跨文化交际课程unit2
跨文化交际Unit-2第二讲PPT课件
2021/3/12
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Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
(3) What conflicts does this case show?
• This case shows the conflicts of
Host
Guest
Man
woman
2021/3/12
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Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
• Americans expect other people to also be selfreliant, and while Americans are often quite willing to help those they consider in genuine need.
• (1) Retell the story in your group.
• (2) Why do you think the professor became
annoyed? Use the “possibility” words of “very
likely”, “likely”, “almost certainly”, “virtually
Yong Chinese
2021/3/12
Old Canadian
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Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
必须掌握的单词和词组
• Irritable, grouchy, episode, refusal (n.) • Self-reliance hunch, perspectives • obligation
大学英语跨文化交际unit2
✋Homework of Unit 1: What are stumbling blocks（障碍物；绊脚石）in intercultural communication? How to overcome these blocks? 什么是跨文化间的交际，如何跨越这些障碍。
Unit Two Culture and CommunicationI.Warm UpPlease read the story on page 38, then answer the questions:1.Why was Tom considered a rude host by his visitors?2.How can you explain the fact that Tom is misunderstood when heactually wants to be kind and friendly to the visitors?II.Reading1.Read the article of ―What Is Culture‖. What can you learn aboutculture from it? Please answer the questions followed?Supplement:Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (p41)What is culture?1.Origins of culture in English and Chinese(1)―Culture‖ is a loan word from Latin meaning ―cultivating or tillingthe land‖. It was originally associated with physical activities and production of food. Later, its meaning was extended to include mental, moral, aesthetic, educational and intellectual activities. In contemporary English its original meaning is still retained. (2)―文化‖is a native word in Chinese. ―文‖and ―化‖were usedtogether in the Warring States. ―人文‖ in ―观乎人文，以化成天下‖refers to the interwoven relationships between the monarch and his subjects, fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends, and ―化‖ means ―changing and/or cultivating‖. When used together, ―文‖and ―化‖mean ―以文教化‖. They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning contrasted with ―nature‖ on one hand and ―primitiveness‖ and ―savage‖ on the other hand. So ―文化‖ was originally associated with mental activities.2.DefinitionThe term ―culture‖does not correspond perfectly with ―文化‖. For examples:他没有文化(He is illiterate.)―What really binds men together is their culture--- the ideas and the standards they have in common.‖— R. Benedict According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary,culture is ―the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively‖.Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective:♦―Culture consists of patterns, e xplicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially th eir attached values‖.-----Kroeber and Kluckhohn Defining Culture from the Psychological Perspective♦culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another".----Geert HofstedeDefining Culture from the Sociological Perspective♦―Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception —including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disb elief systems, and behavior‖. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective♦―Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs,behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.‖----[Bates and Plog]There are altogether no less than 250 definitions of culture by scholars from several different fields. Despite so, almost all scholars agree that culture has two senses: the broad sense and the narrow sense.A. Culture in its broad senseCulture is the attribute of man, or, whatever distinguishes man from the rest part of the world is culture. Based on this, Prof. Lin Dajin provides a Chinese counterpart definition: 文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征. It may include the following components:①Materials man has got to satisfy his needs, including science and technology, such as space shuttles, airplanes, and cars;②Social institutions and organizations man has established, including socioeconomic institutions, politico-legal institutions, and religious organizations;③Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development, including various subjects such as mathematics and education, and artistic forms such as literature, painting, music and dance;④Language and other communication systems such as gestures and facial expressions;⑤Customs, habits and behavioral patterns;⑥Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards and thinking patterns.Culture in this sense is also called ―large C culture‖ or academic culture or culture with a big C(大写字母的文化). It‘s culture in general, culture of all nationalities and ethnic groups. But we know there are specific cultures such as Chinese, American and British. According to this sense, specific culture can be defined (by Prof. Lin Dajin) as the comprehensive features that distinguish one group (be it a nation, a race or any section of people) of people from another (一个民族区别于另一个民族的综合特征).﹡Dominant culture and subculture/co-culture♦Culture is subdivided into dominant culture(主流文化), mainstream culture, and subculture(s)（亚文化）, which coexist within each culture.♦A subculture resembles像；类似于a culture in that it usually encompasses a relatively large number of people and represents the accumulation of generations of human striving. However, subcultures have some important differences: they exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Today the tendency is to say ‗co-culture‘ and sub-groups to avoid prejudice.B. Culture in its narrow senseIt's called ―small c culture‖ or anthropological culture or culture with a small c (小写字母的文化). It can be defined as life way of a population, Culture in this sense emphasizes what characterizes the way of life of a people, including components ②, ③, ④, ⑤ and ⑥, with components ②, ④, ⑤ and ⑥ as the central part.Some scholars are interested in ―large C culture‖ while others in ―small c culture‖, depending on the purpose of investigation. We shall focus on culture in its narrow sense.﹡Cultural Identity文化认同Cultural identity refers to one‘s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic种族的group. People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.3.Properties of culture(1)It is human specific.(2)It is a social phenomenon (contrast between society and nature). Itis the embodiment of human knowledge, skill and cooperative labor.(3)It is a national phenomenon for each nature has its own culture.(4)It is a historical phenomenon. Each culture has some history andeach generation contributes to it. But culture won‘t necessarilyA. Overt CultureB. Covert Culture(公开文化层)Exposed Material Culture,Visible and Easily Described(隐蔽文化层)Hidden in the material culture,Soft or Spiritual cultureremain the same.(5) It is general and abstract.2. Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight. The part of the cultural iceberg that is above the water is easy to be noticed. The other part that is hidden below the water and is outside of conscious awareness. It is sometimes called ―deep culture ‖. But what are the things in a culture that can be said to be above or below the water – within or out of our awareness? The Structure of Culture3.Read the article on page 45-48:From this article, we can learn there are three characteristics of culture – coherent, learned, the view of a group of people; and there are three things culture does – culture ranks what is important (or cultures teach values or priorities), culture furnishes attitudes, and culture dictates how to behave.4.Decide whether the following are examples of communications ornot? Why?1)You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone.2) Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille.3) A German businessman negotiates, through an interpreter, with his Chinese counterpart.4) A farmer gives instructions to his ploughing cow.5) A programmer issues commands to a computer.6) Tom talks to himself while flourishing his toy gun.7) You send an e-mail message to an American friend.8) Jane lies in bed reading a novel.The Basics of Communication:Communication occurs if: 1. two or more people; 2. contact; 3. ashared language; 4. an exchange of information.5.Read the article of ―Elements of Communication‖. What are theelements of communication?Context: four aspects (the physical setting, historical aspect, psychological aspect, culture aspect)Participants: three variables (relationship, gender, culture)Messages: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.Channels: the method used to deliver a message (sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these)Noise (干扰): a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise, internal noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.Feedback: t he response of a receiver to a sender‘s message Please answer the questions followed.Supplement:What Is Communication?There are altogether 126 definitions of communication. Among them the most accepted one defined by L. A. Samovar, et al.Definition:―Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue of the behavior of another person.‖---- L. A. Samovar, et alA few key points about this definition:①The behavior includes verbal behavior and non-verbal behavior. For example, you meet an acquaintance in the street. You smile and nod to each other without uttering a word. Then your behavior is non-verbal, and your communication is also non-verbal. So according to this, communication can be divided into verbal communication and non-verbal communication.②As to the meaning of ―behavior residue", here is an example. You leave a note before you go out, and your roommate sees it when coming back and will make certain response. Then this note is your behavior residue. In this case, whether your roommate does something about or just ignores the note, as long as he receives the note, communication happens, but it is non-simultaneous. Therefore, communication can also be divided into simultaneous communication and non-simultaneous communication.③ A behavior, whether intentional or unintentional, conscious or unconscious, once is received, communication occurs. For example, when you are giving a speech, you may blush (unintentional) or repeat the same movement (unconscious), which gives your audience a message that you are nervous.④Feedback is not a prerequisite of communication. So there may beone-way communication. Hu Wenzhong of Beijing Foreign Studies University once said translation is in fact a kind of (intercultural) communication, because when one is translating, one is in fact communication interculturally with the writer of the original work. In deed, written translation is in most cases one-way communication. 2. Factors Affecting CommunicationEight specific ingredients of communication:①the source (行为源): a person who has a need to communicate②encoding (编码): an internal activity in which a source creates a message through the selection of verbal and non-verbal symbols (行为源组织信息的内心活动).③message (信息): the result of encoding, once spoken out and received, becomes a message.④channel (渠道): the physical means by which the message is transmitted.⑤the responder (反应者): the person who intercepts the message and as a consequence becomes linked to the source.⑥decoding (译码): the internal activity of the receiver‘s information processing.⑦response (反应): what a receiver decides to do about the message.⑧feedback (反馈): feedback and response are clearly related. Response becomes feedback when received by the source.Of the eight ingredients, the source and the responder, encoding and decoding, are the most important because they are related to persons.Some personal factors may affect communication effectiveness:①sex ②age③temperament (e.g. introverted and extroverted)④occupation (e.g. businessman, officers, etc.) ⑤social status ⑥knowledge structure ⑦life experienceUncertain factors, varying at different time:①intention: though disgusted, you nod or smile for politeness.②mood: someone tells you that it is useless to live in this world. You might have different responses.③status at that time: you, as a guest, can‘t ask the host to help himself to some dish.Objective factors:①time: you never say ―Good morning‖ in the evening.②place:③occasion: you never say ―节哀顺便‖ in a wedding ceremony.3. Communication Types①based on symbols used: verbal and non-verbal②based on media: direct and indirect③based on feedback: two-way and one-way④based on numbers of the sources and responders: one/group-to-one and one/group-to-group⑤based on set responder: directed and non-directed⑥based on the source‘s intention: intentional and unintentional⑦based on the responder‘s activeness: active and passive⑧based on time: simultaneous and non-simultaneous4. Characteristics of Communication (Essentials of Human Communication) p68-73①Communication is dynamic. It is an on-going, never-changingactivity. We are sure to be influenced by other‘s message, whether gradually or radically.②Communication is symbolic: Symbols are central to thecommunication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning. People's behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.③Communication is systematic: Communication does not occur inisolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in a specific setting.Setting and environment help determine the words and actions we generate. Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are alladapted to context.④It involves making inferences.⑤It has a consequence.⑥It is interactive (interpersonal communication).⑦It is irreversible.⑧It is contextual.⑨Communication is self-reflective: Human beings have a uniqueability to think about themselves, to watch how they define the world, and to reflect on their past, present, and future.6.Match each of what the first speaker says on the left with what thesecond speaker says on the right to form a dialogue that will make sense, and then decide what is possibly meant by the second speaker in the dialogue. (p57)7.Read the passage of ―Communicating or CommunicatingEffectively‖and try to explain why we sometimes find it very difficult to communicate effectively with others, and then suggest what we can do about it.III.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
跨文化交际课程第二单元
A definition of our own that is more suitable to the goals of this book:
We define “culture” as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
补充“文化”的概念：
Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. This definition includes not only patterns of behavior but also patterns of thought, artifacts, and the culturally transmitted skills and techniques used to make the artifacts. (Bates and Plog)
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit2
新编跨⽂化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit2Unit 2Culture and CommunicationReading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall’s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try tosatisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve thesame ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the culturalenvironment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in theireveryday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of theEnglish-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you movefrom one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?One’s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations. 3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everydaycommunication?For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one’s boss by his or her title and never to express one’s disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.6. Does the sender play a more important role than the receiver in communication? No, they are equally important for both of them are essential in the process of communication.7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?The pure ideas and feelings that exist in a person’s mind represent meanings. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in this process?A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, which significantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.12. What examples can you find to show that one channel is more effective than othersfor transmitting certain messages?For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people‘s attenti on away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating.15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.16. What will you usually do when you receive negative feedback in communication?Open.Case StudyCase 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules whichfirmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone.A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth. However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she hasto ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know th at Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for theChristmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be pr oud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.。
跨文化交际_Unit_2_参考翻译
跨文化交际_Unit_2_参考翻译Unit Two Task 11)A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。
/花盆里生长不出参天大树。
/温室里长不出栋梁之才。
2)He who would search for pearls must dive below.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
/ 欲寻珍珠就要潜到水里。
/ 欲寻珍珠欲潜入水。
3)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标如同航行没有罗盘。
/没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
4)To have another fish to fry另有要事/ 另有事情得做5)The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
(The same knife cuts bread and fingers.)6)前人栽树，后人乘凉。
One sows and another reaps. / One man sows and another reaps. / One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. / The precedence planted, the later generations enjoy its cool.7)斩草不除根，逢春又发青。
If the grass is only cut, then the next spring it will revive. / Cut weeds and dig up the roots.8)种田不用问，深耕多上粪。
Planting has no better measures but ploughing deeply and fertilizing much more.9)生米煮成熟饭。
Unit2跨文化交际
Unit2跨文化交际commucation across cultureUnit 2Culture and CommunicationWhat is culture?“文化”是一个广泛的概念，它的内涵很丰富。
在英语中,“culture”一词是一个难以解释的词，它最早来源于古法语cultura, 拉丁语colere和德语“kultur”，原指土地的开垦及植物的栽培；后来随着人类生存空间和生存方式的改变逐渐扩延，转而意指人的身体、精神，特别是指艺术和道德能力和天赋的培养；进而泛指人类社会在征服自然和自我发展中创造的物质财富和精神财富，包括饮食、器具、舟车、房屋、社会组织、政治制度、风俗习惯、语言、学术思想等。
More than 500 definitions up to the present(Refer to p. 40 for some of the well-known ones)First definition: E. B. Tylor (1871) in Primitive Culture: “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a mem ber of a society.”文化是一种复合的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人们作为社会成员而获得的能力与习惯Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, andlanguage.In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, and language. Define culture from different perspectives From Intellectual PerspectiveFrom Anthropologic PerspectiveFrom Social PerspectiveFrom Psychological PerspectiveFrom Intercultural Communication PerspectiveFrom Intellectual PerspectiveAccording to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively".It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture.From Anthropologic PerspectiveCulture is "the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people." This is an anthropologist's definition.From Social PerspectiveCulture is what a society does and thinks.Culture covers everything of a society.From Psychological PerspectiveCulture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.From Intercultural Communication PerspectiveCulture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Culture Is LearnedWe learn culture from __parents__, ____teachers____ friends ___,_other familycommucation across culturemembers_____,_ and even strangers who are part of the culture_.Culture Is a Set of Shared InterpretationsAll communications take place by means of symbolsCulture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Normsa. BeliefsBeliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false.b. ValuesValues involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.c. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide theexpectations people have of one another and of othersNorms in the army: SalutesNorms in different fields：Culture Affects BehaviorsCulture Involves Large Groups of PeopleThree Things Culture Doesp46-48 (self-study)Culture ranks what is importantCulture furnishes attitudesCulture dictates how to behaveCulture ranks what is importantDifferent cultures have their own value orientation and what is important in one culture may be virtually meaningless to another.Culture ranks what is important. In other words, cultures teach values or priorities.Values underlie attitudes. They also shape beliefs.Within a culture, values may be of greater or lesser importance.Culture furnishes attitudesAn attitude is learned, and it is a tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea.Attitudes can change, although change can be difficult. Attitudes are based on beliefs as well as values.Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas rather than on proof or facts. Belief systems or religions are powerful sources of values and attitudes in cultures.Culture dictates how to behaveBehavior comes directly from the attitudes about how significant something is --- how it is valued.Attitudes vary according to how important something is reckoned to be (value).Values drive actions.1.3 Classification of Culturecommucation across cultureOne of the most popular classification of culture:high culture: philosophy, literature, fine arts, music, religion etc.popular culture: customs and habits, rites and rituals, ways of living (housing, dressing, eating and drinking) and all interpersonal behavior.deep culture: the conception of beauty, definition of sin, notions of modesty, ordering of time, etc.Cultural iceberg: p. 44-50Conscious or subconscious?Deep culture―the out-of-awareness part of a cultureNine-tenth of an iceberg / culture is out of sight.Those that are above the “water” :what to eat and how to eat it;how to keep healthy;how to raise children;how to participate in ceremonies;how to introduce and greet people;Those that are below the “water” :what is good or bad;what is right or wrong;what is beautiful or ugly;what is clean or dirty;how is an individual related to others;Generally speaking, differences in those things that are usually outside of our consciousawareness, i.e. the so-called “ deep culture”, are more likely to cause problems in intercultural communication. The reason is that this part of culture is internalized in people’s mind and thus is hard to perceived.SummaryCulture is not anything that people in a group are born with, but something they learn either by being taught or by growing up in it.Different cultures have different ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying and dealing with death.Our own culture seems natural to us while other cultures may think itfunny, strange or even disgusting. However, this has nothing to do with right or wrong.It follows that there is no “best” culture suitable for all p eople in the world. In comparing cultures, we can hardly say which culture is definitely better than the other, for each culture can be appropriate to certain group of people living in a particular geographic and social environment.A culture should therefore be judged and interpreted in its own context. Without considering the environment in which people of a particular culture live, it would be impossible for us to really understand and appreciate what is significant and meaningful in that culture.Perhaps, if we could examine the manners of different nations with impartiality, we should find no people so rude, nor any so polite.2. Instinctive Behavior andCultural Behaviorcommucation across cultureReading : p. 41Questions:---Do you know Maslow’s theory?---Do human beings realize all these needs at the same time?---Do people all over the world share the same basic needs described by Maslow? ---Do people realize these needs in the same ways?---Is culture conscious or subconscious?2.1 Instinctive behavior―innate and universal2.2 Cultural behavior―learned and transmitted from generation to generation through the use of symbolsPeople in different cultures satisfy these needs in different ways.Examples:Different ways of eating p.43;Difference in treating visitors. p. 38 (Warm Up)Difference in ending the meals. p. 59 (Group Work)Case AnalysisCase 5 p. 60Difference in taking offersCase 7 p.62Difference in the view of giftsCase 8 p.62-63Difference in food for banquet, table mannersAnalysisIn China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he did not know the North American rules which firmly say that you do not pull alcoholicbeverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic.Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alcohol. So the Americans didn’t make a second offer of beer to Heping, who probably thought North Americans not hospitable. However, there are always individual differences between people from even the same culture. Probably the young Chinese nurse had known something about the American culture and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 7 p.62What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?How would you feel if Keiko presented you with a gift for your help?AnalysisKeiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite.Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.commucation across cultureKeiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for sheprobably doesn’t know that Americans frequently do nate their used household items to church or to the community.Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return. Case 8 p.62-63Why did the girl consider the menu created by her mother a strange one?What cultural differences can you find in this case?AnalysisWhen the Chinese girl fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that shepreferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls. She did not like to see her boyfriend disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food.How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were allher favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.3.1 Definition of Communication---A behavior-affecting process in which one person (a source) intentionally encodes andtransmits a message through a channel to an intended audience (receivers) in order to induce a particular attitude or behavior.---Transmission and reception of meaning through the manipulation of symbols, language and context.---A process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.(p.58)It involves a sender who encodes a message and a receiver who decodes the message.3.3 Types of Communication(1)Interpersonal Communication (Dyad)Intrapersonal Communication (Within)Mass CommunicationGroup CommunicationPublic CommunicationBusiness CommunicationIntracultural CommunicationShared communication between members of the same cultural group /communication between people from the same culturecommucation across cultureIntercultural Communicationcommunication between people from different culturesIntercultural Communication…Requires an understand ing of …Own cultureCultures of other groupsParent/Dominant culture (e.g. based on race or ethnicity)Co-cultures (e.g. based on gender, religion, age)Intercultural Communication…Requires an understanding of …..Knowledge systemBeliefsValuesCustomsBehaviorsIntercultural / Cross-cultural CommunicationAlthough the term cross-cultural is often used as a synonym for intercultural, it traditionally implies a comparison of some phenomena across cultures.For example, if we examine communication between two Chinese or between two Americans, we are looking at intra-cultural communication.If we observe communication between a Chinese and an American, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.If we compare the speech act of apology in the Chinese culture and in the American culture, for example, we are making a cross-cultural comparison.If we look at how an American or a Chinese is making an apology when communicating with each other, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.Cross-Cultural CommunicationInvolves highlighting similarities and differences across cultural groups to promotecommunicationInternational CommunicationInteractions among people from different nations. Certainly, communication among people from different countries is likely to be intercultural communication, but that is not always true.3.3 Types of Communication(2)human communication (人类交际）animal communication (动物交际）human-animal communication （人类与动物的交际）human-machine communication（人机交际）machine-to-machine communication（机器交际）3.4 Media of CommunicationFace-to-FaceTelephoneBroadcast MediaVerbalNon-verbalcommucation across cultureWhich other media of communication can you identify?3.6 The Communication ProcessMatching Task p.57One more example:1. A: Can you tell me the time?B: Well, the milkman has come.(No, I don’t know the exact time, but I can tell you that the milkman has come so that you may be able to tell what the approximate time it is now.)Case 6 p.61 ( assignment)Case AnalysisCase 6 p.61Why did the Chinese mother-in-law decide to leave the very afternoon?What was wrong with Litz asking her husband how long his mother was going to stay just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival?AnalysisWhen a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings invol ved: utterance meaning, the speaker’s meaning and the hearer’s meaning.In the dialogue, when Litz asked how long her mother-in-law was going to stay, she meant that if she knew how long she was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, hermother-in-law took Litz’s question to mean “ Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Another CaseSituation:A Chinese student had just arrived at the States. One day, when he was reading in his room, he heard someone shouting outside: “ Watch out!” So he went to the window and stretched out his head and tried to find out what’s going on outside. Just then, his head was right poured by the water from abo ve…Question:What are the three meanings of “ Watch out” in communication?Key to the question:1. Utterance meaning: Be careful!2. Speaker’s meaning: Don’t pull out !3. Hearer’s meaning:Something is happening! Look out!3.9 Characteristics of Communication p.68-73DynamicSymbolicInteractiveInterpretiveContextualcommucation across cultureCommunication is a dynamic processCommunication is an ongoing, ever changing activity. It is not fixed.“You can’t stand in the same stream twice.”When people communicate, they are constantly affected by each other’s messages and as a consequence, people undergo continual change.Each time one is influenced, one changes in some way and people never stay frozen when in communication.Once a word or an action is employed, it cannot be retracted.Communication is symbolicCommunication involves the use of symbols.A symbol is a word, action, or object that strands for or presents a unit of meanings. Meaning, in turn, is a perception, thought, or feeling that a person experiences and might want to communicate to others.People’s behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.Communication is interactive/transactionalCommunication must take place between people.When two or more people communicate, their unique backgrounds and experiences serve as a backdrop for the communication interaction.Communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.There are no such entities as pure senders or pure receivers.Communication is systemic/contextualCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but ratheris part of a larger system.Setting and environment help determine the words and actions you generate and the meanings you give the symbols produced by other people.Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.People do not act the same way in every environment.Communication is contextual/systemicAll communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context.By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship.Thus, the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings within which messages are exchanged.The physical context includes the actual location of the interactants: indoors or outdoors, crowded or quiet, public or private, close together or far apart, warm or cold, bright or dark. The social context refers to the widely shared expectations people have about the kinds of interactions that normally should occur given different kinds of social events.The interpersonal context refers to the expectations about the behaviors of others as a result of differences in the relationships between them. (examples---p69-70)commucation across cultureCommunication is interpretiveWhenever people communicate, they must interpret the symbolic behaviors of others and assign significance to some of those behaviors in order to create a meaningful account of the other’s actions.There is no direct mind-to-mind contact between people, you cannot access the thoughts and feelings of other human beings but can only infer what they are experiencing.Communication is complexAlthough all cultures use symbols to share their realities, the specific realities and the symbols employed are often quite different.People are both alike and different.Cultural, as well as individual, differences keep people apart.Members of different cultures look differently at the world around them.A successful intercultural communicator appreciates similarities and accepts differences.4. Elements of Communication p.50-56ContextParticipantsMessagesChannelsNoiseFeedbackphysical settingthe formality of the conference roomthe seating arrangementslightingthe time of daythe distance between communicatorshistorical contextprevious communication eventspsychological contextthe manner of perceiving themselves and otherscultural contextcommunication normsplay the roles of senders and receivers:senders form messagesC encoders;receivers process the messages and react to them―decoders variables affecting participants:---relationships: familiar or unfamiliar---gender: males or females---culture: from the same culture or from different cultures meaningscommucation across culturethe meanings may not be transferred successfullysymbolswords chosenfacial expressions, gesturestone of voiceencoding and decodingmessage encoded may not be decoded as intendedculture and nonverbal factors---sound, sight, smell, taste, touch---the nature of the channel selected affects the way a message will be processed---the impact of a message changes as the channel used to transmit it changes---the more channels used, the more successful the communication will be---any stimulus that interferes with the sharing of meaningexternal noisestimuli in the surrounding that distract attentioninternal noiseinterfering thoughts and feelings inside a communicatorsemantic noiseinappropriate choice of words---noise can function as a communication barrierverbal responsenonverbal responseserves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.C-- cultural variables that undermine the communication of intended meaningExamples of Semantic Noise一次性用品：A Time Sex Thing一次性筷子：One Sex Chopsticks平时禁止入内：No entry on peace time小心溺水：Careful Drowning童子鸡：Chicken without sexual life麻婆豆腐：Bean curd made by a pockmarked woman贵阳：Expensive Sun干果区：Fuck the fruit areaAssignments1. Find a misleading sign in Meizhou and point out what’s wrong and give a correct one.2. Further Reading I : Understanding Culture p.64-67。
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit 2
Unit 2Culture and CommunicationReading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall’s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try tosatisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve thesame ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the culturalenvironment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in theireveryday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of theEnglish-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you movefrom one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?One’s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations.3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everydaycommunication?For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one’s boss by his or her title and never to express one’s disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.6. Does the sender play a more important role than the receiver in communication? No, they are equally important for both of them are essential in the process of communication.7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?The pure ideas and feelings that exist in a person’s mind represent meanings. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in this process?A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, which significantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.12. What examples can you find to show that one channel is more effective than othersfor transmitting certain messages?For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people‘s attenti on away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating.15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.16. What will you usually do when you receive negative feedback in communication?Open.Case StudyCase 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules whichfirmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone.A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she hasto ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know th at Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for theChristmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be pr oud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.。
跨文化交际实用教程unit 2
18
Things to be minded
Advance notice Take off the out-door clothing
immediately, if not, they would consider you stay only a few minutes. Finish eating Food-offering differences
19
Vedio watching
Watch the vedio and give your comment.
20
5. Partings
Question:
What are the differences in parting between Chinese and English cultures?
Chinese: abrupt leaving-taking I’m leaving now.
22
III. Case study
Case 3. Li Hongzhang’s embarrassment Case 4. Different Attitudes Toward a Fly in a Beer Case 5. Borrow Money & Lend Money
跨文化交际--理论与实践Unit 2
Korean African American Native American
Arab
Greek
Between HC & LC
Latin Italian
• French, English and Italian
English French
LC cultures
• North America • Northern European Countries
meaning A perception, thought, or feeling that a person experiences and might want to
interpret
communicate with others.
message The “package” of symbols that is used to create shared meanings.
♦ (3) Communication is transactional
All participants in the communication process work together to create and sustain the meanings that develop.
Sender
② social context: types of social relationships that exist between sender and receiver.
2.1 Characteristics of Communication
♦ (5) Communication is a process
2.1 Characteristics of Communication
跨文化交际unit2
跨文化交际unit2跨文化交际Unit 2教学目标：Through this unit, Ss can get a general idea of the differences between Chinese people and the Western people to make some daily verbal communication. Ss can also know how to avoid making misunderstanding or dealing with the cultural puzzles under such situations.教学内容：Unit 2 Daily Verbal Communication教学重点与难点：The analysis and understanding of the differences between Chinese people and the Western people to make some daily verbal communication.教学过程：Step 1 Gua sha---A film directly dealing with cultural conflicts.Qs for discussion: (Please try to be objective in discussion)1. How well do you know about American freedom? What are the differences between American freedom and Chinese freedom?2. “Gua sha”, a traditional Chinese medical treatment, was unrecognized by American culture. What do you think of it?3. Can American understand the Chinese filial piety孝道and the Chinese slang “打是亲，骂是爱”？Why?4. Why can’t th e American understand the typical Chinese behavior: beating one’s child to show one’s respect or to give face to the other when the child did something wrong?5. Are there any other examples of the case that are taken for granted or common sense in one country while are considered unacceptable or illegal in another? What do you think of them? Could you find a possible solution?Cultural Differences:(1)American Dream VS Chinese Dream●House, car, a stable well-paid job.● A well-known saying-----“Where the re is no vision, the people perish.Where there is no vision, the America people will perish.”(Cliton, at a presidential election campaign in 1995) Characteristics of American Dream:● a kind of wish (Tomorrow will be better than today.)●reality and action (e.g. gold rush)●lack of artistic flavor (in Chinese’s eyes)●part of American spiritChinese:* Real, a dream forever* Waiting for a prince or princess (白雪公主与白马王子), or waiting for being discovered or promoted. (孔明，姜子牙) * a perfect dream, Utopia, related to hermitage travel赫米蒂奇旅行, leisure, Chinese painting, calligraphy 书法* Characteristics: passive; idealistic, quite spiritual, perfectOpen question: What lead to these differences?(2)American freedom VS Chinese freedomAlcoholic drinks (less than 21, forbidden)Cigarette smoking (less than 18, forbidden in cities)Children below 12 at home along (illegal)Job interview (not to be asked about such info as handicapped, birth place; marital status; age;immigrant info, child info, crime records; etc.)***Additional things: sexual harassment; gender discrimination; ethnic discrimination; moral evaluation; Chinese: good or bad, American: legal or illegal.Open Qs: How about Chinese freedom?What do you think of ruling country by law as well as by De? （依法治国，以德治国）Step 2: Presentation of the textPart 1: Form of Address2.1 Naming names(1) To make a comparison between a Chinese name and an English one.E.g. Zhou Xingchi Andrew Lewissurname (family name) given name given name surname (family name)(2) For most English people, they have 3 names (Christian name + Given name + Surname) and the first of the given names is usually used by them.E.g. Anthony John Ward(4) Sources of some names(5) Partents should be careful of giving names to their children:Nichola Ann Green: This is a girl's name with the initials NAG, which unfortunately spell the word meaning to continually complain in an irritating wa y, e.g., '“My wife never stops complaining. She nags me morning, noon, and night.”Fiona Alice Tanner: This is a girl's name with the initials FAT.Michael Adam Davies: This is a boy's name with the initials MAD.Peter Ewan Steven Thompson: This is a boy's name with the initials PEST.Graham Adam Yiend: This is a boy's name with the initials GAY. This has a number of different meanings. In the past it was simply used to mean 'happy', so would not have been avoided.Nowadays, however, it has acquired another meaning and is more frequently used to mean 'male homosexual'.Part 2: Addressing (P.22-25)Discussion:What are the most common forms of address for a man named “ Zhou Xingchi”?What are the common forms of address for a man named “Andrew Lewis”?What kind of mistakes may Chinese speakers make when addressing foreigners? Reasons? (To see the case on p.37:3) Three-step approach:分析方法：A “three-step approach” to case analysis isrecommended in this course. You may follow the three steps below when analyzing cross-cultural cases.Step 1: Normative-level analysis主要是进行背景分析，从书中理论着手At this step, these questions need to be addressed: what cultural differences made the involved parties behave in this way? What normative cultural attributes caused the cross-cultural clash? Step 2: Behavioral-level analysis行为分析，从文化差异入手。
跨文化交际Unit 2 Daily verbal communication 1
A 46
B 10 12.2 34 41.46
C 22 26.83 28 34.15
D 4 4.88 16 19.51
Total 82 100 82 100
36
32
10
82
43.9
39.02
12.2
100
－Title + last name B－Full name C－First name D－Nickname
“My name is Margaret Wilkinson, but please call me Margaret,” my grammar teach tells in front blackboard. But I must give respect, not just call Margaret. I will call Mrs Margaret.” (A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers, Xiaolu Guo)
HIGH-CONTEXT 内隐，含蓄 暗码信息 较多非语言编码 反应很少外露 人际关系紧密 内外有别 高承诺 时间处理高度灵活
LOW-CONTEXT 外显，明了 明码信息 较多语言编码 反应外露 人际关系不密切 内外灵活 低承诺 时间高度组织化
Three cousins of the French President were also to receive presents.
Questions
1. What are the differences in addressing people between English and Chinese cultures? 2. How do you address your teacher’s husband or wife? 3. What’s your attitude towards “同志” or “Comrade”? 4. How to translate “师傅” “解放军叔叔” into English?
跨文化交际unit 2 课件
Unit parison of Chinese and Western cultural values Section 1. Definition of values▪What are values？▪V alues are broad, abstract concepts which provide the foundation that underlies a people‘s entire way of life.▪V alues are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. These "rules" and guideposts are normative and teach us what is useful, good, right, wrong, what to strive for, how to live our life, and even what to die for.Types of values▪1. Universal values▪2. culture-specific values▪3. individual valuesExercise: point out the values reflected in the following proverbs▪1. Blood is thicker than water. (origin: Scotland)▪(the bonds of family and common ancestry are stronger than those bonds between unrelated people ,such as friendship) family, loyalty▪2. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. (origin: England)▪(if a particular type of behavior is acceptable for one person, it should also be acceptable for another person ) fairness▪3. Too many cooks spoil the broth. (origin: England)▪(The combined efforts of the group end up with something that is not so pleasant to eat) the individual4. The early bird catches the worm. (origin: England)▪(Success comes to those who prepare well and put in effort.) action▪5. God helps those who help themselves. (origin: Greece)▪(We can rely on nobody but ourselves) self-helpCautionTwo noteworthy features of values▪1. Contradictory values are found in a particular cultue.▪E.g.All people are created equal.▪E.g Sweep the snow in front of his door, and not bother about the frost on his neighbor‘s roof.▪A gulf between the values that are articulated (idealism) and the values that are acted out (reality)▪2. V alues of a culture change with time.V alues▪Five orientations proposed by American anthropologist, Florence Kluckhohn▪Human NatureChinese value on human nature▪Man, by nature, is good; people‘s inborn characters are similar, but learning makes them different;▪The story of Mencius‘ mother moving three tim es in order that her son could be in a good neighborhood;▪Y our character will be tinted ―red‖ if you are in the company of redness, but ―black‖ if you are in close contact with ink.▪安于现状，知足常乐，仁者爱人，仁至义尽▪Relationship of human to natureChinese traditional medicine shows the cultural value of harmony with nature▪Westerners: A minor illness like cold - work as usual; human body is an object that can be studied and then controlled---leading to the invention of powerful medicines, but the medicines may have unpleasant or even dangerous died effects.▪Chinese: cold- stayed home to give body a chance to recover. The human body is part of nature and needs to be brought back into balance. Medi cine should work with the body‘s own resources. It should be integrated with the body, so it will take longer to work.▪Sense of timeActivity---case study▪When a middle age American couple showed up to help a young Chinese couple move into their new apartment, they were surprised that the Chinese couple would not allow them to do any work. Instead they found a place for them to sit and gave them tea.▪Why?▪Activityconflict▪Westerners: experience the talk and behavior of Chinese people as performance, as dramatization of the self and as not very relevant to what is important; their conversation is lacking in information.▪Chinese: showing that they are friendly, virtuous, or sufficiently important; they are educated, polite, humble, high-ranking or hospitable.▪―我爸是李刚。
(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit2
Unit 2Culture and CommunicationReading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall’s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try tosatisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve thesame ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the culturalenvironment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in theireveryday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you movefrom one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?One’s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations.3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everydaycommunication?For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one’s boss by his or her title and never to express one’s disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.6. Does the sender play a more important role than the receiver in communication? No, they are equally important for both of them are essential in the process of communication.7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?The pure ideas and feelings that exist in a person’s mind represent meanings. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in this process?A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, which significantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.12. What examples can you find to show that one channel is more effective than othersfor transmitting certain messages?For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people‘s attention away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating.15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.16. What will you usually do when you receive negative feedback in communication?Open.Case StudyCase 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules whichfirmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. Ifshe feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found outher parents had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.。
跨文化交际Unit-2第二讲PPT课件
2021/3/12
6
Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
(2) How do you think of “self-reliance”?
• The American Creed is something of a doubleedged sword: it fosters a high sense of personal responsibility, independent initiative, and voluntarism ; it also encourages self-serving behavior, atomism, and a disregard for communal good. More specifically, its emphasis on individualism threatens traditional forms of community morality, and thus has historically promoted a particularly virulent strain of greedy behavior”
• Play a role • To feel an obligation toward
2021/3/12
（完整版）Unit2跨文化交际课后题答案
（完整版）Unit2跨⽂化交际课后题答案Unit Two Culture ShockⅠ.Fill in blanksa. In a formal western meal, you’re offered a second helping but you have already had enough. You should say “______”. That was delicious but I’ve already had plenty, thanks.b. Taboos are words, expressions, etc. that are considered as being ______ or ______. unpleasant, disgustingc. ______ is a culture that scores high on individualism. Individual cultured. Social distance refers to the degree of ______ or ______ between two cultures. similarity, dissimilaritye. Because of their ______, individualists give little thought to the ______ of others. But collectivists care very much what others in their groups think and do not like to be the targets of ______ and _______. independence, evaluations, scrutiny, criticismⅡ. Key Termsa. culture shockb. collectivist culturec. hospitalityd. politenesse. privacyⅢ. Short Answera. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?b. Why is there a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy?c. What ‘s the difference on tendency for foreigners to treat strangers between Individualism and Collectivism Theories?Ⅳ. Case study(1) Analyze the case and try to find the misunderstanding between the girl and the westerner.A westerner invited a Chinese girl to have lunch and take a tour around the British Parliament. In fact, the girl didn't have the lunch just because when the westerner asked her "Are you hungry?" The girl answered no. Then they didn't have lunch together.(2) Can you find some differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons?An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to ear that too.A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? One one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.Key to Unit TwoⅠ.Fill in blanksa. That was delicious but I’ve already had plenty, thanks.b. unpleasant, disgustingc. Individual cultured. similarity, dissimilaritye. independence, evaluations, scrutiny, criticismⅡ.Key Termsa. culture shock: It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.b. collectivist culture: It is a culture that places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity.c. hospitality: It means cordial and generous reception of or disposition toward guests.d. politeness: It refers to consideration for others, tact, and observance of accepted social usage.e. privacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.Ⅲ.Short Answera. 1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2 ) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.b. The reason might be that even the freedom with which foreigners express love and sexual desire can be seen as a valorization of the individual's pursuit of personal pleasure and happiness. That this is offensive tocollectivists is not surprising, as intense dyadic fusion is a kind of personal involvement that draws loyalty on attention from the group and focuses it on individual needs.c. Individualists tend to believe in equality; their communication norms stress equal treatment of subordinate and superior, friend and stranger. In contrast, collectivists’ communication norms often stress deference; a clear demarcation is made between one’s treatment of those above and below one in the social hierarchy. Clearly, to a collectivist, the way individualists treat strangers will seem unusual and unnecessarily polite.Ⅳ.Case studya. The mistake is that the westerner used his question as an invitation. The girl understood it only as a question. According to the Chinese tradition, the man should have invited her to lunch since their appointment was to have lunch first.b. Yes. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldn't imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldn't eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their different hospitality in different ways.。
跨文化交际UNIT 2
Supplement: What is culture?
❊ Origins of Culture in English and Chinese
“文化” is a native word in Chinese. “文” and “化” were used together in the Warring States. “人文” in “观乎人文，以化成天下” refers to the interwoven relationships between the monarch and his subjects, fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends, and “化” means “changing and/or cultivating”. When used together, “文” and “化” mean “以文教化”. They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning contrasted with “nature” on one hand and “primitiveness” and “savage” on the other hand. So “文化” was originally associated with mental activities.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (p41)
Reading I
4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads?
北京大学出版社《跨文化交际》unit 2 Understanding of communication
feedback
Communication is a two-way affair. The verbal or nonverbal response receivers are likely to give as they attempt to decode the meaning of messages nonverbal—smiles, sighs oral— questions or comments. Written— respond to a coworker’s memo. no message can be a kind of feedback.
Context
physical setting the formality of the conference room or lunch room the seating arrangements lighting the time of day the distance between speakers
Noise
Factors that interfere with the exchange of messages; one of the greatest sources of communication failure Noise is inevitable. All communication contains noise of some kind. Although we cannot eliminate it completely, we can reduce noise and its effects as much as possible.
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How to define these two concepts ?
A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. A low-context communication is just the opposite.
Tips: Sports metaphors in everyday American speech
Dropped the ball: failed to do what needed to be done On the ball: alert, active, and smart Drop back and punt: give up the present strategy and try something else To score points: to make a favorable impression on
what are the origins of these barriers ?
Source Encoding Channel Message Decoding Receiver
F
ba eed
context
Resp onse
ck
Noise
The most pivotal origins associated with language differences
high context souces
social roles, situation, participants
Chinese people and Japanese people tend to be high-context communicators as compared to people from Western cultures.
To hold the line: to be firm, to be uncompromising
Behavioral codes
In many situations, there is little meaning in the language people use and much meaning in the context. Behavioral codes are adapted at this time.
The distinctions between HC and LC
HC communication is economical, and efficient.It works very well as as the people communicating looking for and understand meanings in the context.
someone
To play ball: to go along with, to cooperate To throw a curve: to do something unexpected
To play hard ball: to be tough and unscrupulous
To cover the bases: to take everything into consideration Can't get to first base: unable to complete the first step towad a goal
a.Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is a form of communication that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the a b i l it y b o t h t o a d a pt t h e ir me s s a g e s specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.
Do you still remember the barriers in intercultural communication ?
Language differences
Nonverbal communication Stereotypes Cultural bias on judgments High level of stress
Code
Context
Using Codes to Communicate
when people communicate, they want their messages and meanings to be understood. The difficulty is that much of what people do when they communicate comes from their subjective culture. When people share culture, they share meanings, and when they communicate, they exchage meanings. we call the cover of the meanings as "code"
That's to say
The communication that occurs mostly through language is called low context and communication that occurs in ways other than through language is called high context.
b.Intracultural Communication
Intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture. Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.
d.Interethnic Communication
Interethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.
e.Interracial Communication
c.International Communication
International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式化) .
For example :
Space Language
There are some information we can get from people's behaviour, what are they?
Context in Communication
There are two kinds of contexts in communication:
In my opinion
The cross-cultural communication stresses more on the communication between the most distinctive cultures, such as estern culture and western culture.
What is cross-cultural communication on earth?
The definition of cross-cultural communication is similar to intercultural communication, which refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
Intercultural Communication
Lecture 2: Code and Context
Intercultural communication VS Cross-cultural communication
The forms of intercultural communication
f.interregional Communication