｈting ｓculpture, aｎd sound ｃan be ｃombine ｄＬED teｃhｎolｏgy ａnd miｃroelectronics conｔroｌ, when ｎecessary，to ｇｅther ｗith Oｎthｅmechanｉcal and eｌｅctrical iｎtegｒatioｎtechｎolｏgy, develｏpeｄto ａttracｔpeople＇s aｔtenｔioｎa series ｏｆlaｎdscａpe liｇhｔing scuｌptuｒeｓ．ＬＥD lighｔing lａnｄsｃape ofｉnｔelligent ｃｏntrｏl teｃhnolｏｇy, LEDｌｉghtinｇｌandscaｐe of intelligｅnt control tｅcｈnologｙ,aｄigiｔaｌoｒanalog tecｈnology, oｒｃｏｍpuｔer ｃontrolｔecｈnoｌogy, ｆoｒｔhｅmost ｃompaｃt ｏr ｅｍｂeｄdｅd sｙstems.Charａcｔerisｔics: ｈighｒeliability，excellenｔpｒiceｓ; ｍany cｈanｇｅs ｉnｐattｅrns;exｉstｉｎg sｉnｇle－ligｈｔcoｎtｒｏｌ, ａnother group control mode; manｙnon-staｎｄaｒｄｄｅsiｇn; long long lamｐs or mｏre (ｓuch aｓ: long-zone, manｙＷall ｌineaｒlａyout); LED disｐlay ｔｅchｎoloｇy aｎｄ a lot oｆdifｆeｒｅｎｃe. ﻫAcｃording ｔo thｅl ａndsｃaｐing rｅqｕirｅｍeｎts, chaｎgｅs in coｎｔrol ｍode,gｉveｓto richａｎd coｌorｆul, ｂeauｔiｆul melody，ｒｈｙｔhm jｏyful feｅlings，ｓometiｍes to sｈａke the coｒe ｔｏgive peopｌe a strong boｏｓｔ.Aｃcoｒdinｇto LEＤcontrollａｂle, aｎd thｅchaｒactｅristｉcs ofｒich coｌoｒ, cｏｌor coｎstitute alｍost uｎlimｉted. In accｏrdancｅwith thｅｐrinciｐles ｏf the three primary ｃolors ａｎｄgray-scaｌe digital coｎtrol ｔechnｏlogy, on the prｉｎcｉpｌe of ｅｖolution to ｂe aｌmost bｅy ｏnｄtｈe aｒｂｉｔrａry nature coloｒ.For exampｌe: tｈｒeｅcoloｒLED, sｕch as uｓiｎg onｌy ｔwo ｇｒａｙ-scale control, namｅly: ｔhe dark and can achieve eiｇｈｔkinｄs ｏf cｏｌor evoｌuｔiｏn;Anｏｔher exaｍplｅ：thｒee coｌor ＬＥD, a thrｅｅ-ｇray cｏnｔrol，namｅly：that in the dａrｋ, Ｔo achieve ２7 kinds of coｌor ｃｈanｇeｓ; Aｎｏthｅｒe ｘａmｐle：tｈｒee color LED，sｕch ａs thｅuse ｏf tｈe eiｇｈt digit ａｌｃoｎtｒol oｆgray,color cａtegｏrieｓhas rｅａcheｄan aｌaｒminｇlevel, rｅacｈing 16.77 millｉon kinds, eｖen ｔhe ｎａmes of eｖerｙc ｏlｏr yoｕare too ｌatｅNamed.Cuｒreｎtlｙ，LED lampｓelｅctｒonic control structｕre, tｈｅre arｅfive or morｅcatｅｇories：ｓｉnｇle-lighｔcontrol, ligｈt ｃontrol group, or super－ｌｏｎg ｓpan of coｎｔｒｏl ofｌights，noisｅcｏntrol, s ｅｎｓor conｔroｌ.ﻫOn the perｆormａｎｃe of life, tｈｅsｉlｉconｅcan be achieveｄto extend the serｖiｃe lifｅｏf white LED tａrｇet，or eveｎｒeａch more than ４0,000hoｕrs ｏf lｉfe, but is not reaｌly suiｔed to d ｏthe lighｔing ｏｎthe applicaｔion ofｒｅseaｒch sｔill needs ｔo be, becaｕse theｓiliｃｏnｅＩs a flexibｌe ｓｏft maｔeriaｌ，so in the ｐackaｇing pｒocｅsｓ，the need to paｙspecial ａttention ｔo ａｐｐlｉca ｔion of tｈe waｙ，fｒom desiｇｎiｎg the mｏｓtａppropｒiateａｐplicatｉon of technology.For the fｕture of ｔhｅarｅａ，improve white ＬED light ｏutput eｆfiｃieｎcy willｂe ｋｅy ｔo wiｎning the pｏｉnt.Whiｔe LEＤpｒodｕction techniqｕes，frｏm a blｕe LED and a ｙellow YAG ｐhoｓphｏrｍix, d ｅveloｐeｄ a sｉmulaｔiｏn oｆｔhe white target, the usｅof colｏｕｒor mｉxｅd ｕｓe of GａN materiａｌs, dｅveｌopeｄａwhiｔｅLＥD，the ａppｌicatioｎsｈａve ａlｒｅａdy Wiｌl be ｒeａｄｏut ｉｎthe direction toｗardsａｍｏre extensive expａnｓion.In aｄdiｔion, the luminous efficienｃy whiｔe LＥＤ,which hａｓbe ｅn goｏd in the develｏpmenｔｏf LED liｇhｔｉnｇpromｏtｉng tｈe Jaｐan Associａtｉon ｇoａl is to loｏk forｗaｒd ｔo in ２009ｉs exｐeｃｔeｄtoｒeａｃh 100 lｍ／w the luｍinous ｅffiｃｉencｙ, and in fａct, a considｅrａble number of Ｉｎtｈｅiｎduｓtry towａrds ｔｈｅｄevelop ｍent oｆtｈiｓaｒea，iｓexｐｅcted iｎthe nexｔfｅw ｙeaｒs，10０lm ／w lｕminｏuｓeffｉｃｉencyｃａn aｃｔually commｅrｃiａl aｐplｉcatioｎs．ＬEＤｍiｃro－eｌectrｏnｉｃcontrｏｌcirｃuｉｔdesign optiｍizaｔionｏf the fｏcｕs is: reliａbｌe, theｐrice ｏｆｄisｔinctions, ｕsing common ｃoｍpｏnentｓ，ｓｏurｃｅs of ｗealtｈ. The ｌengｔh or lｏn ｇspan of controｌligｈｔs iｎaddiｔｉｏnｔo ｔhｅａbovｅrｅquirｅmenｔs,butａlso has the ｆolｌoｗing advantages, such as: Shu Sｈiｍｉ, 100 meteｒｓand 1,0０0 meｔeｒs aｂｏｖe tｈe band oｒｌinear laｙｏｕt oｆthe poiｎｔsｏｕrｃｅ. Optiｍａl Design of thｅobjecｔiｖｅs are：motiｏn ｃoｎtｒol, it is ｎｅcessary to coｌoｕrfuｌ,briｎgingａmaｚiｎｇvisual i ｍaｇes,ｂoth ｏｆtransiｔiｏｎ, haｖe graded，butａｌｓo to minｉmize - wirｅ．LED development oｆthe main ｉssues tｏｂe taｃkled ｉnto ｔhe LED ｌightｉng ｉs nｅw ｔｏtｈe area, is ｏf epoch-makiｎｇsigｎｉｆiｃance. Hoｗｅver, as ｗiｔh any ｎew ｔｅchnology, LEDｔhere ａrｅst ｉｌl some ａrｅaｓin urgｅnt neeｄoｆiｍpｒovｅｍeｎt.１)reｓｅarｃh aｎd deveｌopmenｔｏf higｈpｏｗeｒＬED light source at tｈe iｎterｎaｔioｎal level,Phｌips,GE，ＯSRＡN ａnd otheｒbig cｏmpanies have doｕｂｌｅ-ｓpｈerｉｃaｌHID ｐｒoducts, wｈich iｓcｕrrｅnｔly the ｗorld＇s mｏst advanced hiｇh-ｐower HＩＤlight sources,esｐeciallｙPhlipｓcompaｎｙｂaseｄｏn tｈiｓsｏｕｒｃe of spｏrtｓVeｎues laｍps，laｍp eｆｆiciency ａｎd ｗith verｙgood light curvｅ. Alｔhouｇh LＥD manｙｕnique advantａges，but this aｒea is bｌａnｋ．High-ｐowerｄensity poｉｎt for the semｉconductoｒLEＤligｈｔｓouｒce on ｔhe principle oｆＬEＤmａｙｂｅ a ｌot ofｔeｃhnical dｉf ｆicｕlties. ﻫ2)tｈe dｅvelopment of hｉｇh efｆiｃiency, high poｗer fa ｃｔor,tｈe prｉce of gifted ｃompaｃt modulａｒpower LED,LED power sｕpply is simple, can DＣｐoweｒsｕpｐlｙ, power sｕpply can pulse．HID ｎｏneｏｎlights and ａｓeｒies ｏf higｈ－ｐressuｒｅtr ｏubles. Aｔpｒeｓent, the low efficieｎcy of the poｗer supplｙsystem，ｄragged doｗｎby the LＥD,gｒeａtlｙｒｅduceｄthe leveｌｏｆeｎergy. Switching poｗer supｐly from tｈｅ1970s ｔo 20KHＺthe staｎdａｒｄhａｓｎow reacheｄｍore thaｎ１MHZ tｈe soft-switch technology，the cru ｘof the probｌem is ｈoｗｔｏａchiｅvｅqualｉty ａnd cｈeap.3) the developmenｔｏｆｎｅw LＥD miｘed liｇht，ｂleｎｄing tｅchnｉcａl LED light ｓourcｅ, unｉt volume iｓvｅry ｓmall, on mａny occａｓｉonsｃlearly merits, ｂut sometimeｓａlso ｓhorｔcｏmｉnｇs. Such ａs: the LEＤ-tｙpe light ｏn ｔｈe plane, ｔhere are ｕsually sｐｏｔ-beam and ｕneｖｅｎｂleｎd phｅnoｍeｎｏn. Aｔpresｅｎt, theｍiｘed liｇｈｔ, bｌｅnding tｈｅqｕeｓｔion iｓ: mixeｄlight, ｂｌendｅd with the unｉfoｒm ｌevel oｆｔransｐarency oｆcｏｎtｒaｄｉcｔioｎs．Ｔhｉs ｉssue ｉs alsｏhindered tｈe deveｌoｐmeｎｔof LEＤ, prｉmarily ｆor materｉals, ｔｈe nｅｅｄｔo captｕreｔhe landscaｐe LＥD lａmｐs have ａver ｙｉmpoｒtanｔｐraｃtical siｇnifiｃａncｅ. ﻫＴo ｅｎteｒthe field ｏｆLＥD ｌiｇhtiｎg, liｇhtiｎg techｎologｙis a revｏlｕｔiｏｎary lｅa ｐ. ＬED liｇhtinｇon ｔhe Gｒeｅn＇s histoｒｉc coｎｔriｂutiｏn to the de ｖｅlopment, ｗiｌｌbe silk-ｈo in line witｈthｅtimeｓfroｍthe tube to tｈｅtranｓistor era lｅａp, ｅｖen aｓtransistorｓfor evaluation bｙｌeaps anｄbounｄs ｔo the changｅｓｉn thｅsａｍｅlarｇe-scaｌe integra ｔｅｄcircｕits, ｎｏexagｇeraｔion. ﻫIn lａndscape lightiｎｇ，ＬED hａs a more unｉｑue advａntagｅs, can be cｏｎｆident thａt, LED ｌamps ｌanｄsｃape wiｌl be morｅinterｄiscｉpｌｉnary fｕｓion alｏng ｔhe rｏaｄ, ｔowａrd thｅaｒtｓaｎd iｎtｅｌｌｉgeｎt，fｌexｉbｌe in th ｅdirｅｃｔion ofｒapid ｄeveloｐment.Ａutｈor: WａｎｇBiｎ."LEＤliｇht ｓｏｕrce in the ａｐpｌicａtioｎof ｌandscape desiｇn.＂Ｌigｈｔｉｎg Desigｎ, Maｙ20,2008hｔｔｐ://hi．baｉdｕ．ｃｏm／z.msｈｅ。