北师大教育学考博试题
2015年北京师范大学教育学考博试题分析,考试真题,真题解析,复试真题,考博经验,真题笔记
考博详解与指导(一)教育哲学名词解释几年都没有出现重复，涉及到的有著作、教育流派、教育观、教育基本概念等方面，所以加强这些方面的总结是很必要的。
很有必要翻看教育哲学词典，并做摘录。
论述题教育主客体、效率与公平、全球化背景下的……等是热点考题。
重点需要抓住这些。
另外大众高等教育和精英高等教育也是热点。
不过2008年加入了有关教育哲学的基本问题的考查及教育哲学家的观点等。
因此复习需要全面进行。
(二)比较教育从题型来看，比较教育一直都没有改变，都是4-5道论述题。
基本上考查高等教育方面的比较多一点。
每年基本都有一道关于比较教育理论方面的内容。
一些重要改革潮流(课程、教育管理等)都是重点。
1.What’s your name?2.Does your name have any special meaning?3.Where were you come from?4.What kind of landscape surrounds your hometown?5.What is the climate like in your hometown?6.What is people’s favorite food in your region?7.What do you do during the Spring Festival?8.Can you describe one of the main festivals celebrated?9.Tell me something about the customs of your hometown.10.How long have you lived in XXX?11.What place in XXX do you like best?Why?12.Which is the best place you’ve been to China?13.What is the biggest problem you will face?14.Could you tell me something about your family?、15.When will you get married?16.What social responsibilities should a post-graduate take?17.What difficulties do your parents have concerning their old age?18.Which kind of professor do you like best?19.What does friendship mean to you?What kind of people do you make friendwith?20.What is your major?21.How do you like your major?22.When and where did you graduate?What qualifications have you obtained?23.What impressed you most when you were at university?24.What is the best university in your opinion?25.Could you sum up your own study habits in a few points?26.Do you think the subjects you are studying today are relevant to present-day society?Why?27.What do you do for a living?28.What are your job prospects?29.If you had the opportunity to change your subject,what would you do with it?30.What are your spare time interests?31.How do you spend your weekends?32.What is your favorite sport?What are the rules?33.What kind of films do you like best?34.What kind of music do you enjoy?35.Where have you been traveling to?Which place interested you most?36.Do you enjoy traveling?If yes.Where and why?37.What kind of differences in the system of higher education between China and other countries?38.What problem do you think you will have in XXX?39.How will you overcome the difficulties?40.Do you think you will be able to cope with English-demands of your intended study program?41.What difficulties do you think you’ll encounter in your studies?42.What do you intend to study?43.Why did you choose our university?44.Would you want to be a volunteer during Olympic Games?45.If there were an opportunity of studying abroad,what would you do?46.Should you study more theory or do more practice?Give your reasons,please.52.How serious is unemployment among young people?53.In your opinion,what are the most serious problems associated with modern life?54.What do you think have been the most important changes in your study field over the past5years?55.As there are more and more private cars,what do you think the government should do in order to encourage citizens to use public transport?56.How do you see yourself in ten years’time?57.What business do you hope to have?58.What will do if you cannot find a job after graduation?59.How do you afford your tuition?60.Does your family support your decision on studying?What help do they offer?• 1.自我介绍（self-introduce）Good morning.I am glad to be here for this interview.First let me introduce myself.My name is***，24.I come from******，the capital of*******Province.I graduated from the*******department of *****University in July，2001.In the past two years I have been prepareing for the postgraduate examination while I have been teaching*****in NO.****middle School and I was a head-teacher of a class in junior grade two.Now all my hard work has got a result since I have a chance to be interview by you.I am open-minded，quick in thought and very fond of history.In my spare time，I have broad interests like many other youngers.I like reading books，especially those about*******.Frequently I exchange with other people by making comments in the forum on line.In addition，during my college years，I was once a Net-bar technician.So，I have a comparative good command of network application.I am able to operate the computer well.I am skillful in searching for information in Internet.I am a football fan for years.Italian team is my favorite.Anyway，I feel great pity for our country‘s team.I always believe that one will easily lag behind unless he keeps on learning.Of course，if I am given a chance to study ******in this famous University，I will stare no effort to master a good command of advance******.2.考研原因（reasons for my choice）There are several reasons.I have been deeply impressed by the academic atmosphere when I came here last summer.In my opinion，as one of the most famous******in our country，it provide people with enough room to get further enrichment.This is the first reason.The second one is I am long for doing research in******throughout my life.Its a pleasure to be with my favorite******for lifetime.I suppose this is the most important factor in my decision.Thirdly，I learnt a lot from my*****job during the past two years.However，I think further study is still urgent for me to realize self-value.Life is precious.It is necessary to seize any chance for self-development，especially in this competitive modern world.In a word，I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after two years study here.3.研究生期间你的计划（plans in the postgraduate study）First，I hope I can form systematic view of*****.As for******，my express wish is to get a complete comprehension of the formation and development as well as**************.If possible，I will go on with my study for doctorate degree.In a word，I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after two years study here.4.介绍你的家乡（about hometown）I am from，a famous city with a long history over2，200years.It is called“Rong Cheng”because there were lots of banians even900years ago.The city lies in the eastern part of the province.It is the center of politics，economy and culture.Many celebrities were born here，for instance，Yanfu，Xie Bingxin，Lin Zexu and so on..You know，there is a saying that“The greatness of a man lends a glory to a place”。
北京师范大学博士入学考试试卷
Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchange controls are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has greatly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” (para.1) in the first paragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia.4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, thevideo coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ impression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree withthe verdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity(静电) indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,”says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successfulApple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距) and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase“to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be somebenefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrowd) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,”says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to know instinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for making such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback ofknowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses baseshis decision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refers to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntar y-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agreement, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users from each other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance. Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course, you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, both large andsmall. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house in late 17th century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of them underwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, for example-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A.Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B.Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , bycombining them, substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured.C.If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy.D.So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance marketand you cannot do business with it directly.E.If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to youor your car, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F.This spreading of risk protects the individual against losses that may be disastrousif he has to bear them alone.G.Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they all criticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the president’s speech. Today the media investigate less and preach mor e.......Part III WritingSection ADirections:For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Important, Pleasure Or Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%)(Just for your reference)People are almost phobic(恐惧症) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激). In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity（长寿）Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.（5%）Who is Confucius(孔子)？（over）。
北京师范大学2023年博士研究生入学考试教育学真题
北京师范大学2023年博士研究生入学考试教育学真题2023年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试教育学真题回顾2023年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试教育学真题已经发布，本文将对此次考试的主要内容进行回顾和分析。
考生们可以通过本文了解考试的难度和重点，为备考提供参考。
一、综合理论题2023年教育学真题的综合理论题主要包括教育学基本理论、教育学研究方法和教育管理三个部分。
教育学基本理论部分涉及到教育学的基本概念、理论体系以及相关的学说。
考生需要掌握教育学的各个学派，如行为主义、认知主义、社会学派等，并能够较好地理解和运用这些理论。
教育学研究方法部分主要考察考生对教育学研究方法的掌握程度。
考生需要熟悉常见的研究方法，如问卷调查、实验研究、案例分析等，并能够根据具体问题合理选择适用的研究方法。
教育管理部分重点关注教育管理的基本理论和实践。
考生需要了解教育管理的各个方面，如组织管理、人力资源管理以及教育政策与改革等，并能够运用理论指导实践。
二、专业知识与应用题专业知识与应用题主要考察考生对教育学专业知识的掌握和应用能力。
在这一部分，考生需要详细了解教育学的各个领域，如教育心理学、学科教育学、教育经济学等，并能够将这些知识应用到具体的问题中。
考试还会针对教育实践中的热点问题进行论述，要求考生对教育问题进行思考并给出自己的分析和见解。
三、论文写作题论文写作题是教育学考试的重点和难点，也是是否具备深入研究教育问题的能力的关键。
在论文写作题中，考生需要选择一个具体的教育问题，进行深入研究，并撰写一篇学术论文。
题目可以涉及教育实践中的问题，或者对某一教育理论进行批判性分析等。
考生在论文写作中需要清晰地提出问题、进行文献综述、运用科学研究方法进行实证分析，并得出自己的结论和建议。
总结：2023年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试教育学真题对考生的综合能力有着很高的要求，既需要掌握教育学的基本理论和方法，也需要具备研究和写作的能力。
北京师范大学教育技术学专业博士入学考试一些资料
北京师范大学教育技术学专业博士入学考试一些资料教育技术学专业博士入学考试历年试题汇总05年教学设计1. 加涅的学习结果分类，及其特点。
2. 建设主义学习环境下的教学设计的方法与步骤。
3. 以教为主的教学设计模式及其优缺点。
4. 教学设计与教学论的区别。
5. 网络课程的评价标准及你心目中的评价指标体系。
（还有两个题）6. 名词解释：（1）教学结构（2）最近发展区（3）学习特征分析（4）（还有一个）05年教育技术与认知心理学1. 教育技术94定义与04定义的联系与区别。
2. 从教育思想、哲学基础、基本内涵分析建构主义理论。
3. 教育技术的基本理论，及简述各部分的内容。
4. 信息技术与课程整合的目标、内涵、怎么整合。
5. 什么叫表象？表象对知觉、记忆的作用。
6. 皮亚杰的认知发展阶段的基本内容，优点及不足。
7. 什么叫blending learning？谈谈它对我国基础教育改革的意义？（还差一论述题）名词解释：（1）直觉思维（2）布卢姆的教育目标分类04年教学设计1. 教学设计与教学论的区别。
2. 一代和二代教学设计模式。
04年教育技术与认知心理学1. 教育技术94定义与04定义的联系与区别。
2. 皮亚杰的认知发展阶段的基本内容，优点及不足。
3. 如何建设中小学主题资源网站（是余胜泉还是林君芬的论文里讨论的）。
03年教学设计教学设计与教学论03年教育技术与认知心理学1. 皮亚杰的认知发展阶段的基本内容，优点及不足。
2. 如何设计教育网站？3. 对94定义翻译的解释4. 名词解释：a) 研究性学习b) 感觉c) 知觉d) 最近发展区e) 巴班斯基教学法2001年博士入学考试教学设计试题一、请说明如何运用奥苏贝尔的“先行组织者”策略和“认知结构变量”理论来进行概念性知识的教学设计。
（15分）二、请说明分析复杂教学目标的“解释结构模型法”的基本内容及分析步骤。
（15分）三、请给出以教为主的教学设计过程的一般模式和以教为主教学设计的优点及不足。
北京师范大学教育学原理考博真题答案-育明考博
北京师范大学教育学部教育学原理考博备考资料-育明考博一、北京师范大学教育学部考博招生情况统计（育明考博）二、北京师范大学教育学原理考博招生情况（育明考博）专业方向复试人数/招生人数复试方式040101教育学原理教育基本理论教育哲学德育原理教育社会学14年19人/4人15年19人/4人16年18人/4人专业笔试成绩占30%专业面试成绩占70%外语加试育明教育杜老师解析：1、北京师范大学自2013年为更好选拔博士生生源质量试行“申请-审核”选拔博士生制度，与以往的考试制在考查方式、考查测重点方面都有所区别。
“申请制”不代表不考试，也不代表考试不重要，最终决定能否被录取的还是考试成绩。
选拔流程为提交申请材料-笔试-面试-录取（北师考博真题、资料、辅导咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三.二四一.二二六）。
2、材料审核中重点打分项：个人自述、科研成果（论文、workingpaper、参与课题）、外语水平、本硕院校、博士修习计划3、初审委员会委员及复试小组成员原则上由相关学科领域副教授（含）以上担任，至少5人。
初审：初审满分值为100分。
在初审成绩60分以上(含60分)的考生中，进行成绩排序，并按不低于1：3（即录取名额:复试人数）的比例确定复试名单。
复试：复试包括外语加试、专业笔试和专业面试（含外语口试），满分值为100分，其中，专业笔试成绩占30%、专业面试成绩占70%，外语加试成绩仅记“合格”或“不合格”。
复试考核内容主要包括：专业基础知识、科研潜力、学术水平、外语能力、创新意识与能力等。
复试成绩60分以上（含60分）且外语加试成绩合格的考生有资格进入最后的录取排名。
（北师考博真题、资料、辅导咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三.二四一.二二六）育明教育针对北师教育学院考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
(word完整版)北师大教育经济与管理专业考博试题
2011北师大教育经济与管理专业考博试题教育学1。
马克思全面发展的学说,并结合讨论基础教育应该培养的人2. 教育价值观的取向，并讨论基础教育改革的价值取向3. 清未新政和明政维新的改革内容与影响,比较异同4. 杜威的课程论与教学论，讨论其利弊，并结合分析讨论基础教育课程改革的得失教育管理学1.领导有效性＝校长领导力+全体组织成员的参与－管理消极因素，根据此公式分析管理和领导的区别，并给出提高领导有效性的策略2.全面质量管理和目标管理优缺点的比较，并设计一个新方案3。
80年代以来教育管理体制改革的特征及未来改革趋势4.教师评价的分类（从作用来看），并讨论教师评价在绩效考核工资中的应用及策略2010北师大教育经济与管理专业考博试题教育学1.现代教育基本特征和对我国现代教育的认识2。
教育价值的两种取向3.二战后苏联教育改革，理论成果及评价4。
简述隋唐使其科举制的产生,考试内容和方法，和高考对比教育管理学1。
权力理论，并分析教育管理者如何有效应用这些权利2。
中学校长实名推荐值利弊，并对其具体操作提建议3。
教育质量、教育效能、教育效率和教育效能概念机相互关系？谈国际上比较熟悉的一种教育质量评估项目,并指出影响教育质量评个的关键因素。
教育质量评估对教育政策的影响4.学校效能的发展进程,并设计一个关于有效学校特征的研究方案2010年北师大教育经济研究所博士专业考题经济学原理1. 什么是消费者剩余和生产者剩余，用图示说明其产生的过程,并说明什么时候市场最有效率2. 政府采用三种措施补贴穷人:制定价格上限，有利于穷人购买生活用品;发放打折卡，用于购买生活必需用品时打折;直接分配收入.解释三种补贴方式的作用机制,你认为哪种方式最好,为什么3。
人力资本理论的主要内容，以及人力资本理论发生作用需要哪些外部条件4。
用替代效应和收入效应解释女性收入提高对其生育行为有什么影响教育经济学1。
中美“择校"的异同2.薪酬设计的几种主要方式是什么？我国当前中小学绩效工资中存在什么问题，你认为怎么设计中小学绩效工资才合理3.义务教育均衡发展的内涵和理论依据是什么，我国当前义务教育均衡的原因是什么4.你如何评价当前“两为主”的流动人口子女教育政策,你认为在未来流动人口子女教育政策的重点是什么2009年北师大教育管理学院博士专业考题教育学1、马克思主义关于人的全面发展学说的主要观点,及结合我国教育实际运用马克思主义人的全面发展理论对其进行分析2、现代德育的基本特点，并结合我国德育实际分析其特点、存在的问题及解决的建议3、简述巴格莱、布拉梅尔德等人的教育思想及对教育改革的现实意义4、简述和评价新文化运动时期的教育观念与教育改革，及现实意义教育管理学（含管理学）1.说明经典绩效管理的几种方法。
北师大考博5复习题
心理与教育研究的原则(客系理教伦) 1) 客观性原则2) 系统性原则 3) 理论联系实际原则 4) 教育性原则 5) 伦理性原则因果分析的意义是什么?在心理学研究中,因果分析又哪些特点? 因果关系验证的关键条件是什么? (1) 心理学研究的一项中心任务,就是对各种变量与因素进行因果关系分析.典型的心理学实验,往往要求恒定或控制某些情境条件与变量,以便使所研究的因果关系能明确地显现出来.在这个意义上说,实验就是检验因果关系的手段.心理学研究中,经常以因果关系分析的水平作为衡量研究质量的标准.一般来说,如果一项研究的变量及因果关系明确,就认为该研究有较好的效度. (2) 因果关系的特点a.可检验性b.层次性c.复杂性 d.动态特点心理学理论的建构主要有哪几种方式?各自有何特点?理论评价的标准是什么? (1)归纳理论:把数据反映出来的实际关系组织为理论原则演绎理论:从理论解释出发,寻求数据以减验理论的预测机能理论: 综合前两种模型: 类比/ 范围有限 (2)简洁性精确性可检验性因果模型的构建应满足哪些条件? 步骤? (1)条件规范的理论陈述因果关系的理论假设明确的因果顺序和因果方向自抑式函数方程明确的理论边界模型的稳定性 (2) 步骤提出理论构思和初步模型变量的操作化和处理以实际数据支持函数方程实际数据与结构模型相拟合操作定义的作用、设计原则、设计方法定义用可感知、可度量的事物、事件、现象和方法对变量或指标做出具体的界定。
作用 1．有利于提高研究的客观性 2．有利于研究假设的检验。
3．有利于提高心理与教育科学研究的统一性4．有利于提高研究结果的可比性5．有利于研究的评价、结果的检验和重复原则1．对称性原则：与抽象定义的内涵相对称 2．独特性原则设计方法 -1-1．方法与程序描述法 2．动态特征描述法 3．静态特征描述法无关变量的主要类别？如何控制无关变量？1、被试方面存在的无关变量2、主试方面存在的无关变量3、研究设计方面存在的无变量4、研究实施环境条件方面的无关变量5、数据处理方面存在的无关变量无关变量的控制 1、消除法 2、恒定法与平衡法3、统计控制法心理学研究设计包括哪些主要步骤? 完整的研究计划应包括哪些方面的内容? (一)研究课题与变量的选择 1.课题的选择 (1)课题的类型 (2)课题选择的标准①所研究的问题应当涉及两个或两个以上变量之间的关系②所研究的问题应该尽可能明确具体③ 具有通过实际研究解决问题的可能性 2.概念和构思 3.常见的变量 (1)自变量, 中介变量和因变量 (2)干涉变量 4.变量的操作定义 (二)确定研究设计 1. 研究设计的目的和控制原则目的: 回答所研究的问题控制研究中的变异量原则:使系统变异最大控制外源的系统变异使误差变异最小 2. 研究设计的标准(1)研究设计回答了研究问题并准确地检验假设(2)研究设计通过不同程度的随机化,较严格的控制自变量(3)使研究具有一定的内,外部效度 3. 研究的计划,包括 (1)研究目的和理论框架 (2)以往研究的考察 (3)研究的设计与方法 (三)研究的方法和过程 1. 研究的方法需要考虑(1)被试的取样方法(2)实验处理的方法(3)收集数据的方法(4)数据统计分析的方法 2. 研究的过程 (四)研究结果的分析和总结 1.单一研究的局限性 -2-2.作结论时的决策差误: I类差误_从样本的统计结果推理诸变量间存在某种关系而实际上没有关系 II类差误_从样本推论变量间没有关系而实际上存在关系.3.研究的结果与理论的发展4.有待进一步研究的问题. 元分析有何特点（定全普）?步骤（检分测评）? 特点: (1)元分析是一种定量分析 (2)元分析是一种全面的评价 (3)元分析寻求普遍性的结论步骤: (1)检索研究文献 (2)分类与编码(3)测定研究结果(4)分析与评价现场研究有哪些重要特点? 这些特点对心理学研究的意义是什么? (一)边界特点1.变量强度 2. 变量变化范围 3.变量操纵的频次和持续时间 (二)结构特点1.时间结构 2.自然单元 3.复杂性前实验、真实验和准实验有何异同？1、前实验是最为原始的一种实验类型，它对任何无关变量都没有控制，因而效度很低，通常被称为非实验设计。
北京师范大学2014-2015年博士研究生入学考试试题(教育学)
北京师范大学2014-2015年博士研究生入学考试试题（教育学）北京师范大学2014年博士研究生入学考试试题（教育学）一、《教育学》：1.请结合实际，试析教育理论与教育实践的关系。
2.当前课业负担是什么？有效解决的方法是什么？3.什么是学制？影响学制和改革的因素是什么？4.试析当前社会主义核心价值观5.当前大中小学校、教师的专业发展存在的问题、原因是什么？解决的办法是什么？二、《教育管理学》：1.请介绍你阅读过的一本教育管理学著作的内容并加以评述。
2.请简述转换型领导理论的主要观点并评述3.试分析大学章程和高校改革的关系4.请以你最为熟悉的一个教育管理理论为出发点，并以你所在的学校或院系为例，说明当前高校内部管理的问题、原因和解决途径5.试分析学校自主排课的意义三、《发展心理学》：1.大学阶段的人生发展任务分析（爱情、知识、生涯），谈谈如何度过有价值的大学生活。
2.生涯规划：在职业变化越来越快的社会现状下，职业生涯规划是否还有意义？如何看待这个问题？3.简述成人依恋理论、爱情风格理论、爱情三元理论，并结合理论谈谈如何指导大学生的恋爱？4.学生工作人员个人成长问题，谈谈工作中的主要资源与优势？主要工作与压力？以及从个人角度如何乐享工作？北京师范大学2015年博士研究生入学考试试题（教育学）1.2014年度高考综合改革，从马克思主义人的全面发展观角度进行分析。
2.社会本位和人本主义的基本观点是什么？谈谈你对教育功能的理解。
3.师生交往的核心原则是什么？谈谈你对改进师生交往的建议。
4.教育的文化基础是什么？从文化角度谈促进教育的建议。
5.复旦投毒案，林森浩的杀人动机，述评。
(完整)北师大教育学博士专业试题
2008年教育学A1。
从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义(25分）2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义（25分)3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的看法。
(20分）4。
各方向必选题试题。
（30分）其中农村教育方向，考题为农村义务教育管理体制和经费投入机制经历了哪几个阶段，分析各阶段的特征。
教育学B1. 论述义务教育的基本特征以及政府应该承担的责任。
（35分)2。
试论教学过程的特殊性及对对教学工作的指导意义(35分）3。
论述互联网对青少年学生交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的对策。
(30分）中外教育史A1。
试述西方国家公立学校体系近200年来的发展及其对教育普及的作用。
（35分）2。
简述从汉代至唐宋时期中国选士制度的演进及其对中国古代教育的影响。
（35分）3。
简述二战后西方国家高等教育大众化进程并对我国当前高等教育大众化问题略予评论.（30分）2007年1、试论现代教育的基本价值和功能及其对个人发展的意义。
(35分）2、谈谈近年来教育研究方法论方面的若干变化及其意义.（30分)3、要求根据材料写篇小文章.材料太长，出自《发展教育学年鉴2003》，首都师大出版社2003版。
具体内容是关于现代德育方面的。
（35分)2006年教育学B1、从教育的本质属性角度，评析“教育产业化”。
2、现在德育概念有泛化的趋势，广义的德育包括（思想政治教育、道德品质教育、法制教育、心理健康教育等）以及狭义的德育(道德品质教育）概念的各自内涵及相互关系。
3、有人提出“学生第一,教师第二"的观点，请评析。
2005年教育学A1、结合实际评述精英主义和大众主义教育观（30分）2、女性主义哲学对教育的影响（30分）3、基础教育课程改革中存在的问题及对策（40分）教育学B1。
论述教育的保守和大众价值取向。
2. 评述中国传统德育思想。
3。
对当前中小学教学改革进行评述和理论分析,并提出对策建议.中外教育史一、简答1、简述韩愈和荀子对教师任职条件、作用和师生关系思想的差异；你认为他们二人对教师的要求哪个更高？为什么？（10分）2、简述三舍制,为什么它没能够取代科举制?(10分)3、民国元年和1922年学制改革的指导方针有什么变化（15分)二、论述1、论述黄炎培“凡教育皆含职业之意味”这句话的含义(20分）2、论述近代自卢梭以来教育思想家关于知识与道德关系的思想（25分）3、从历史演变的角度论述西方人文主义教育思想演变的历程.（25分)2004年教育学A：1、论述公民教育与公民社会；2、公共教育与教育公共性；3、教师教育与教师专业化；4、谈一下你对布鲁纳“任何学科只要以恰当的方法就可以教给任何年龄段的任何学生”的理解；中外教育史:1、夸美纽斯与赫尔巴特在教育学科的地位;2、中国乡村建设者理论评述及其对现代教育的启示；3、论中国学制百年变革经验及启示。
北京师范大学博士入学英语试题及答案详解
北京师范大学考博英语试题及答案解析第一部分：试题Part 1 Listening Comprehension (15%)Part 11 Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (获利) on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.16. The word “spas” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to _________.A) sports activitiesB) places for physical exerciseC) recreation centersD) athletic training programs17. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for __________.A) the promotion of aerobic exerciseB) endurance and muscular developmentC) the improvement of women’s figuresD) better performance in aerobic dancing18. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?A) Positive.B) Indifferent.C) Negative.D) Cautious.19. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.A) how ell they could do in athleticsB) what their health condition was likeC) what kind of fitness center was suitable for themD) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise20. Recent studies have suggested that weight training __________.A) has become an essential part of people’s lifeB) may well affect the health of the traineesC) will attract more people in the days to comeD) contributes to health improvement as well2Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and othersingle-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom, However, in reality they are very differentfrom paints and today they are placed in a separate group altogether, The principal reasonfor this is that none of there possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates. They obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms, Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not madeof cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi andthose of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphac, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself It is thesecellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.The destructive power of fungi is impressive, They are major cause of structure damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting, Some fungi can grow at+50 oC , while others can grow at-50 oC , so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them, On the other hand,fung bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, this enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, lung are the sourceof marry of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin21. What does paragraph one mainly discuss?A. differences between simple and complex fungiB. functions of chlorophyll in plantsC. functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cellsD. differences between fungi and plants22. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach thestudy of fungi?A. Fungi are no longer classified as plants.B. Some single-celled organisms are no longer classified as fungiC. New methods of species identification have been introducedD. Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.23. The skeletons of shrimps, spiders and insects are mentioned in paragraph one because they______.A. can be destroyed by fungiB. have unusual chemical compositionsC. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cellsD. secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do24. Fungi have all the following characteristics EXCEPT _______.A. They grow hyphacB. They secrete enzymesC. They synthezise celluloseD. They destroy crops25. The passage mentions “penicillin”(last line) as an example of _______.A. a medicine derived from plantsB. a beneficial use of fungiC. a product of theD. a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures3By far the most important United States export product in the 18 th and 19th centurieswas cotton favored by the European textile over flax or wool because it was easyto process and soft to touch. Mechanization of spinning and waving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period and at the same timethe demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of the invention of the coition gin by Eli Whitey in 1793. Cottoncould be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed wasa laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because itsfibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but is demandedlong growing season, available only along the nation’s casterm seacoast .Short-staplecotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and theirmixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day Whitney’s gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull Cotton fibers away from seeds . Using the gin, a worker could produce up to SO percents ofLint a day The later development of larger gins powered by horses, water or streamMultiplied productivity furtherThe interaction of improved processing and high demand led to a rapid spread of thecultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export dwarfing all others. In 1802 cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.26. The main point of the passage is that the 18th and 19th centuries were a time when _________.A. the European textile industry increased its demand for American export productsB. Cotton became the most important American export productC. Cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to processD. Mechanization for spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry27. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCPPT______.A. cotton’s softnessB. cotton’s case of processingC. a shortage of flax and woolD. the growth that occurred in the textile industry28. According to the passage, one advantage of Sea island cotton was its _______.A. abundance of seedsB. adaptability to different climatesC. long growing seasonD. long fibers29. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton-production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney’s cotton gin?A. More cotton come from Sea Inland cotton plants than before.B. More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than beforeC. Most cotton produced was sold domestically.D. Most cotton produced was exported to England.30. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was ______.A. one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took placeB. a major source of water for agricultural cropsC. the primary route by which agricultural crops were transportedD. a main source of power for most agricultural machinery4Why do some new products succeed, bringing millions of dollars to innovatingCompanies, while others fail, often with great losses? The answer is not simple, and certainly we cannot say that “good”products succeed while “bad”products fail Many products that function well and seen to meet consumer needs have fallen by the wayside Sometimes, virtually identical products exist in the market at the same time with one emerging as profitable while the other fails, MeNeal Laboratories Tylenol has become successful as an aspirin substitute, yet Bristol-Meyers entered the lest market at about the same time with Neotrent, also a substitute for aspirin, which quickly failedThe nature of the product is a factor in its success of failure, but the important point is the consumer’s perception of the products need-satisfying capability, Any new product conception should be aimed at meeting a customer need, and the introductory promotion should seek to communicate that need-satisfying quality and motivate the customer to try may be soughtHere the company walks a tightrope A new product is more likely to be successful if it represents a truly novel way of solving a customer problem but this very newness, if carried too far, may ask the customer to team new behavior patterns, The customer willmake the change if the perceived benefit is sufficient but inertia is strong and customerswill often not go to the effort that is required, During the late sixties and early seventies Bristol-Meyers met with new product failures that exemplify both of these problems, In1967 and 1968 the company entered the market with a $5 million advertising campaignfor Fact toothpaste, and an $11 million campaign to prorate Resolve, Both productsfailed quickly, not because they didn’t work or because there was no construer need but apparently because consumers just could see no reason to shift from an alreadysatisfactory product to a different one that promised no new benefit.31. The first sentence of the first paragraph is a question to which the answer is ________.A. that the good products succeed while the bad failB. that the “good”are not really good but the “bad”are actually bad.C. that new products will succeed if they function well and fail if they don’tD. not given in the paragraph32. What are Tylenol and Neotrend?A. They are names of twp drug manufacturers.B. They are probably two new brands of medicine which serve as a substitute for aspirinC. Tylenol is a drug manufacturer whereas Neotrend is a new substitute medicine for aspirin.D. They are probably the names of chemists who invented the new medicine33. The success or failure of a product seems to be determined by a number of factors, one of which the author emphasizes is the customer’s perception of the product’s ______.A. quality and priceB. usefulness and durabilityC. need-satisfying capabilityD. appearance and inner packing34. What does the author mean when be says “the company walks a tightrope’(Sentence 1, paragraph 3)?A. The company has both the chance to succeed and to fail in dealing in a new productB. The company has to study customer’s behavior before a new product is introduced.C. The company has to find a new way to solve customers problems before a new product is put on the market.D. The company has to make a great effort to overcome the customer’s inertia35. Bristol-Meyers failed in promoting Fact toothpaste and Resolve because ______.A. these products were too expensive as compared with their direct competitorsB. both products failed to meet the customers’needsC. the customers could see no sense of a radical change of their habitsD. the company forgot an English saying: “You cannot teach an old dog new tricks’5With the release of The piano a powerfully emotional story set in nineteenth-centuryNew Zealand about a woman’s sexual awakening, the New Zealand –born Jane Campionbas established herself as one of the most talented female filmmakers to come upon thescene in recent years .The film not only received praiseful reviews from critics andmoviegoers but won the Cannes Film Festival’s top prize the Palme D’Ot makingCampion the first woman over to be so honored .Campion’s success is notable alsobecause she is a relative newcomer to the film world: the forty-year-old director has madejust three features (including The Piano), a television movie, and a handful of shortsdating from her student days.Although Campion’s films appear at first glance to have little in common—her first feature, Sweetie, is a very honest (some would say cruelly unfeeling) portrait of a dysfunctional family and her second, An Angel at My Table, is a sympathetic biography ofthe New Zealand novelist Janet Frame—each reflects her feeling for strong-willed, often misunderstood women who refuse, or are unable to give themselves up to their respective societies’definitions of womanhood According to David Sterritt writing in the Christian Science Monitor, The Piano “gain much of its effectiveness from Campion’s directing style, which combines the dreamlike atmosphere of her early film Sweetie with thesensitivity to feelings that made her last movie. An Angel at My Table, so extraordinary”Also contributing to the film’s success was Campion’s ability to induce fine performances from her character, ‘She directs actors differently from anyone I’ve ever known ,”SamNeil told Paul Freeman in an interview for the Chicago Tribute “I always felt that therewas a big safety net under her and that I was permitted to take as many risks as I wantedto “Genevieve Lemon, who had played the title role in Sweetie and took the supportingrole of Nessie in The Piano, agreed Campion is already at work on her next project an adaptation of Henry Jaures’s novel The Portrait of a lady.36. The passage is primarily concerned with _______.A. presenting the interrelationships between Campion’s three moviesB. commenting on Jane Campion as a filmmaker and her recent movie, The PianoC. explaining why The Plano was a successD. criticizing Jane Campion and her three movies37. According to the passage, Campion’s three movies share which of the following characteristics?A. All of them seem to be quite commonplace at first glance.B. All of them deal with stories that took place in New Zealand.C. All of them describe a woman who is rebellious against the traditional view of femaleD. Each movie minors the time when the movie was produced.38. It can be concluded that Campion is regarded as one of the most talented filmmakers in recent years because _______.A. the movie that has brought such great honor to her is just the third feature she has producedB. she is only 40 years oldC. she is the first woman who has received such honorsD. she began her movie production from her student days39. It can be inferred from the passage that Campion’s directing style of the hird movie_________.A. is a simple combination of those in her two early moviesB. contributed greatly to the success of the movieC. is much of an imitation of previous onesD. is quite creative40. The author implies that Campion is different from other filmmakers in that_______.A. she is especially good at making the actors perform to the best of their abilityB. she is quite able to assure the actors of their successC. she tends to encourage the actors to take as many risks as possibleD. she always places a big safety net under the actors when directing the movies6Speech—the act of uttering sounds to convey meaning is a kind of human actionLike any other constantly repeated action, speaking has to be learned but once it isLearned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.As far as we can determine human beings do not need to be forced to speak mostBabies born to possess a sort of instinctive drive to produce speechlike noises How tospeak and what to say are another matter altogether, These actions are learned from the particular society into which the baby is born; so that, like all conduct that is learned froma society—from the people around us—speech is a pattered activity.The meandering babble and chatter of a young child are eventually channeled by imitation into a few orderly grooves that represent the pattern accepted as meaningful bythe people around him. Similarly, a child’s indiscriminate practice of putting things intohis mouth becomes limited to putting food into his mouth in a certain way.The sounds that a child can make are more varied and numerous than the sounds thatany particular language utilizes, However, a child born into a society with a pattern oflanguage is encouraged to make a small selection of sounds and to make these few sounds over and over until it is natural for him to make these sounds and no others.41. For an adult the process of speaking usually involves________.A. conscious selection of soundsB. imitation of those around himC. a drive to make noisesD. unconscious actions42. The selection says that most babies have an instinctive drive to ______.A. express ideas in wordsB. make speechliks noisesC. convey meaningD. imitate sounds around them43. Conduct that is learned from a society may be called________.A. instinctive driveB. selectionC. automatic activityD. patterned activity44. The most important factor in a child’s learning to speak probably is _____.A. repetitionB. selectionC. instinctD. imitation45. The sounds that a child is able to make are _____.A. not as varied as those used in languageB. more varied and numerous than those in any languageC. far fewer than those needed to form a languageD. completely different from the sounds of languagePart III Translation and Writing (55%)Section A Translation (40%)Translate the following into Chinese1) He was taken to the huge medieval fortress at the harbour’s mouth, He found prison life fairly endurable His cell was darup and dark, and the food was bud and insufficient; but his sister soon obtained permission to seed him all the necessaries of life from borne He was kept in solitary confinement and failed to obtain any explanation of the cause of his arrest Nevertheless the tranquil frame of mind in which he had entered the fortress did not change Not being allowed books, he spent his time in prayer and devout meditation, and waited without impatience for the further course of events.2) Industrial engineering involves the application of engineering principles and techniques of scientific management to the maintenance of a high level of productivity at optimum cost in industrial enterprises, In the 1880s F. W. Taylor considered the father ofmodem industrial engineering pioneered in the scientific measurement of work Afternumerous work studies he presented his company with a formula for obtaining maximum production, which was later applied to many manufacturing concerns, The industrial. or science, Among his responsibilities are the selection of tools and materials for productionthat are most efficient and least costly to the company. The industrial engineer may also determine the sequence of production and the design of facilities or factories.Translate the following into English:美国人以两个特殊的日子向父母表示敬意：这便是每年五月第二个星期日的母亲节和六月第三个星期日的父亲节。
2020年北京师范大学教育学考博真题及考博参考书
2020年北京师范大学教育学考博真题及考博参考书育明教育506大印老师整理2020年5月14日目录一、2020年北京师范大学教育学院考博参考书二、2010-2019年北京师范大学教育学院考博真题及解析三、2020年北京师范大学教育学院博真题预测四、北京师范大学教育学院考博专业课答题技巧【温馨提示】每个院校的考博时间是不一样的，加之每个院校博士招生人数有限，所以育明教育大印老师建议大家一定要多选择几个院校进行备考，一般而言，选择4-5个院校比较合适，这几个院校选择应该注意具有一定的层次性，比如可以选择北大、南开，首师大、中财，矿大、地大等三个档次的院校。
因为只要是211或者双一流的院校的博士，对于你以后进入高校任教或者从事相关的工作是太大影响的。
切记孤注一掷的之报考一个院校。
此外，很多考生问考博辅导的意义是什么，其实对于考博而言，最重要的是三点：第一，考博信息，即考博院校和考博侧重点的选择问题，这点一般的考生很难完全了解，因为很多院校考博信息并不对外公开，但是咱们经过12年的辅导经验，很多内容是比较了解的；第二，个人陈述和研究计划，这点一般的考生可能很难独立完成，尤其是研究计划，因为研究计划既需要和所报考导师相关，也需要和自己本硕专业相关，这点都在咱们的辅导之内；第三，专业课考试范围和考试侧重点，这点也很重要。
一、2020年北京师范大学教育学院考博参考书教育研究方法：《教育研究方法导论》裴娣娜安徽教育出版社1995《教育研究方法导论初探》叶澜上海教育出版社外国教育史和中国教育史：《外国教育史》王天一北京师范大学出版社1993《外国教育史教程》吴式颖人民教育出版社2012《中国教育史》孙培青华东师范大学出版社2009《简明中国教育史》王炳照北京师范大学出版社2008教育心理学：《当代教育心理学》陈琦刘儒德北京师范大学出版社2007《教育心理学》冯忠良人民教育出版社2010《教育心理学》吴庆麟人民教育出版社2006教育学原理：《现代教育论》黄济王策三人民教育出版社2009《教育学基础》全国十二所重点师范大学联合编写教育科学出版社2008二、2021年北京师范大学教育学院考博笔记（2019年育明学员第一名整理）课程一、课程概述（一）课程及相关概念1.课程课程是由一定的育人目标、特定的知识经验和预期的学习活动方式构成的一种动态的教育存在。
北京师范大学教育学专业考博攻略及真题
北京师范大学教育学专业考博攻略一、申请条件教育研究方法：《教育研究方法导论》裴娣娜安徽教育出版社1995《教育研究方法导论初探》叶澜上海教育出版社外国教育史和中国教育史：《外国教育史》王天一北京师范大学出版社1993《外国教育史教程》吴式颖人民教育出版社2012《中国教育史》孙培青华东师范大学出版社2009《简明中国教育史》王炳照北京师范大学出版社2008教育心理学：《当代教育心理学》陈琦刘儒德北京师范大学出版社2007《教育心理学》冯忠良人民教育出版社2010《教育心理学》吴庆麟人民教育出版社2006教育学原理：《现代教育论》黄济王策三人民教育出版社2009《教育学基础》全国十二所重点师范大学联合编写教育科学出版社2008五.经验分享1、关于什么时候开始准备考博和联系导师的一些问题越来越多的院校随着改革的深入逐渐转向申请——考核制。
但不管是申请—考核还是考试，论文在考博过程中都起着重要作用，因此，如果决定考博，在硕士期间多发一些核心期刊还是非常重要的，建议各位在发文章的时候，不要贪多，而应对1-2篇文章精心雕琢,以发表在一个好的期刊上，D类文章并没有多大帮助。
有心考博的同学不妨在研一的时候多读些书，争取研二在好的期刊上发文章，研三有很多事情要忙，可以把发文章的事情提前。
这样，既是研三决定不考博了，这些文章对你找工作也有很大帮助。
至于工作之后再考博的同学，发文章同样很重要，可提前准备。
研三开始准备考博就可以了，（当然，研一就决定考博的同学，早早准备更好，可以多读书，多发文章，学好英语等。
）如果一旦决定了考博就一定要全力以赴，而不要犹豫不决，更不要轻言放弃。
在复习的过程中全力以赴，只要你真正的付出了，相信你会取得让自己满意的成绩！关于联系导师的问题，主要是什么时候联系导师和与导师联系说什么。
如果你心仪的导师是你通过身边的老师同学能接触到的，那是非常好的，如果硕导愿意推荐你那就更好了。
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2011年比较教育学考博真题：比较教育：1.试从国际比较的角度谈教育发展中的社会参与。
2.试从国际比较的角度谈高中教育发展的多样性3.试述“博洛尼亚进程”及其对中国高等教育改革的启示。
4.试论比较教育研究的开放性。
教育哲学原理：1.试评述杜威“教育即生活”教育思想及其当代意义。
`2.试评述新自由主义思潮及其对世界教育改革的影响。
3.试分析知识论变迁对教育的影响。
4.谈谈你对现代学校制度的理解。
2011年教育学原理方向教育学A1. 公#意识教育。
2. 教育公平与教育效率的解释关系，及其现实意义。
3.当代知识观变革，及其对课程改革的影响。
4.分向论述。
中外教育史A1.Ivan Illich《非学校化教育》评述，及其对于学校教育制度改革的意义。
2. 陆王心学与程朱理学在教育观点方面的异同。
3. 20世纪以来，中国文化教育变迁中的“中西体用”问题。
2010年试题集比较教育1.试用比较教育理论分析“民族的就是世界的”观点。
2.试论比较教育研究中的主观性和客观性。
3.试评述全球化时代比较教育在国家和地方教育政策制定过程中的价值。
4.试分析发达国家促进基础教育均衡发展的基本经验。
教育哲学:1.试评述后现代主义教育思潮的学术贡献与局限。
2.试论教育发展中政府、学校与市场的权力关系。
3.试从进步主义及其批判的视角评析我国基础教育课程改革中出现的一些问题。
4.试分析高等教育在创新型国家建设中的作用。
教育学1.当代教育改革蕴藏的价值追求。
2.教育目的与教育制度的关系。
3.信息社会学习方式发生了哪些变化，教育理论与实践如何应对这些变化。
4.我国建国年以来教育学发展的主要历程，取得的成就，存在的问题以及以后的发展趋势。
中外教育史1.孟子和荀子人性观的主要分歧及其教育意义。
2.（暂缺）3.改革开放以来国外哪些教育思想、流派对我国的教育改革产生了影响，表现在哪些方面。
教育学（含中外教育史）：1、阐述当代教育的现代化发在趋势，并评述中国教育现代化？2、简述近代以来教育目的价值取向的主要观点？3、论述中国科举制的产生、发展和考试内容和形式等？、4、论述二战后苏联教育改革与教育理论？教育经济学1、舒尔茨人力资本理论的论证方法和信号理论的观点。
2、简述学校规模经济原理并分析近年农村地区学校合并的利弊。
3、简述教育财政充足性的含义并对中国教育财政的充足性进行评价。
4、分析中国改革开放前后和高效扩招前后教育与劳动收入的关系教育学原理教育学：1.当代教育改革的价值取向（25分）2.试论教育目的和教育制度的关系（25）3.信息社会，人们的学习方式发生了哪些变化，教育的理论和实践应如何应对？（25）前三题必答，最后一题是哪个方向选哪个题目，德育方向题是：东亚国家德育的文化特性。
（25分）2.教育史：1. 试析孟子和荀子的人性论思想的主要分歧及教育意义（30）2. 试分析中外教育史古代教师的产生、作用和社会地位（30）3. 改革开放以来，外国哪些教育思潮和思想对我国教育改革和发展产生了很大影响，试评析。
（40）2009年试题集教育管理学院——教育学：1.谈谈马克思主义的全面发展的人。
结合马克思全面发展的人谈谈现状。
2.现代德育的特点。
谈谈我国现代德育中存在的问题、原因及对策。
3.谈谈巴格莱、赫钦斯、布拉梅尔德的思想。
它们与进步主义有什么不同？这些思想对现在的课程改革有什么意义？4.新文化运动中的教育思想与教育改革。
它们对现在的课程改革有什么意义？管理学：1.谈谈X理论与Y理论。
它们对实际管理工作的意义。
2.谈谈大学合并与企业兼并的异同。
用组织变革理论结合实际谈谈大学合并中遇到的问题。
3.组织学习中的障碍是什么？组织学习与大学管理绩效的关系？4.谈谈学术人的管理工作比较教育1、试比较实证主义与相对主义两大比较教育流派的基本主张。
2、试析金融危机对世界教育改革的影响。
3、试从国际比较的视角分析我国高中教育的文理分科。
4、试以英美国家为例分析制度环境对私立高等教育发展的影响。
教育哲学1、试比较终身教育思潮、全民教育思潮和全纳教育思潮的异同。
2、试析当前我国教育公平存在的问题及对策。
3、试论大众化时代的高等教育质量观。
4、试析文化传统与教育变革的关系。
比较教育面试题：1.用英语介绍一下你自己。
2.初试中，文理分科那道题你是如何答的？你的观点是什么？3.美国研究型大学的发展。
2008年试题集教育哲学：一、简答题1、要素主义教育思想中的知识论2、雅斯贝尔斯的教育哲学思想3、效率和公平二、论述题1、大众化背景下精英教育与大众化教育的关系2、全球化对第三世界国#教育的影响策略比较教育：论述：1、全球化背景下，大众化高等教育的使命2、比较教育的研究方法的使用3、西方教育思想：关于基础教育改革4、国际大学排名对中国大学的影响中外教育史A1.西方国家学校体系近200年来的发展及其对教育普及的作用。
（35分）2.简述从汉代至唐宋时期中国选士制度的演进及其对中国古代教育的影响。
（35分）3.简述二战后西方国家高教大众化进程并对我国当前高教大众化问题略予评论。
（30分）教育学A：1. 从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义。
（25分）2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义。
（25分）3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题谈谈你的看法。
（20分）选做题（各方向不同）农村义务教育管理体制和经费投入机制经历了几个阶段，分析各阶段的特征。
（农村教育方向）（30分）教育学B1. 试论义务教育的基本特征及政府应承担的责任。
（35分）2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义。
（35分）3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题谈谈你的看法。
（30分）教育管理学院——教育学：1.清末改革与明治维新时期的教育改革进行比较分析。
2.对进步主义教育观分析评价。
列举我国当前新课改与进步主义教育观异同3. 对教育价取向的观点进行阐述，并结合我国教育改革实际分析其价值取向4.现代德育基本特点。
结合现状进行分析。
教育管理学院——管理学：1.西蒙有限理性理论在管理实践中的意义2.管理中组织目标与团队学习的关系3.组织文化与组织领导的关系4.试评当前高校人事制度改革农村教育面试题：1. 翻译一篇英语文献（笔试）2.你硕士期间做过哪些课题？这些课题之间的关系是什么？3.当前农村教育的主要问题是什么？2007年试题集教育学原理1．试论现代教育的基本价值和功能及其对个人发展的意义。
（35分）2．谈谈近年来教育研究方法论方面的若干变化及其意义。
（30分）3．要求根据材料写篇小文章。
材料出自《发展教育学年鉴2003》，首都师大出版社2003版。
具体内容是关于现代德育方面的。
（35分）教育哲学一、名词解释1 要素主义2 教育成层3 良知良能4 伊凡·伊里奇二、论述1 用公平与效率的辩证关系分析我国高等教育大众化政策的得失。
2 试论述全球化教育的民Z性和国际性。
比较教育学1、“和而不同”哲学思想对比较教育理论建设的作用和意义。
2、萨德勒比较教育思想在当代比较教育研究中的作用和意义。
3、从民族文化传统角度分析影响中国和德国职业技术教育发展的主要因素。
4、论“新公共管理”思潮对当代世界高等教育发展的影响。
中外教育史1. 论述西方国家学校教育与教会关系的历史流变。
2、论述20世纪初叶中国平民教育思潮与实践。
3、评述中国古代科举制度。
2006年试题集教育学1.从教育的本质属性角度，评析“教育产业化”。
2.现在德育概念有泛化的趋势，广义的德育包括（思想政治教育、道德品质教育、法制教育、心理健康教育等）以及狭义的德育（道德品质教育）概念的各自内涵及相互关系。
3.有人提出“学生第一，教师第二”的观点，请评析。
比较教育学1.试述比较教育学是不是一门学科。
2.论述西方新Marx主义对比较教育的影响。
3.罗伯特?赫钦斯和克拉克?科尔的大学理念之比较。
4.论述欧洲综合中学运动的历史经验。
教育哲学一、名词解释1. 生活准备说2. 学校消亡论3. 政教分离原则4. 道德相对主义5.“有道者劝以教人”（墨子）二、论述1.教育现象跨文化比较研究的可能性和必要性。
2.从教育主客体关系的角度，论述《学会生存》中“主体在创造性实践中并通过创造性实践活动完善人自身”。
高等教育原理一、面试题：1. 你看过哪些高等教育哲学的书？2. 现在中国高等教育最核心的矛盾是什么？3. 读博期间准备研究什么问题？二、教育学笔试题：1. 教育目的取向演化过程中的不同观点，你认为我国教育改革应该如何选择教育目的取向？2. 论述现代教育的不同观点，你如何认识现代教育？3. 试评述清末教育改革，对当代教育改革有何借鉴意义？4. 对杜威的课程、教学观进行述评，依据杜威的观点评析当代教育课程改革？三、西方哲学史笔试题：1. 批P理论和传统理论辩2. 论本质还原法3. 论教育哲学的研究对象课程与教学论1、翻译《学记》中的一段话并评论。
2、西方教育思潮对中国近代教学论的影响。
3、裴斯泰洛齐的初等教育观观点述评。
4、官能心理学对西欧课程理论及实施的影响。
高等教育原理专业一、面试题：1. 硕士论文研究的方法和内容？2. 当前高教热点问题的了解？二、高等教育学笔试题1. 马克思主义全面发展理论及其对教育的意义？2. 赫钦斯与克尔的大学理念的比较3. 大学生个性心理的发展特征及其对教育的意义4. 大学教学评价的目的、意义及其实施三、高等教育政策笔试题1. 大学办学自主权范畴与内容2. 大学松散结合的组织管理特征3. 大众化下公平与效率4. 加州大学规划对我国高等教育结构的启示外国教育史一、面试题：1. 西方教育思想史发展的线索？2. 近代西欧高等教育发展的线索？二、笔试题：（一）简答题：（1）经院哲学与中世纪大学的产生（2）文艺复兴时期人文主义和新人文主义运动时期教育思想的联系（3）二十世纪六十年代美国教育改革运动（4）法国大革命时期教育计划与近代法国初等教育的发展（二）论述题（1）从古希腊到文艺复兴，西方自由教育理论的变迁（2）教会教育与近代西欧初等教育的发展（3）近代英国高等教育的发展（4）卢梭与杜威关于教育与自由关系的比较2005年试题集教育学1、结合实际评述精英主义和大众主义教育观（30分）2、女性主义哲学对教育的影响（30分）3、基础教育课程改革中存在的问题及对策（40分）中外教育史简答1.简述韩愈和荀子对教师任职条件、作用和师生关系思想的差异；你认为他们二人对教师的要求哪个更高？为什么？（10分）2.简述三舍制，为什么它没能够取代科举制？（10分）3.清末民初学制改革和教育方针变革（大概是这样）（15分）论述1.论述黄炎培“凡教育皆含职业之意味”这句话的含义（20分）2.论述近代自卢梭以来教育思想家关于知识与道德关系的思想（25分）3.从历史演变的角度论述西方人文主义教育思想演变的历程。