跨文化交际课程unit6

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chapter6跨文化交际.ppt

Olfactic (嗅觉的) Stimuli (Smell of exhaust fumes)
Human Information
Auditory Stimuli (officer’s police whistle)
Visual Stimuli (officer directing traffic)
Tactile Stimuli (other pedestrian bumps into you)
be seen is lost or distorted (扭曲) in transit to the human brain.
b. Hearing
Chapter 6 Culture’s Influence on Perception
Hearing refers to the ability to detect sounds. Human beings’ hearing is performed by ears. As with sight, there is a normal loss of fidelity（精确度）estimated at between 22% and 25%.
Chapter 6 Culture’s Influence on Perception
e. Touch
Touch may simply be considered as one of five human senses;however, when a person touches something or somebody, this gives rise to various feelings. Thus the term "touch” is actually the combined term for several senses.

跨文化交际-Unit 6

Some likely interpretations
7. Grandma is afraid her children would put her in a rest-home if she moved in with them, and she would rather live alone in her own home. Projected cultural similarity: We often tend to interpret based on our own cultural norms.
Ethnocentrism and Projected Cultural Similarity
They are closely related, but describe somewhat different phenomena. Ethnocentrism is taking one’s own cultural norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures. Projected cultural similarity is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way we do.
Grandma
What will Bill’s first thought be when he hears that the American teacher’s grandma lives alone? Why do you think the grandmother lives alone?
Love and marriage

跨文化 Unit 6

Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication
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Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication
01 Warm-up Cases 02 Sex and Gender 03 Feminine and Masculine Communication
Cultures
04 Understanding Cross-gender Communication 05 Six Principles for Effective Cross-gender
Communication 06 Exercises
02 Sex and Gender
Questions:
How many kinds of people are there in the world?
May be two: men and women.
What is sex? What is gender?
Female: femininity (女性化) e.g. “Behave like a girl!” Male: masculinity (男性化) e.g. “Be a man. No tears!”
Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication
8
02 Sex and Gender
Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication
12
03 Feminine and Masculine Communication Cultures
* family communication
mother-daughter
There is a basic identification as members of the same sex. Because daughters indentify with mothers, they can develop their identities within that primary relationship. Girls tend to define self in relation to others. Mother-daughter relationship facilitates the estabilishment of the female identity. Women are generally comfortable with building close reationships and confiding to others.

跨文化交际 unit 6

2.What is the nonverbal code in this case ?
smile
3.What is the relationship between this case and the above text?
nonverbal codes
Repeating
Definition&Functions
（把昂贵的价格说成便宜）不说：价格是。。。说：价格只有。。。(the price is only 。。。$) (不用“低价”一词来表达低价）不说：价格便宜。说：价格有吸引力，有竞争力（attractive price, competitive price）。
（用惊奇“surprise“代替错误"error,bug") 不说颗人造卫星升空。说：50年前的今天，美苏太空竞争开始。美国人的观念中“家庭(family)”等同于有孩子。
1.Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations
3.We cannot avoid communicating
Case33
Are Americans Indifferent?
1.What made the author feel shocked,verbal codes or nonverbal codes?
不说：你们有没有孩子？说：你们有没有家（do you have a family)？《老友记》里有一集菲比去推销墨粉，正好那个办公室里一个不被重视的中年男人要自杀，菲比问：“你需要墨粉吗？” 他说：“不要，我要自杀了。” 菲比说：“为什么？是因为没有足够的墨粉吗

Unit 6 跨文化交际

Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationThose who know do not talk. Those who talk do not know.---Lao ZiThere’s language in her eye, her cheek, her lip, Nay, her foot speaks”---William Shakespeare, Troilus and CressidaSpeech is silver; silence is golden.---English proverbACTIONS SPEAKS LOUDER THAN WORDS!!1. An Overview of Nonverbal Communication (p.191-199)We communicate with more than the words we speak.Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has come up with the following formula:Total communication = 7% verbal + 38% oral + 55% facial.Studies show that over half of your message is carried through nonverbal elements:Your appearanceYour body languageThe tone andthe pace of your voice.In face-to-face communication 65% of the information is communicated through nonverbal means (Samovar, 1981; Ross, 1974; Ray L. Birdwhistel, 1970)Support 1: Charlie Chaplin swept the world with his silent films. (Modern Times)Support 2: Robinson Crusoe “talked” with Friday without knowing his servant’s language.In the communication of attitudes, 93% of the message is transmitted by the tone of the voice and facial expressions, whereas only 7% of the speaker’s attitude w as transmitted by words (Levine, 1981, Mehranbian, 1968)Support: Lovers express emotions with sparkling eyes and blushing faces or touching, hugging and kissing.Words are too pale for them!The quality of a voice can communicate as much as the words. The same words can be tender, mocking, sarcastic or angry, depending on how they are said. e.g. Steven!; Steven?; Steven. (more p.191-192)When you speak, you communicate. When you don’t speak, you may still be communicating.A person who truly knows two languages uses both body languages too.A good example of this is New York's famous mayor, Fiorello La Guardia (p193), who communicated in English, Italian and Yiddish.When films of his speeches are run without sound, it's not too difficult to tell from his gestures the language being spoken.Class observationIn class, how can the teacher identify the concentrated students?They may show an interested look, wear a smile, make some notes or keep their eyes on the teacher.On the other hand, how can the teacher know the students are not interested in her class? They may consciously or unconsciously twist the body, bury the head, avoid the teacher’s eyes, wear a blank expression, knit the eyebrows or bite the pen.2. What is nonverbal communication?Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source (speaker) and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver (listener). --- (Larry A. Samovar, 1998)In other words, it is communication without words.2. What is nonverbal communication?It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including:the way we move,the gestures we employ,the posture we adopt,the facial expression we wear,the direction of our gaze,to the extent to which we touchand the distance we stand from each other.ClassificationBody language/Kinesics(体态语/身势语):posture, head movement, facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, handshaking, arm movement, leg movement, kiss, hug, touch etc.Paralanguage( 副语言): sound, pitch, tempo of speech, tone, volume, pause, silence, turn-taking etc.ClassificationObject language ( 客体语、物体语) :clothing, personal artifacts (adornment, jewelry, perfume, personal gear etc.) , hair, furniture,vehicle etc.Environmental language(环境语):time language/chronemics , spatial language/ proxemics (interpersonal distance), space, seating, territoriality, color, light, signs and symbols, architecture etc.Body language/KinesicsThe study of how movement communicates is called Kinesics.Kinesic behavior refers to communication through body movements like posture, head movement, facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, handshaking, arm movement, leg movement etc.Posture---bowPosture and sitting habits offer insight into a culture’s deep structure.In many Asian cultures, the bow is much more than a greeting. It signifies that culture’s concern with status and rank.In Japan, for example, low posture is an indicator of respect. Although it appears simple to the outsider, the bowing ritual is actually rather complicated.---Bow in JapanThe person who occupies the lower station begins the bow, and his or her bow must be deeper than the other person’s.The superior, on the other hand, determines when the bowing is to end.When the participants are of equal rank, they begin the bow in the same manner and end at the same time.---Wai in ThailandThe Thai people use a similar movement called the wai.The wai movement---which is made by pressing both hands close together in front of one’s body, with the fingertips reaching to about neck level---is used to show respect.The lower the head comes to the hands, the more respect is shown.---Crossing legs (1)The manner in which we sit also can communicate a message.In U.S.: normal to cross legs while seated; women cross at the angle while men cross with angle on the knee;Middle East: crossing the leg with angle on the knee is inappropriate;---Crossing legs (2)In Ghana and in Turkey, sitting with one’s legs crossed is extremely offensive;People in Thailand believe that because the bottoms of the feet are the lowest part of the body, they should never be pointed in the direction of another person; In fact, for the Thai, the feet take on so much significance that people avoid stomping with them.---SlouchingIn US, where being casual and friendly is valued, people often fall into chairs or slouch when they stand.In many countries, such as Germany and Sweden, where lifestyles tend to be more formal, slouching is considered a sign of rudeness and poor manners.---Feet on deskIn U.S. and Britain: lean back in the chair and put feet on the desk to convey a relaxed andinformal attitude.Middle East, Swiss and Germany: putting feet on the desk is rude.---Hands in pocketEverywhere in Europe, it is rude to talk with your hands in pocket. It’s something only a guilty child would do.In Turkey, putting one’s hands in one’s pockets is a sign of disrespect.In Germany, “it is impolite to shake someone's hand with your other hand in your pocket. This is seen as a sign of disrespect”In China & Japan, it’s rude to stand with hands thrust into the pocket.---Hands on hipsIn Mexico, it signals hostility.In Malaysia, it shows anger.In U.S., it means impatience.In Argentina, it indicates a challenge.Gestures (p204, p214)Gestures are an important component of non-verbal communication.This is mainly a matter of how we use our hands to convey a message.The language of the hands differs from country to country and a gesture which means one thing in one country may well mean something quite different to those living in another.Let’s look at the examples of how gestures communicate.GesturesThousands of cross-cultural examples prove that messages and meanings shift from culture to culture.An Arabic specialist once cataloged 247 separate gestures that Arabs use while speaking.And in a large study involving forty different cultures, Morris and his associates isolated twenty common hand gestures that had a different meaning in each culture.The ring gesture/OK signIn US &UK, it means OK. It’s great. Everything is fine and going well;In Japan and Korea, it means money;In France, it means zero or worthless;In Russia, it means zero/rudeness;In Brazil, Turkey, Venezuela, it means insult/vulgar;In Tunisia “I’ll kill you.”In Malta, it is an invitation to have a homosexual sex.Among Arabs this gesture is usually accompanied by a baring of teeth, and together they signify extreme hostility.In Mexico and Germany, it has a vulgar connotation.In Argentina, one twists an imaginary mustache to signify that everything is okay.The single finger beckon signIn U.S. & Britain: it simply means “come here” . (just waiving the index finger)In Yugoslavia & Malaysia: it is only used for beckoning animals.In Philippines: it is used for beckoning dogs and it’s considered very rude.In Indonesia & Australia: it is used for beckoning prostitutes. i.e. ladies for the night.In Singapore & Japan: it is a sign for death.Most often than not, in the U.S., when a person wants to signal a friend to come, he or she makes the gesture with one hand, palm up, fingers more or less together and moving toward his or her body.Koreans express this same idea by cupping “the hand with the palm down and drawing the fingers toward the palm.” When seeing this gesture, many Americans think the other person is waving good-bye. (palm not facing people, it is for beckoning the dog in Korea)In China, beckoning gesture: the hand is extended towards the person, palm open and facing down, with all fingers crooked in a beckoning motion.In the Middle East, the beckoning gesture is made by waving the hand with the palm down.In Portugal, it is made by waving the hand with the palm up.In Tonga, it is made by downward waving of the arm.In parts of Burma(缅甸), the summoning gesture is made palm down, with the fingers moving as though playing the piano.Filipinos often summon someone with a quick downward nod of the head.In Germany & much of Scandinavia, a beckoning motion is made by tossing the head back.For many Arabs, nonverbally asking someone to “come here” is performed by holding the right hand out, palm upward, and opening and closing the hand.The thumb-up signIn Britain: OK, good, great, well done; also used as a sign for hitch-hiking.To Chinese: excellent, number one.To Japanese: boss, father, husband.To Persian: discontent.To people in the Middle East: obscene gesture.In Greece it is an insult.In France, it means to show approval.In Afghanistan, Iran, Greece and most part of Italy: get out.Yet, to show approval, it is by raising one’s eyebrows in Tonga,by tilting one’s head in France,and by having two thumbs up in Kenya.The thumb-down signTo most Asian countries: Bad, dislikeU.S. & Canada: DisapprovalIn U.S. also for hitch-hikingGreece: a rude signThe ear-tug signIn Spain it means someone is a sponger, i.e. using other people’s money and never spending his own.In Greece it is a warning .In Italy it is used to call someone a homosexual.In Portugal it is used to express something wonderful.In Scotland it shows somebody doubts what you are saying.In Malta, it says someone is a sneak.The eyelid-pull signPulling down the lower lid of your eye with one finger is usually to indicate alertness.In France, England and Greece, it means: you can’t full me.In Spain and Italy, it means that you should be alert.In South America, it means he finds a woman very attractive.The V-signpalm to observer (palm upward):the number 2;Victory, peace or friend (around the world by peace and counter-culture groups)a gesture used in photographs (by many others, especially in Japan)In Greece: hold up the palm to so meone’s face means insult.palm to yourself(palm inward):the number 2offensive gesture, meaning insult, is often compared to the offensive gesture known as "the finger". (This usage is restricted largely to Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the UK)is equivalent to “the finger” (in countries where Spanish, Portuguese, or French are spoken, and especially in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, France, and also Italy, Poland, and countries under the influence of Russian culture, such as Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, but the majority of young people in these countries use the finger as an insult.the finger (the middle finger)In U.S. & most of Europe: a highly offensive gesture.In Western culture, the finger (as in “giving someone the finger”or “the bird” or “flipping someone off”) is an obscene hand gesture.It communicates moderate to extreme contempt, and is roughly equivalent in meaning to "fuck off", "fuck you", "shove it up your ass", "up yours" or "go fuck yourself."The cross-fingers/good luck signIn Italy, it means: “insulting”In Arab world, it means: “wait” or “slowlyIn Vietnam, it’s very rude as this gesture symbolize part of the female body.Anglo-American culture: to wish someone good luck.Germans wish others good luck by making two fists with thumbs inside and pounding them on an imaginary table.To wish some one good luck in Portugal, one would place the thumb between the index and third fingers.Moutza in Greece(all five digits with the palm facing forward)In Greece where the five fingers are spread wide and the palm is pushed towards the recipient: obscene gesture meaning "you have five fathers", thus calling someone a bastard私生子. While originally referring to the custom of punishing criminals by tying them to the backs of donkeys, this gesture has more recently take on a sexual connotation. The Moutza has many variations.The vertical horn gesture/Satanic salute/two-fingered saluteA positive connotation associated with the University of Texas Longhorn Football Team.In Norway: a salute to Satan. According to CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 加拿大广播公司) news, Norwegians were shocked by a gesture made by President Bush and his family during the inauguration.In Italy, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Colombia: an insulting connotation, meaning one’s wife is cheating on him;Venezuela, good luck;U.S. subculture: devil’s horn;In China, means number 6.Clasped-hands-over-the-head gestureused by Former Soviet Premier Khrushchev when visiting the US in the 1960s.---for Russians is a sign of international brotherhood;---for Americans it is an arrogant gestures usually used by prize-fighters after defeating an opponent.Left-handers---be carefulThe left hand is not used for eating, (even if you are left-handed) this is considered offensive and unclean in Middle East, India, Sri Lanka, Africa, Bangladesh because left hand is for toilet functions.Mannerly in India to break your bread only with your right hand (sometimes difficult fornon-Indians) .PointingIn the U.S. by extending the index finger;Germany with little finger;Japanese with entire hand (in fact most Asians consider pointing with index finger to be rude)In Mongolia, by pointing with the lips.In India, by pointing with the chins.In Guinea-Bissau几内亚比绍共和国, by pointing with the tongue.CountingThumb = 1 in Germany, 5 in Japan, middle finger for 1 in Indonesia.Chinese 8 gesture means 2 in Japan.Chinese 9 gesture means pick-pocket in Japan.Head movementsHead movements denoting acceptance and rejection take opposite forms in Thailand and the U.S.Greeks express “yes” with a nod similar to the one used in the U.S. ,but when communicating “no”, they jerk their he ads back and raise their faces. Lifting one or both hands up to the shoulders strongly emphasizes the “no”.To Nepalese, Sri Lankans, some Indians and some Eskimos, nodding the head means not “yes”, but “no”.The Indians have a habit of shaking their heads slightly when they talk to somebody. It doesn't mean "No", but "Yes".Facial Expressions (p194-199)In a very real sense, when it comes to using our faces, we are all actors because we all wear a variety of masks. To quote the poet T.S. Eliot, we “put on a face to meet the faces that we meet.”Cultural norms often dictate how, when, and to whom facial expressions are displayed.In many Mediterranean cultures, people exaggerate signs of grief or sadness. It is not uncommon in this region of the world to see men crying in public.Yet in the U.S., white males suppress the desire to show these emotions.Japanese men even go so far as to hide expressions of anger, sorrow, or disgust by laughing or smiling. In one study, Japanese and American subjects revealed the same facial expressions when viewing a stress-inducing film while they were alone. However, when viewing the film in the presence of others, the Japanese manifested only neutral facial expressions.The Chinese also do not readily show emotion for reasons that are rooted deeply in their culture---the Chinese concept of saving face being one of the most important. For the Chinese, displaying too much emotion violates face-saving norms by disrupting harmony and causing conflict.The smile is yet another emotional display that is rooted in one’s culture.In Korean culture, too much smiling is often perceived as the sign of a shallow person. Dressers notes that this “lack of smiling by Koreans has often been misinterpreted as a sign of hostility”. Thais, on the other hand, smile much of the time. In fact, Thailand has been called the “ Land ofSmiles.”Eye ContactEye contact is an important aspect of body language. One could draw up quite rules about eye contact: to look or not to look, when to look and how long to look, who to look at and who not to look at, etc. And these rules vary from culture to culture.Cultural Differences in Eye BehaviorIn English speaking world/Western cultures — see direct eye to eye contact as positive (advise children to look a person in the eyes) , if you fail to meet other people’s gaze, you can be interpreted as being dece ptive, weak, bored, or angry. ( Don’t trust anyone who don’t look you in the eye.)But within USA, African-Americans use more eye contact when talking and less when listening.A prolonged gaze is often seen as a sign of sexual interest.Arabic cultures make prolonged eye-contact— believe it shows interest and helps them understand truthfulness of the other person. (A person who doesn’t reciprocat e is seen as untrustworthy).Japan, Africa, Latin American, Caribbean avoid eye contact to show respect.Respect and attention is shown by looking away from the speakers in Latin America.Answer questions 5 &6 on p196.Touch (p.198-)Touch is culturally determined and each culture has a clear concept of what parts of the body one may not touch.In Western culture, handshake is common (even for strangers), hugs, kisses for those of opposite gender or of family (usually) on an increasingly more intimate basis.U.S.— Note differences between African-Americans and Anglos in U.S. Most African Americans touch on greeting but are annoyed if touched on the head (good boy, good girl overtones). Islamic and Hindu: typically don’t touch with the left hand. To do so is a social insult.Islamic cultures generally don’t approve of any touching between genders (even hand shakes). But consider such touching (including hand holding, hugs) between same-sex to be appropriate.Many Asians don’t touch the head, especially in Thailand (Head houses the soul and a touch puts it in jeopardy).Paralanguage (p.223-224)Paralanguage refers to how something is said rather than the content.Most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations:(1) vocal characterizers (laughing, crying, yelling, moaning, whining, belching, yawning);(2) vocal qualifiers (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance, tone);(3) vocal segregates (“un-huh,” “shh,” “uh,” “oooh,” “mmmh,” “humm”).For Israelis, increased volume reflects strong beliefs toward the issue under discussion.The Germans conduct their business with a “commanding tone that projects authority andself-confident.For Thai people, “a loud voice is perceived as being impolite.”In Japan, raising one’s voice often implies a lack of self-control. For them, a gentle and soft voice reflects good manners and helps maintain social harmony---two important values in Japanese culture.When interacting with Americans, people from cultures that speak softly often believe that Americans are angry or upset because of their relatively loud speech.Silence p.225-226Silence is a powerful communicator. It can communicate–Agreement.–Disagreement.–Confusion.–Respect.–Sadness.–Thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings.“Silence in Asia has commonly been entirely acceptable whereas in the West silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable.” – Oliver(1971)Examples---p.225-226Object LanguageObject language refers to communication through material artifacts, e.g. office design, furniture, clothing ,cars, flowers, tie, knife and fork etc.Furniture arrangement within the home communicates something about the culture.For example, people from France, Italy, and Mexico who visit the U.S. are often surprised to see that the furniture in the living room is pointed toward the television set. For them, conversation is important, and facing chairs toward a television screen stifles conversation. In their countries, furniture is positioned to encourage interaction.The Battle of the Ties:Romney’s Red VS Obama’s Blu e(posted on October 4,2012/blog/the-battle-of-the-ties-romneys-red-vs-obamas-blue/. ) Fashion in Politics:Obama “Out-Styles” Romney 4:2“Dress for Success” should have been on both candidates mind while getting dressed for las t night’s first Presidential debate.Overall both did a good job, but a closer look does indeed show some minor differences. After looking at how their suits fitted, what tie they chose to wear, how the ties were tied, how the shirt cut complemented the rest of the outfit, as well as a few other key points, I give the slight edge to President Obama – winning 4:2 over his opponent Governor Romney.In other words: Obama was the better dressed of the two.Hair Cut: Point Goes to RomneyObama showed up in his usually short buzz-cut while Romney impressed with his well manicured coif. Without doubt, Romney’s more “high maintenance” hair took at least 20 minutes to style –time that was, at least from my point of view, well spent.The Suit: Obama Takes This OneBoth men wore the classic charcoal gray, American cut suit (2 button, notch lapels, double vented, and pleated pants).While both men wore pants that were slightly too long, it was Obama’s suit that fit a b it better around the shoulders.It was a close call, but point goes to Obama.The Tie: Romney’s Red “Power Tie” Takes itConsistent with their parties colors, Obama wore a royal blue tie while Romney decided to dress up with a bold red striped piece.While I personally prefer the color and fine textu re of Obama’s tie, Romney did a better job choosing a bolder and more attention-grabbing color. Romney’s red “power tie” exudes confidence without being overly flashy. The stripes on the tie also added a more “business professional” look that is consistent with Romney’s persona. While Romney’s red tie was bold and attention grabbing it did not distract from his face. The clear winner here: Governor Mitt Romne.The Tie Knot: Obama Takes itObama tied his royal blue tie with a perfectly dimpled Four in Hand while Romney tied a slightly sloppy half Windsor.The shape of Obama’s tie knot perfectly complemented the collar style and the dimple gave the tie a nice textured look and better drape. Romney’s knot on the other hand appeared a bit sloppy. The knot was a tad too large for the collar, and the lack of the dimple certainly was an eyesore for every tie aficionado. Thus, the clear winner here is President Obama.The Dress Shirt: Points to ObamaIt should come to no surprise that both men wore the classic white dress shirt featuring classic medium spread collars and traditional barrel cuffs.While both shirts initially looks the same, a closer look shows Romney’s shirt having shorter collar points. While shorter collar points are more modern, it is a style that requires to be worn with the right suit and tie: a slim fit narrow lapeled suit and slightly narrower necktie – something Romney failed to do. Thus, points to Obama.Accessories: Romney Wins HereAs already seen on the campaign trail, both men keep accessories at a bare minimum. Neither man wears cufflinks, tie bars, or pocket squares (something JFK would have done), but instead opted for a simple and sleep look of wedding ring, wrist watch, and American flag pin.Because Romney chose a slightly larger and more visible flag pin, he deserves to win this point.Accessories: Obama Takes This One(Democratic Fashion: Obama vs. Biden)Unfortunately, politicians tend to dress in a somewhat boring fashion these days. Gone are the days when the president (think JFK) dressed in 3-piece suit, decorated with an elegant white pocket square and paired with a dapper skinny tie and matching tie bar.Instead outfits are conservative and, what some m ay call, even boring. Obama’s and Biden’s outfits are the perfect example. Both keep their accessories at an absolute minimum: No cufflinks, no tie bars, no pocket square, and Joe Biden doesn’t even appear to be wearing a wristwatch. The simple fact that Obama wore a sleek black leather band wrist watch gives him the lead when it comes to accessorizing.Object LanguageIn Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls or partitions.The supervisors and managers are positioned nearest the windows. This organization encourages the exchanges of information, facilitates multitask accomplishments, and promotes the Confucian concept of learning through silent observation.CLOTHINGSClothing can reflect subgroup identity.•Example:–US Army Combat Uniform（ACU）美国陆军作战服–Traditional clothing of Gambia and the minority groups in ChinaSmellUSA — fear of offensive natural smells (billion dollar industry to mask objectionable odors with what is perceived to be pleasant ) — again connected with “attractiveness” concept.Many other cultures consider natural body odors as normal (Arabic).Asian cultures (Filipino, Malay, Indonesian, Thai, Indian) stress frequent bathing — and often criticize USA of not bathing often enough!Environmental Language“Time talks. It speaks more plainly than words. The message it conveys comes through loud and clear.” (E. T. Hall)The study of how people use, structure, interpret and understand the passage of time is called chronemics.Space--differences in comfortable distance between people. “Space talks.” (E. T. Hall) Proxemics deals with how space influences the communication process.Cultures differ substantially in their use of perso nal space“ – Edward Hall(1959).Low-context cultures -- place relatively less emphasis on nonverbal cues; prefer much less sensory involvement, standing farther apart and touching lessHigh-context cultures -- place relatively more emphasis on nonverbal cues; preferring to stand close, touch, and experience a close sensory involvementChronemics–the study of our use of time.–ancient cultures have established their own system in measuring time which differs from one to another.–Example :•Muslims use moon-based calendar system–The usage of time varies from culture to culture.•Example :–Arabs engage in up to half an hour of informalconversation before turning to business.ExerciseMatching TaskThink over the following and make a proper match between cultures and gestures or the meanings they convey. (p.200)。

新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit6

新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit6Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal Communication Reading IAn Overview of Nonverbal CommunicationComprehension questions1. Can you speak each of the following sentences in different ways to mean differently1) She is my best friend.2) Youve done really good job.3) Come here, please.4) Thats all right.Speaking the same sentence with the stress on different words may mean different things. For instance, if the stress falls on “she”in the first sentence, it means it is SHE, not you or somebody else, that is my best friend. But if the stress falls on “my”, it implies that she is MY, not your or somebody’s best friend.2. Speakers of British English use loudness only when they are angry, speakers of Indian English use it to get the floor, a chance to speak. So when an Indian speaker is trying to get the floor, what would the British speaker think of the Indian and what would the British behave in responseThe British speaker may think that the Indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain about the Indian‘s rudeness or even return his rudeness as a response.3. What differences in body language use have you noticed between your Chinese teachers and foreign teachers There are really some differences between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers in their use of body language. For instance,Chinese teachers in general do not use gestures as much as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions often seem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. Do you know any gestures we often use that might be misunderstood by people from other culturesFor example, the way we Chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some Western countries to mean bye-bye.5. How do we Chinese people use eye contact in communicationDuring a conversation between two Chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. How much eye-contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. How will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the United States or people from JapanWhile talking with Americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. However; while talking with Japanese, we are notexpected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the Adam‘s apple.7. Do you often smile at others Why or why notIt depends. For instance, it seems that we Chinese, as well as people of other Eastern Asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as Americans.8. What function(s) may laughter serve in our culture Does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstandingLaughter in our culture may serve various functions. Sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, andsometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. Do you often touch others while talking with them Whom do you touch more than othersWe Chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. In small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think of to greet another person. Is touching always part of a greetingNo. Touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. Will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places Why or why notMany people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who are strangers to each other should not touch. However, whether people will apologize or not depends on the situations. If a person accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowded place, he or she may not apologize for it.Reading IIGender and Nonverbal CommunicationComprehension questions1. What may often happen to those who do not conform to their cultures accepted gender “script”There are often severe social penalties for those who act in violation of their culture‘s accepted gender ―script.2. Does touch have any connotation in different situations Can you give some specific examplesTouch, like physical closeness, may be considered an expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance,in some cultures, it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon, for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. What will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciably taller than the manTaller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouch and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.4. Are men and women required to have the same facial expressions Does smile mean the same things to both men and womenMen and women are not usually required to have the same facial expressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine, because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. Why are the African-American women less deferential than white women and less inclined to smileAfrican-American women are found to be less deferential than white women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simply because it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. In what ways may direct eye contact between individuals be interpretedLooking directly into another person‘s eyes can connote an aggressive threat,a sexual invitation, or a desire for honest and open communication.7. What was found in a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couplesIn a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couples, it was found that many Puerto Rican wives never looked directly at their husbands.8. How does clothing manifest and promote cultural definitions of masculinity and femininityThrough clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.Case StudyCase 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (故障)in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend’s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching someone with it is hi ghly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon’s eyes, Kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him. Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it isnot right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult whois accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing of meeting other person’s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generally speaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 23Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures.Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don’t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.Case 24It is obvious that there exists some difference between the British and Germans in their use of touch. The lack of touch that seems to be natural in Britain may be considered strange by Germans. What is required (in this case, shaking hands with each other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary in another.The appropriateness of contact between people varies fromcountry to country. Figures from a study offer some interesting insight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different countries were observed for at least one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: in London, 0; in Florida, 2; in Paris, 10; in Puerto Rico, 180. These figures indicate that touch is used very differently in different cultures.。

Unit_6Nonverbal Communication 跨文化交际大学教学课件

sorrow, or disappointment by laughing or smiling
Facial expression
About smile: America – a sign of happiness or friendly
affirmation Japanese – mask an emotion or avoid
Number 2 is normally used when talking privately about a third person, meaning that person is crazy, often in a joking way.
Number 3 indicates “I have no idea.” / “I don’t know.”
You don’t just “ read ” others’ body language;
You observe, analyze and interpret before you decide the possible meaning!
Sitting or Standing?
In western countries, people who stand are more important than those who sit (unless there is a table between them), because the former could control the latter.
answering a question Korean – rarely do, too much smiling is a sign
of shallowness “The man who smiles a lot is not a real man.” Thailand – “the land of smiles”

跨文化交际上课内容unit6

跨⽂化交际上课内容unit6Unit Six Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationI.Warm UpPlease read the story on page 190, then discuss the following questions:1.What is nonverbal communication?2.Is it possible to communicate without nonverbal means? Why or why not?3.What functions does our nonverbal behavior serve in communication?II.Nonverbal Communication?Read the article ―An Overview概况of Nonverbal Communication‖(p191-199). What is nonverbal communication inclusive of 包括according to it?The article illustrates several different kinds of nonverbal behaviors in five parts: paralanguage副语⾔(voice & intonation声调p191-192), kinesics 动作学(gesture p192-193, facial expression –smiles and laugh p1996-197), oculesics 眼神学(eye contact p194-196), haptics触觉学(handshaking & kissing p198-199).Supplement: What is Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context. (L. A. Malandro, 1983) Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication refers to intentional 故意use of to communicate a specific message. Broadly speaking, the term can be defined to refer to elements of ⼀部分theenvironment that communicate by virtue of由于people's use of be defined to refer to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people's use of them.(i)※Classifications of nonverbal communication by Knapp in 19721.kinesics or body language: gestures, posture, touch and feeling(handshaking), artifacts, olfaction嗅觉, etc.2.oculesics or eye movements:3.facial expressions:4.proxemics: intimate space (0.5m), personal space (0.5-1.25m), socialspace (1.25-3.5m), and public space (over 3.5m). (Wrightsman etl.1988:284)5.paralanguage: sound, pitch, tempo of speech, turn-taking, silence.(ii) Its features:1.It’s communication in which word s or speech sounds are not used.2.It conveys meaning.3.It involves such non-verbal dimensions规模as facial expressions,touch, time, gestures, smile, eye behaviors, smell, intonation声调, etc.4.It’s a discipline studying non-verbal behavior in communication.5.It’s first of all used to convey messages to and receive messages fromothers.6.It’s a process of communication by means of non-verbal behaviors.7.It may convey messages alone or in combination with verbalbehaviors.8.It occurs in a given context or situation and is interpreted in relation tothat situation or context.(e.g. blush: nervous or shy; biti ng one’s nails) (iii) Its significanceNonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for占⽐重much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously⾃发地reflects the subconsciousness潜意识. They are relatively free of distortions扭曲失真and deception.We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals. Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.(iv) Its functions (p 218-221):1.Repeating: People use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, andemphasize their point of view. For example, nod as saying "yes". (The gestures and words have a similar meaning and reinforce 加强one another.)/doc/3518b87afad6195f302ba650.html plementing: Nonverbal communication cues提⽰can add to or complement a verbal message. For example, scratch抓head, pat轻拍one on the shoulder while saying to him/her. (modify verbal communication by loudness and tone of voice).3.Substituting取代: Nonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones incertain settings. There are situations in which words cannot be used. Ina very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand gesturesto replace spoken messages. (gestures replace verbal communication) 4.Regulating: Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions语⾔互动by regulating them, such as turn-taking 话轮转换signals (hand raised) in conversations, nod one’s head in agreement to indicate the speaker to continue talking.5.Contradicting: Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spokenwords. E.g. Saying you are relaxed and at ease with quavering voices or shaking hands.6.※Accenting强调: the act of giving special importance orsignificance to something.(v) Gender and Nonverbal CommunicationRead the article ―Gender and Nonverbal Communication‖. Are men and women expected to behave exactly in the same manner even in the same culture?We have to say that there are the so-called 所谓的gender script in every culture. The nonverbal behaviors that result from this socialization are learned rather than innate先天的, and they become part of an individual’s experience as a ―gendered self‖. For instance, to sit like a lady, not to cry to be a man, etc.1.Touch, like physical closeness亲密, may be considered an expressionof affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance, in some cultures,it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon皱眉不赞同, for they would be considered homosexual 同性恋. On the other hand, touch may beused to express and maintain an asymmetrical⾮对称的relationship as well as a reciprocal 互惠one. For example, the doctor and the patient; the department head and the secretary. In this case, the former are usually male-oriented.2.The height and power differential between the sexes: In a world inwhich height equals power and women are not supposed to be more powerful than men⼥性不应⽐男性强⼤, taller women may attempt to diminish 缩⼩themselves, to slouch 没精打采and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.3.Men and women are not usually required to have the same facialexpressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine阳刚, because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity‖.⼥性⽓质4.Through clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked,constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, in appropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions ofmasculinity and femininity.5.It is important to remember that the notion of ―appropriate‖ nonverbalbehavior is largely culturally determined. White, middle-class women in the US are expected to be highly expressive emotionally. However, African-American women are not expected in exactly the same manner.Dominant members of a hierarchy等级制度are less likely to smile or disclose公开their feelings nonverbally.III.Paralanguage (p191-192, p223-224) 副语⾔，伴随语⾔We communicate with more than the words we speak. Effective speakers use vocal qualities to suggest different meanings from exactly the same words, like the manner of speech, intonation.Paralanguage / Metacommunication are the accompanying features of the voice.a. voice set: the context in which the speaker is speaking: the situation,gender, mood, age, person’s culture;b. voice qualities: volume, pitch⾳⾼, tempo, rhythm, articulation发⾳,resonance共鸣, nasality⿐⾳, accent重读;c. vocalization发声: characterizers, qualifiers, segregates分离.IV.Kinesics体姿语Kinesics, that is commonly called as body language, is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including gestures, posture, touching, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages. (i) Gestures: (p192-193)Gestures are an important component of non-verbal communication. This is mainly a matter of how we use our hands to convey a message. The language of the hands differs from country to country and a gesture which means one thing in one country may well mean something quite different to those living in another.Gestures can be emblems象征or’s face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasis or clarity to an oral message.①It’s me or I’m the one—touch or poin t to one’s nose by raised thumb.②Come here—extending a closed hand, palm up, with only theforefinger moving back and forth.③Shame on you—extending both hands, palms down, with forefingersstretching out and one forefinger makes several brushing movements over the back of the other forefinger.④Hitchhiking搭便车旅⾏—moving several time a closed hand with anoutstretched thumb opinion to the intended direction. (American method)--walking on the same side of the road and in the same directionas the car traffic, and extend the thumb of your roadside armtoward the front. (European method)在车辆⾏驶的那边公路上，朝车开的⽅向⾏⾛，同时将靠边那只⼿臂的拇指伸向前⽅。

跨文化交际unit6-1

Ss of ethnocentrism: The term “ethnocentrism” was originally coined by William Summer, who defined it as “the view of things in which one‟s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.” (Gundykunst and Kim 1997:5) Some other definitions of ethnocentrism:
Unit 6 Ethnocentrism种族中心主义

Teaching Objectives: 1) Students grasp the reasons why Americans like to pay for themselves; 2) Students know the main concept of ethnocentrism; 3) Students comprehend the method to manage ethnocentrism.

Within families, it is also not unusual for parents to pay for their children or vice versa. (Often it is the wealthier person who pays. within families, people generally already know what everyone’s financial situation is, so the topic is somewhat less sensitive than with other people.)

跨文化交际实用教程unit_6

more willing to take risks more logical or rational more aggressive
women men
No differences
Who is more intelligent more decisive better at listening more emotional more self-centered better able to do many things at one time
Gentle and conservative
England
Joke appreciation for cultural diversity
4. Before the man saying sorry, the woman gurgled and put her hand on the man’s shoulder: “Sir, if you do not mind, you can buy me a red rose to show your apology.” Then the man bought her a rose and they went to a hotel together to study more about the skirt.

G. reading romance novels
H. chatting on the internet I. washing clothes
A survey has been conducted to ask the same questions to males and females: “If you had a car, what would be the first thing you like to do with it?” Most females’ answers were like this: “If I had a car, the first thing I prefer to do would be taking a ride. While most males answer more or less like this: “If I had a car, I would check the engine first.” or :” If I had a car, I would consider if I could clean it every Saturday.”

跨文化交际课程第六单元

Functions of Nonverbal Communication 非语言交际的功能：非语言交际的功能：六种功能
1）重复（Repeating））重复（）是指可以起到重复语言信息功能的非语言信息，在语言信息不存在时可以单独起作用。例如，当你在麦当劳买了两个汉堡包时，可能会说出要买两个汉堡包，同时又伸出两个手指表示“两个”。此时非语言信息和语言信息相互重复。 2）补充（Complementing））补充（）有些非语言和伴随的语言信息是一致的，或补充、或强化、或澄清语言信息。例如，一对恋人中的一个对另一个说：“I love you.”，后者当然可以感受到这一信息。但如果两人坐在一起热烈拥抱时，用愉快的口吻说出这句话，这一信息会更加强烈。 3）替代（Substituting））替代（）当发出的是非语言信息而不是语言信息时，非语言信息就起到了替代功能。挥手告别和做手势让人过来，都是常见的例子。盯住某人等于说一些不好听的话，沉默可以传达不快、冷漠、恼怒等信息。
Reading I (P192)
Question 2 The British English speaker may think that the Indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely Towards him, so he may complain about the Indian’s rudeness or even behave rudely as a Response.
学者们认为，触摸可分为五类： 1）功能职业触摸：这是非个人性的触摸。当医生在体检中触摸病人时，实际上是把病人当作“物体”看待的。 2）社交礼节触摸：在社交礼节触摸中，不是把对方只看作 “物体”，而是把对方看作社会角色，并愿意对其表示尊敬。例如，在英汉文化中，新经介绍的人相互握手是社交礼节触摸。 3）友情温情触摸：这种触摸是让别人知道我们欣赏他们的一种主要手段，例如握手、拍肩膀、拥抱都可以看作是友情温情触摸。但是因英语文化是非接触性文化，人们对与友情有关的接触和与性有关的触摸之间的差别要小心对待。 4）爱情亲密触摸：这种触摸包括接吻、抚摸面目或头发等。如果不愿意确立一种爱情亲密关系，这种触摸会使人感到不舒服。 5）性唤起触摸：这是最高水平的身体接触，被看作是表达身体的吸引力。在这五类触摸中，和英语学习者关系最密切的是社会礼节触摸和友情温情触摸。这也正是存在跨文化差异的地方。

跨文化交际--理论与实践Unit 6

emphasizing formality VS. stressing equality group membership VS. individual identify Ex: “We are all human”; informality between teachers & students change of group, job, companies and best friends
♦ (4) World orientation 世界观取向
Tells people how to locate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature, and other living things.
Instrumental values: 行为价值(强调人的行为和品性好坏)
• “good” ways of behaving, or “ways to be” Values Types • including honesty, love, obedience, ambition and (by Milton independence… Rokeach) Terminal values: 终极价值(强调追求某种终极状态的乐趣) • end-states of existence that most members of a culture desire, or “things to have or achieve” • including freedom, comfortable life, wisdom, a world at peace, and true friendship…
④ Affecting the sense of social reciprocity--the underlying sense of

跨文化交际unit6 verbal communication-课件

❖ Language: a system of arbitrarily chosen, conventionalized, vocal, graphic or gesture symbols serving the needs of communication among the members of a gives hovering over rugged old trees wreathed with rotten vine---the day is about done.
❖ 夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 ❖ Yonder is a tiny bridge
over a sparkling stream,
❖ 2) overlapping of denotative meaning ❖ In addition to total equivalence of words and absence
equivalence in denoting of certain referents, cultures also overlap in the denotation of certain vocabulary. 3. Cultural differences in connotative meaning 1) words with same denotation but different connotation. a. color words b. animal words c. numbers
❖ ☻ Meanings of words are personal.
❖ ☻ Meanings of words are also culture specific.
2. Cultural differences in denotative meaning:

跨文化交际教程课件 chapter 6

Our Natural Cultural Context
We are like a fish in water.
The Intercultural Context
We become “a fish out of water”.
“out of water”=out of context
• “Water” is my culture
3. When mentioning the contribution to the world civilization, one country always highlight its own while underestimating others’.
4. In composing the world literature history, there has long existed a tendency to place Europe in the centre, while mentioning little about the contribution of Asia, Africa and Latin America, leading to a low evaluation of the works in those places. The reason that lies behind is that the authors are mainly Europeans.
Cultural Assumptions
Craig Storti believes in intercultural communication, people generally go
through four phases:
• Expecting people in another culture to behave similarly

跨文化交际unit6-1

Becoming ethnocentric:

“We begin to consciously and unconsciously learn our culture in our early life through the process of socialization or enculturation. Interaction with family members and friends is the most common way for us to learn about culture. Other sources for learning our culture are schools, church, media, folk tales, and arts. The process of learning our own culture will inevitably foster a phenomenon called ethnocentrism.” (Chen and Starosta 2005:27)
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Unit 6 Ethnocentrism种族中心主义

Teaching Objectives: 1) Students grasp the reasons why Americans like to pay for themselves; 2) Students know the main concept of ethnocentrism; 3) Students comprehend the method to manage ethnocentrism.

Within families, it is also not unusual for parents to pay for their children or vice versa. (Often it is the wealthier person who pays. within families, people generally already know what everyone’s financial situation is, so the topic is somewhat less sensitive than with other people.)

跨文化交际chapter6

If a Chinese uses this to respond to apologies, westerners will think that he is a sharp person, who simply cannot forgive a very little wrong thing .
5.Invitation and Saying GoodBye
In the culture of British and America, it is very important to consult a time before you invite somebody to attend a banquet or take part in social activities. Esp. in America, invite somebody means you are borrow times of others. So they respect time very much. While in China, people are prefer to an uninvited guest. And otherwise, You will be thought unfriendly if you cannot receive an uninvited guest very well.
3. Thanks and Responses
“Thank you” is widely used in English to show gratitude in such cases as being invited, helped, given a gift, etc. Cultural differences exist between Chinese and western in how to express thanks and responses.

跨文化交际课程unit6

chapter6跨文化交际.ppt

跨文化交际-Unit 6

跨文化 Unit 6

跨文化交际 unit 6

Unit 6 跨文化交际

新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit6

Unit_6Nonverbal Communication 跨文化交际 大学教学课件

跨文化交际上课内容unit6

跨文化交际unit6-1

跨文化交际实用教程unit_6

跨文化交际课程第六单元

跨文化交际--理论与实践Unit 6

跨文化交际unit6 verbal communication-课件

跨文化交际教程 课件 chapter 6

跨文化交际unit6-1

跨文化交际chapter6

Unit_6Nonverbal Communication 跨文化交际大学教学课件

跨文化交际教程课件 chapter 6