mini-lecture
[北科大]通用学术英语1 Unit1 Mini-lecture
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1.Do we need to define physical objects? Why? (mini-lecture 1)2.What is a good definition? (mini-lecture 1)3. How many parts does a formal definition consist of? What are they? (Mini Lecture 1)Mini-lecture 21.How should you make definitions in your research? (mini-lecture 2)2.How many types of definition you’ve learned from the lecture? What are they？They mainly differ in what way? (mini-lecture 2)Mini-lecture 31. How many note-taking methods are mentioned? Name the picture with corresponding method. Five methods: 1. the Cornell method,2. the Outline method,3.the Mapping method,4. the Charting method,5. the Sentence method.2. What is three-step approach(TAB ) of the Mapping method?Step1: Take down the term central to the topic of the lecture.Step2: Add around the term two main branches, one for the class, the other for differentiating features.Step3: Branch out like trees and add more relevant information from the lecture.Mini-lecture 41.In the context of academic writing, how many types can definitions be classified into? What are they?Three. Formal definitions, naming definitions and extended definitions.2.What do extended definitions include for your target audience?Narrative materials.1.Besides nouns themselves, from what can we derive nouns? How?From other words. One is adding suffixes. (to add -tion, -ment, -ing to verbs; to add -ness, -th to adjectives)2.How to expand a noun to build a complete sentence? Give one example?By adding more modifying information to nouns.The core ideas of constructivist learning theory that differentiate it from other theories○1add an adjective pre-modifier○2add a relative clause post-modifier○3add a “that” clause post-modifierQ:Write an extended definition of a term in your field of study or interest.Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linuxkernel and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance, with the main contributor and commercial marketer being Google.Cultural conflict is a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash. It has been used to explain violence and crime. Cultural conflicts are difficult to resolve as parties to the conflict have different beliefs. Cultural conflicts intensify when those differences become reflected in politics, particularly on a macro level. An example of cultural conflict is the debate over abortion. Ethnic cleansing is another extreme example of cultural conflict. Wars can also be a result of a cultural conflict, for example the differing views on slavery were one of the reasons for the American civil war.。
专八minilecture评分标准
专八minilecture评分标准专八minilecture评分标准是指在专八考试中，对于minilecture（小讲座）这一部分的评分标准和要求。
在专八考试中，minilecture是考生需要进行的一项口试任务，旨在考察考生的口头表达能力、逻辑思维能力以及对于特定话题的理解和分析能力。
在评分标准方面，专八minilecture评分主要从以下几个方面进行考察和评分：1. 内容准确性和完整性：评委会根据考生的讲座内容，评估其对于所选话题的理解和掌握程度。
考生需要确保讲座内容准确无误，并且能够全面地涵盖所选话题的各个方面。
2. 逻辑清晰性和结构合理性：评委会会对考生的讲座逻辑进行评估，包括思路的连贯性、段落之间的过渡以及整体结构的合理性。
考生需要能够清晰地表达自己的观点，并且能够合理地组织讲座的结构，使其具有逻辑性和条理性。
3. 语言表达和流利度：评委会会对考生的语言表达能力进行评估，包括词汇的丰富程度、语法的正确性以及语言的流利度。
考生需要能够运用准确丰富的词汇和语法结构，流利地表达自己的观点，并且能够使用恰当的语言技巧和修辞手法，提升讲座的表达效果。
4. 思想深度和观点独特性：评委会会对考生的思想深度和观点独特性进行评估，包括对于话题的深入思考和独特的见解。
考生需要能够展示自己对于话题的深入思考，并且能够提出独特的观点和见解，以展示自己的思考能力和创造性思维。
综上所述，专八minilecture评分标准主要从内容准确性和完整性、逻辑清晰性和结构合理性、语言表达和流利度以及思想深度和观点独特性等方面进行评估。
考生需要在这些方面全面展示自己的能力，以获得较高的评分。
为了在考试中取得好成绩，考生需要提前准备，熟悉评分标准，并且进行充分的练习和准备。
mini-lecture怎么做笔记
“总-分-总”的篇章结构特点
从历年考题分析，本部分从选文 材料基本上是总-分-总结构，层次 明晰，开始概括并指明分述的主要 观点，中间逐一阐述，最后总结。
第一项需要做的就是将草稿纸分版块，由 于专八的mini-lecture很有条理，那么在写 的时候可以分版块记笔记，使笔记结构更 加清晰。这样做在稍后填空时会很好的在 相应部分找答案。
数字 时间 重复出现的关 键词 一些动词 举例子时的项 目（特别提示 举例子的项目 需要记前几项）
Mini中还考一些总结，所以在听的时候要分项记清 没个点说的大概意思，也只需要记关键词 。
（一）借鉴口译实践的速记符 号和缩写
符号
通 用 符 号 自 定 符 号 数 长 字 词
缩写
专 名 常 用 缩 写
（二）采取“横纵结合”的书写方法
同层次内容速记 分 层 次 内 容 速 记
Ⅰ… （1）…… （2）…… Ⅱ… （1）…… （ 需要记下来？
2019年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture（2）
2019年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture(2)1 I also notice another interesting thing about this.关于这一点，我还发现了另一个有趣的现象。
It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of t hing than men.女性似乎比男性更有可能做出这种动作。
I mean women are more likely to make themselves small .我的意思是，女性更有可能让自己变小。
Women feel chronically less powerful than men,so this i s not surprising.女性总感觉自己的力量比男性弱，因此这并不令人惊讶。
The second question concerns our minds.第二个问题是关于我们的意识。
We know that our minds change our bodies.我们知道，我们的意识会改变我们的身体。
But is it also true that our bodies change our minds? 但我们的身体也可以改变我们的意识吗？And when I say minds,in the case of the powerful,what do I mean?当我说到意识的时候，以强大的力量为例，这是什么意思呢？I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of ph ysiological things that make up ourthoughts and feelings, 我在说想法和感觉，以及组成我们想法和感觉的生理上的东西，and in my case,that's hormones.就这件事而言，是指激素。
[北科大]通用学术英语1 Unit3 Mini-lecture
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Unit 3Mini-lecture 11.What is classification?A process of arranging items into categories based on shared characteristics. A way to organize information.2.Why is classification important?When writing an article in academic journal or giving a presentation in academic environment, abilities to classify, compare and contrast is essential.3.How should the categories be rated and ranked in the classification?You should determine a classifying principle, so that the categories are logical.4.What is the difference between comparison and contrast?To compare is to emphasize the similarities between things, ideas, concepts, or points of view while to contrast is to emphasize the differences.5.What is the difference between comparison and mere description or summary? Comparison aim to go beyond mere description or summary and emphasize the similarities or differences between things in order to make connections and generate an interesting analysis.Mini-lecture 21.What are the ways to organize a comparison essay?The point-by-point method, the block method, and the combination method.2.What is the detailed information about the ways to organize a comparison essay?○1point-by-point patternThe first paragraph considers the first point of comparison, and discusses the similarities of A＆B. The next paragraph considers the next point of comparison and so on.○2block patternFirst, the important features and points of comparison of A are discussed.Then, all of the important features of B are discussed, explaining how they compare or contrast with those of the first item.○3combination patternAlso called the likeness-differences patternBegin with a few paragraphs using the block patternThen move on to point-to-point patternMini-lecture 31.What can help you to take notes in an efficient and effective way?Prioritize to identify the important information.Organize information to identify relationships between the ideas and concepts presented. Anticipate the upcoming ideas and information.2.What are the steps to take notes with the charting method?Step 1: Determine the categories to be covered in the lecture.Step 2: Draw a table and head each column with the category.Step 3: Record information.Mini-lecture 41.What is the structure for a comparison essay?Introduction, body and conclusion.2.What are involved in the introductory section of a comparison essay? What are they?The frame of reference, the grounds for comparison and the thesis.The frame of reference is the context within which you place two things to be compared; it is the umbrella under which you have grouped them.The grounds for comparison are the rationale behind your choice, the reason you have chosen to compare these two items.The thesis statement conveys the gist of your argument, the point to be made in the essay.3.How can you make the relationship between the subjects clear?Use topic sentences and supporting details.4.What should be included in the conclusion?The conclusion should involve a brief, general summary of the most important similarities and differences, and it should restate the thesis with a concluding remark.Mini-lecture 51.What is cohesion? How can the cohesion be achieved?Cohesion is the connection and coherence of ideas. This can be achieved through both grammatical and lexical elements that allow readers to see the relationships within sentences and between ideas.Cairo is known for its overcrowded roads, irregular driving practices and shaky old vehicles, but also for its air pollution. In recent months, though, environmental studies indicate there have been signs of improvement. That’s due in part to the removal of many of the capital’s old-fashioned black and white taxis. Most of these dated back to the 1960s and 70s and were in a poor state of repair. After new legislation demanded their removal from the roads, a low interest loan scheme was setup with three Egyptian banks so drivers could buy new cars. The government pays about $900 for old ones to be discarded and advertising on the new vehicles helps cover repayments. The idea has proved popular with customers ― they can now travel in air-conditioned comfort and because the new cabs are metered, they don’t have to argue over fares. Banks and car manufacturers are glad for the extra business in tough economic times. As for the taxi drivers, most are delighted to be behind the wheel of new cars, although there have been a few complaints about switching from black and white to a plain white color.。
Mini-Lecture
强调，重申
• What is the most important is…, • indeed…, really…, certainly…, absolutely…, of course …, in other word, • To put it another way, • That is, • In similar terms
• In today’s lecture, I’ll try to answer 3 questions. • The following are steps shared between …and… • So, what are the most interesting feature/characteristics of… • This leads us to the first key of … • Now let’s discuss the features one by one. • Generally, there are two basic types of … • There are a number of reasons for…
Paralinguistic features of language How to write an experimental report? The popularity of English What can we learn from art? Meaning in literature Writing a research paper Conversation skills Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Study activities in University The press conference
[北科大]通用学术英语2 Unit1 Mini-lecture
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Questions on mini-lectures in Unit1Mini-lecture11.What are the two types of writing in terms of their purposes?Persuasive and informative.2.What is the purpose of persuasive and informative writing respectively?Persuasive writing's purpose is to argue and influence thought.Informative writing's purpose is to convey information and educate its audience.3.What is a thesis?A thesis is a proposition or claim that is central to any piece of academic writing.4.What is the process of constructing a thesis?The process of constructing a thesis leads from the literature research, through the introduction, and finally to the thesis statement.5.What are the features of a thesis statement?The thesis statement is made in the introduction of the writing, following the contextualization. Usually it is short as one or two sentences.6.What is a hypothesis in scientific writing?Hypothesis is a proposed solution to an unexplained phenomenon.7.What is the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable?A change of the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable.8.What are the two ways of writing a scientific hypothesis and when are they used?Use an ‘if…then’ statement when there is an independent and dependent variable.Use a null hypothesis if it is unclear whether or not the relationship exists.9.What is the difference between aims and objectives? An d where are they usually stated in a paper?The aims of a project are its ultimate goals what the project hopes to achieve in its completion. The aims may be general, but they should be expressed clearly and concisely.The objectives are the steps that you will take to achieve the aims of the research. Each objective should be specific.They usually stated at the beginning of the paper, or implied in the introduction10.What does the S.M.A.R.T acronym mean when defining the objectives?Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-constrained.Mini-lecture211.What are the steps that you can take to ensure responsive reading?Pause: Pause at the end of each section to ensure you understand each section before progressing further.Make notes: The process of note-taking allows you to gather your thoughts and arrange them in a clear and coherent way.Highlight: Before you make notes, highlight the key points of the text.12.What questions can you ask to help you identify literature gaps when you research a topic? What is the current trend in research?What is the generally accepted view on this topic?What questions remain to be answered?Mini-lecture313.What strategies are recommended to help you identify the main idea of a presentation?Pay attention to the beginning or the end of a lecture and focus on the language clues.Listen for repetition or other clues(a change in the speed of or tone of speech) if the mainidea or thesis statement is not explicitly stated.Mini-lecture414.What is the common way of developing a thesis?A commom way to develop a thesis is to begin by considering the topic of the essay, and then turn the topic into a thesis by narrowing down to a viewpoint or perspective.15.What is a sub-thesis?A sub-thesis is considered as a mini-thesis that will be used as the controlling idea of each section or paragraph.16.What are the questions you should ask to ensure that your thesis is effective and clear?Is there an argument?Is there a conuter-argument?Is it rational?Is it specific?Does it declare its reasoning?Mini-lecture517.Where is the old and new information presented in a sentence?The new information is at the end of sentences and the old information is at the beginning of sentences.18.What is often used to maintain the focus of a sentence?The passive voice.。
专八听力Mini-lecture技巧
专八听力Mini-lecture技巧专八听力Mini-lecture技巧大全引导语：专八考试中最难的便是mini-lecture，时间长不说，还不提前发卷。
下面店铺为大家带来一些mini-lecture技巧，希望能够帮助大家更好的去备考。
第一章：记什么1.抓主题,记实词专八听力讲座文章通常采用总-分-总的结构，因此显得中心突出，结构清晰，层次分明。
此外，开头主题、分论点或结论句中出现的关键性名词、动词、形容词等，或对某一事物特点的描述以及分述各点时的细节描述性词汇都是表达信息的主要载体。
2.表示顺序或层次的词句后是要点由于记笔记填空的材料总体来说结构清晰，因而常出现表示层次或顺序的词、词组、句子来帮助理解文章。
这类表达有：first of all, …/the second point, …/thirdly,…/Now, let’s take a look at the first point,…等等。
听音时，应对这些表达之后的信息予以注意和记录。
3.表示总结的词句后是要点记笔记填空结构层次比较清晰，因此在开始叙述和完成叙述时，通常会出现总结性或总括性的词句。
历年考题中经常出现的表示总结的结构有：to sum up, in summary, to summarize, in a word, generally speaking, finally, in general, in the end, to conclude, in conclusion, in brief, in closing, it can be concluded that…, to draw the conclusion, above all, on the whole, in short等。
4.表示强调、重申的词句后是要点文章通常不会对关键或主要的概念和观点只提一次，而会重复或多次强调说明，以突出重点信息，让听者能理解要点，从而正确理解整个讲座的内容。
专八满分听力Mini-lecture（1-4）
Mini-lecture 1Cultural UnderstandingLike learning a language，developing cultural understanding occurs step by step over time.Here are five stages of cultural understanding veduchina.Stage one：No understanding.一involves no awareness of the new culture：know nobody and few(1)Stage two：Sup erficial understanding.--awareness of (2) aspects of the foreign culture and stereotypes veduchina--stereotytres are(3)Stage three：Growing understanding and possible(4)--awareness of more subtle，less visible traits in foreign culture--unnecessarily bring acceptance veduchina.For anyone，the home culture is(5)Stage four：Greater(6)————understanding.一still(7) have little empathy veduchina一the(8) level is higherStage five：True empathy，and cultural (9)————.—to live in the foreign culture：the amount of time depends Oil(10)Mini-lecture 2 British Educational System1.Primary and secondary educationin Britain1)Children at the age of(1)________go to primary school.2)Students attend secondaryschool until age sixteen.3)Students enter higher education at age eighteen.2.Higher education in Britain1) In England and Wales：—Application for universities：through the UCCA；一Courses：“course”refers to a(2)_______ program，structured with a fixed program of classes；—Classes：a.classes are offered in the UK on a(3)________basis veduchina；b.more emphasi s i s placed on(4)________study；c.students write more essays and take fewer objective tests；d.classes often take the following forms：(5)______，tutorials，seminars.2) In Scotland：—A variety of tertiary level options are available：a.The colleges of further education provide vocational and (6)____education；b.Central institutions don’t directly validate degrees,but many have close ties to(7) .c.Teachers colleges veduchina；d.The standard university degree is a four—year(8)__________；parison between the US and the UK higher education1)Grading：一In the UK，(9)__________are the most common form of study assessment—The US professors grade less strictly than the UK professors veduchina2)Course levels：—Basic courses are not(10)____________at UK universities.Mini-lecture 3 Mass Media in AmericaMass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market.Three groups of mass media in America are briefly introduced.I. N ewspapersA.Reading newspaper is different from watching TV.—for one thing1.detailed(1)_______ of news items2.substantial treatment of news events3.interesting and stimulating opinions4.analysis over important events at home and abroac—for anotheras for the reading places, no(2)_______B.Newspapers are still a big business.—fact one: the large circulation of a number of important newspapers—fact two: the great (3)_______ of newspapers availableII. MagazinesA.great varietyB.wide range of topi csC.different target readers:the well-educated,well-informed,and(4)_____ peopleD.the top three:(5)_______ TV Guide and The Conde Nast SelectIII. Radio and TelevisionA.Radio:a first-class entertainment medium for most Americans一The future of the radio is still(6)___________B.Television--become popular after the invention of(7)_____ and videotape recorders—profound impact on society1.the socialization effect2.a(8)_________ a molder of new of new cultural trends and a molder of attitudes towards these new trends3.revolutionized the marketing of goods4.the enormous cultural impact of TV violent programs5.the impact of TV on(9)_______________To sum up，the mass media in Ameri ca has，to a great extent，changed and will still keep on changing Americans’(10)_________Mini-lecture 4 Government in Britain and the USThe focus of this lecture is different government systems in Britain and the US.Government in Britain:1. National government:the center of government in Britain iS Parliament.一Location of parliament:(1)__________.—Parliament includes the House of Common，the House of lords and the monarch.—the passage of bills:firstly brought to the House of Commons for discussion，then the house of Lords，finally(2)_________2. Local government in Britain，also known as(3)_________一make small laws,only applied in local area—got payment from(4)from national government--elected by people within each town,city or country areaGovernment in the US:1.The federal government—(5)________is the central law-making body in the US.1)the House of Representatives2)the Senate: the higher but less (6)________of the two houses of Congress.—The President has the power of (7)________a bill.—The Supreme Court: the final Court of Appeal in the US.2.The state government—Each state has its own written(8)________—The highest elected official of each state is the Governor.3.The local government—No law of local government can be(9)________with the United Constitution.To sum up，the government in each country is a (n) (10)________of its historicaland modern factors.参考答案：Mini-lecture1 (1)basi c facts (2)negative (3)offensive (4)conflict (5)much better(6)intellectual (7)emotionally (8)comfort (9)respect (10)the individualCulture understanding文化差异Today I will focus on the i ssue of culture understanding. With increasing globalization, the world becomes really small nowadays. As a member of the global, we get more chances to contact foreign cultures. And what if we want to understand foreign culture very well, what should we do? What kinds of process will we experience before we achieve that goal. The answer is not very difficult to imagine. Just like learning a language, developing culture understanding occurs steps by steps over time. Development of culture consciousness is a process that starts the stage no understanding and moves, in the best case, to the stage of true empathy移情作用,[心]神入and culture respect. So an order to make it a clearer explanation about the process, the five stages of culture understanding is presented here.Stage 1 no und erstanding This level involves no awareness of new culture. The point is quite easy to see. For a person who has few chances to get contact with other cultures, a new one sometimes might as well be like something from an unknown planet in outer space. The person does not know anyone from the culture, and has encountered few, if any, basi c facts about the culture; so naturally, the person certainly has no way to understand that culture at all.Stage 2 superficial understanding This level involves awareness of very superficial aspects of foreign culture, frequentl y negative aspects. At this stage of culture awareness, the person knows a few basic facts of new culture. These facts stand out and often serve as the basis of stereotypes 陈规,老套. However, the stereotypes are offensive because they imply that al l people from a certain culture have the same characteristi cs. At this stage of culture awareness, when stereotypes are keenly felt, the person is highly ethnocentric种族[民族]中心主义的,种族[民族, 集团]优越感的that means the person is just focused on his or her own culture as the norm of what is right and comparing the new culture with the better culture back home. Stage 3 growing und erstanding and possible conflict In this stage the learner begins to be aware of more subtle sometimes less visible traits in the foreign culture. I will give you an example here to illustrate this point. A student learned that a given culture focuses on family far more getting things accomplished. As a result, he or she begin to appreciate the huge importance of family value in this culture, so we can see thi s understanding helps the person to see why things operate the w ay they do. But such awareness doesn’t al ways bring acceptance. In this stage the person is still ethnocentri c home culture-oriented, comparing that culture that i s new to his/her old home culture and usually feel his/her home culture is much better. I think some of you, as English majors, may have the exactly same experiences when you come to be familiar with your foreign t eachers or friends. You do appreciate some of their cultures but you just can’t accept them from the bottom of your heart.Stage 4 great intellectual culture und erstanding At this stage the learner begins to comprehend intellectually the peopl e in the foreign culture yet they are still a little emotional empathy. The person can not feel what it is like to be a member of that culture, the learner thus starts to see things intellectually through the eye of culture bearers at the least part of the time, but they just can’t really feel the same way the members of foreign culture feel. The learner begins to shed ethnocentrism a little bi t and starts to understand new culture more deeply. The person knows why thing are done in the way they are done and accept these things with less irritation. So you can see now the learner obviously comprehend the briefs and actions of people in the culture, the comfort level is higher, and the person does not complain the extensively about the culture differences. That makes a big sense in the process of culture understanding.Stage 5 true empathy and culture resp ect This level is the highest one of culture awareness. To attain this level, the learner must actually live in the foreign culture for some time. As for how long the learner must live in such a culture so that they can reach stage five. The amount of time is variable, greatly depending on the individual. At the fifth stage, unlike the previous stages the learner does not just see things intellectually from the viewpoint of the culture some or most of the time, instead he/she actually feel the part of culture, respects the culture fully and emphasizes emotionally with those who have lived all their life in that culture. By doing so, the person, in real sense, achieves a true culture understanding.In summary, today’s lecture is centered on the stages and growth of culture consciousness. Altogether there are five. 1 no understanding means one does not know anyone from that culture knows few, if any, facts. 2 superficial understanding means one knows some superficial facts and stereotypes. 3 growing understanding and possible conflict means one is aware of moresubtle traits but may experience culture conflicts probably believes one’s own culture is superior. 4 great inte llectual culture understanding means one understands the culture intellectually but not emotionally. 5 true empathy and culture respect means one understands the culture both intellectually and emotionally, can feel what the people in the culture feel. Hope the lecture will be helpful in your nurturing of your culture awareness. Thanks for your patience.Mini-lecture2(1)five (2)degree (3)modular (4)independent/self-directed (5)lectures (6)technical(7)local businesses (8)Honors degree (9)written examinations (10) commonBritish Educational SystemToday I’ll talk about the British educational system, including the primary and secondary education and the higher education in Britain. Meanwhile, I’ll try to make a comparison between the US an d the UK higher education.First, I’ll briefly introduce the primary and secondary education in Britain. In England and Wales, students study in primary schools from age five until eleven. They attend secondary school until age sixteen. Before graduating, students usually take seven comprehensive exams, called the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams. After passing the GCSE exams, students choose to study two to four subjects intensely for the GCE Advanced Level exams, called "A levels." At eighteen, they enter higher education to focus on a parti cular subject, called a "course."Now let’s move on to the higher education in Britain. First I’ll talk about the general practi ces in England and Wales, and then the general practices in Scotland.In England and Wales, prospective university students apply for places through the Universities Central Council on Admissions (UCCA). Students do not apply directly to the universities themselves. Successful candidates are admitted directly into a specific degree "course." A degree course normally takes three or four years to complete. At most universities students study only one major subject. Each course i s structured with a fixed program of classes for the entire three years. Increasingly, universities in the United Kingdom are offering classes on a modular(课程教学)以单元为基础的basis, whi ch allows students to broaden their studies creating a more interdisciplinary program. This modularization, however, has not replaced the traditional British degree course with the American concept of credit accumulation. In addition, there is generally a sharp distinction between the arts and sciences and there is seldom any cross-over between the two.At a British university, more emphasis i s placed on independent, self-directed study than in the United States. Required texts and definite reading assignments are less common. More typi cally, an extensive reading list covering all topi cs to be discussed is di stributed at the start of the course to be used for independent research. British students typically consult a large number of sources from the library rather than intensively studying a few books purchased by everyone taking a course. In addition, students are required to write more essays and take fewer objective tests than at U.S. institutions. Classes often take the following forms: lectures, which are sometimes completely optional; tutorials, in whi ch a small number of students meet with the lecturer; and seminars, larger discussion classes often based upon seminar essays. Unlike the U.S. system of regular testing in a course, British students sit for final examinations that cover the full year's work and determine the grades for the class. With the growth of modularization, however, there has al so been an increase in the number and variety of modules offered on a semester basi s.In Scotland, there are a variety of tertiary第三的,第三位的level options available for students, the most important of whi ch are the colleges of further education, the central institutions, teachers colleges and the universities. The colleges of further education provide vocational and technical education, and enroll more students than all other tertiary institutions combined. Central institutions provide courses leading to the Higher National Diploma (HND), bachelor's degrees and some specialized master's degrees. These institutions do not have the authority to directly validate degrees and tend to offer a narrower range of subjects than the universities. Many have close ties to local businesses, offering cooperative work experiences that provide students a period of practical training.Scottish universities are quite di stinct from their British counterparts. In fact, they more closely resemble European or American universities. The standard Scottish university degree is a four-year Honors degree (BA Hons). Students are rarelyadmitted directly to a degree "course." Usually they are admitted to a faculty or simply admitted to the university as a whole. Scottish university students begin with a broad-based program during the first year and choose a specialization专门[业]化after the second or even the third year. Students may also elect to complete a three-year Ordinary degree. This i s a broad-based degree that (unlike in England) does not represent a "failed" Honors degree.Next, let’s compare the US and the UK highe r education from two aspects,]namely, grading and course levels.First, about the Grading. In the UK, assessment methods vary by institution and tend to reflect the UK teaching method and style. Written examinations, whi ch are held at the end of a year or, in some cases, in the final undergraduate year only, are the most common form of study assessment. There i s no official method of equating British and American educational qualifications. The educational systems are very different and attempts to compare them must be done on a strictly provisional basis. Many U.S. institutions have already developed systems of assessing their study abroad students or equating British grades to U.S. grades.Professors at UK institutions grade more stri ctly than their counterparts in the United States. As a result, American students studying in the UK often perceive that they have performed poorly in their classes, when they have not. Grades are given as percentages rather than letter grades. Forty percent is the minimum passing grade and high percentages are rarely awarded. A grade of seventy percent or higher is considered "with distinction."In general, percentages increase from forty rather than decrease from 100 percent, as they do in the United States.Second, about the Course Levels. A typi cal British course load will vary from 3 to 6 modules or classes per term. Most students take 4 to 5 modules per term. The number of hours in class per week will vary by institution. Students should note that general education or basi c courses are not as common at UK universities because they have already been covered at the GCSE level. Many faculties assume that a student has a basi c understanding of the concepts that will be addressed in the course. For this reason, it is common for third-year American students to take first-year and second-year courses at a UK university.With thi s, we’re coming to the end of today’s lecture. Next time, we’ll talk about university degrees.Mini-lecture3 (1)coverage (2) limitation/confinement (3) variety(4)public—conscious(5) Reader’s Digest (6) promising/bright (7)portable cameras (8) transmitter (9) religion (10)lifeMass Media in America美国媒体Good morning, everyone,today my topic i s mass media in America. By media, we refer to the variety of means by which technology transmits information and entertainment to us. Thus, in its broadest sense, the term media includes newspaper, television, movies, radio, books, and magazines. Mass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market. Here I would like to introduce the mass media in America by dividing them into three groups: newspaper; magazines; radio and television.First, let’s have a look at newspapers. For a long time, newspapers have been the chief means by whi ch people get themselves informed. While television has replaced newspapers as the primary source of news for most Americans, and while computer network is increasingly becoming a faster and easier way of obtaining news for many Americans, newspapers still remain as one of the most powerful means of communications in the United States. For one thing, reading newspapers i s different from watching TV. It gives detailed coverage报道范围of news items, and tends to provide substantial treatment of news events. And, sometimes it offers interesting and stimulating opinions as well as analysis over important events at home and abroad. For another, unlike watching TV, reading newspapers does not require one to be confined to his sitting-room. He can do it virtually anywhere he likes: in his car, at the breakfast table, sitting in the sun, waiting at the subway station, and believe it or not, in the restroom. So, for these and many other reasons, newspapers in the United States are still a big bus iness. And, this is borne out by two facts: (1) the large circulation of a number of important newspapers such as USA Today《今日美国》and The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》; (2) the great variety of newspapers available in the United States, big and small, local and national, special and general, radical and conservative, and so on. The top 3 daily newspapers in the United States are: Wall Street Journal, USA Today and New York Times《纽约时报》.Second, we’ll move to magazines. According to a statisti cal record in 1990, there were over 12,205 magazines being published in the United States. More than 4,000 of them appear monthly, and over 1,300 are published each week. They cover all topics and interests, from art and architecture to sports, from aviation航空学,飞机制造业and gardening to computers and book reviews, from fashion design and cooking to homemaking. Quite a few have international editors, are translated into other languages, or have “daughter” editions in foreign countries. Among the many internationals are National Geographic《国家地理》杂志, Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》杂志,Cosmopolitan《大都会》,Vogue《时尚》杂志,Time《时代》,Newsweek 《新闻周刊》, Scientific American and Psychology Today. The weekly newsmagazines —the best known are Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》—serve as a type of national press. Unlike newspapers, however, weekly newsmagazines tend to give extensive coverage and provide detailed, and sometimes in-depth, analysis. Also unlike newspapers, whi ch usually have the lowest common denominator in their appeal to the general reading public, weekly newsmagazines normally target at the well-educated, well-informed, and public-conscious people of the society. Many weekly newsmagazines also have considerable international impact, particularly Time and Newsweek. The top three magazines in America are: (1) Reader’s Digest; (2) TV Guide《电视导读》; (3) The Conde Nast Select.Third, I’ll say something about radio and television. In more than two generations, the two powerful mass media transformed much of American life.Radio, emerging at the same period when the Great Depression pervaded蔓延, 在…中盛行in America, provided free entertainment in the comforts of the home. Families that could no longer afford to go out for entertainment gathered together in their living rooms to escape reality by laughing, fantasizing梦想,幻想and dreaming of happier times. From then on, radio became a first-class entertainment medium for most Ameri cans. Up until now, in view of the popularity of radio programs in the United States, the future of radio as a form of medium continues to look bright.Then, with the rapid development of science and technology, TV came into being in 1920s. It primarily serves as a medium of entertainment, and then also has a big role to play as a news broadcasting agency. Networks began experimenting with news at locally owned stations as early as January 1940. But, early-day television news could not begin to compare with radio news. Only after the invention of portable cameras and videotape recorders had television been made a much more credible news medium because viewers saw pictures of the news events on the day they occurred. Consequently, access to news is made much easier, and the general public is getting better informed.Gradually, television’s impact on American society has been more and more profound. It has changed the life-styles of most Americans and become a major influence on American culture. It can be seen from 5 aspects.First and foremost is the socialization effect. Many studies have shown that TV’s dominance as household activi ty often reduces the level of communi cation among family members and, as a result, much of the culture being distributed to youngsters today in the United States comes from the tube rather than the family.Secondly, television programming has played an important role in shaping and reflecting for the masses the cultural changes that have been occurring in American Society. TV functions both as a transmitter传送[递]者of new cultural trends and as a molder造型者,模塑者of new attitudes towards these new trends.Thirdly, television has revolutionized the marketing of goods in the Ameri can economy. With TV marketing, people become vulnerable to the products, or in other words, to the commercials.Fourthly, the cultural impact of violent TV programs has been quite enormous. Needless to say, the question of violence on TV has been around nearly as long as the medium. Many critics claim that TV violence increases violence in American society.Fifthly, the impact of TV on religion has al so been an issue of great concern to many Americans. So far now, it is still an issue full of di sputes.To sum up, the mass media in Ameri ca includes so many different forms, and each of them plays a vital role in American people’s life not only in the past, but also at present and in the future. To know much about America, one must have a good knowledge about its mass media.Mini-lecture4 (1)Westminster (2)signed (3)Councils (4)local taxes (5)Congress (6)powerful(7)veto (8)Constitution (9)in di sagreement (10)embodimentGovernment in Britain and the US英美政府Today we will focus on the Government in Britain and the United States. Let’s have a look at them one after the other.Government in Britain can be divided into National government and Local government.The center of government in Britain is Parliament, which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and punishment, taxation课税, etc. Parliament i s made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch. The Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself i s used to mean Parliament.The House of commons, or the Commons, is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a parti cular area or constituency(议员所代表的)(全体)选民;选(举)区. The House of Lords上议院, or the Lords, is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000 members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord or Viscount子爵whi ch have been passed down to them on the death of their father; people who are given titles as a reward for their long servi ce in public life, but whose children do not inherit their title; and some important leaders of the Church of England, such as Archbishops and Bishops.The government brings bills to the House of Commons下议院, whi ch are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords to be di scussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it. When bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of Parliament.At present England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster. In Northern Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of di scussion about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales. The Local government in Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws, that i s bylaws, whi ch only apply in their area, but these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in certain streets.Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government. Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, schools, libraries, public transport, street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting thi s tax.Local councils are elected by people within each town, city, or county area. The people who are elected, known as councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues rather than the national policies of their party.Now let’s move to the topi c of Government in the US. All levels of government in the US, including federal, state, and local, are elected by the people of the country.First, we’ll talk about the federal government. The constitution of the US specifi cally limits the power of the federal, or national, government mainly to defense, foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is made up of the Congress , the President, and the Supreme Court. Congress, the central law-making body in the US, i s made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or Congressmen. The number of Representatives for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state having at least one Representative. The Senate i s the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100 members, called Senators, elected by their state. Each state has two Senators. Congress decides whether a BILL becomes law. If the Senate and the House of Representatives both agree to a bill, the President i s asked to agree. The President can veto the bill, but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.Second, we’ll learn something about the state government. The state government has the greatest influence in people’s daily lives. Each state has its own written Constitution, and among the states there are sometimes great differences in law on matters such as property, crime, health and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one。
专八听力minilecture技巧讲解
04
专八听力minilecture常 见问题解答
如何提高听力速度和反应速度？
听力速度
平时多听英语新闻、播客、电影、电 视剧等，提高对英语语音的敏感度和 熟悉度，以便在考试中更快地理解听 力内容。
心理准备
保持冷静和专注，避免因紧张而影 响听力效果，可以通过深呼吸等方 式来放松自己。
听力过程
抓住主题和结构
定位关键信息和细节
在开始时集中注意力捕捉minilecture的主 题和结构，有助于理解整个内容的大纲。
注意听清并记录下关键的时间、数字、人 物、事件等信息，这些往往是答案的关键 。
筛选无关信息
在进行模拟题练习时，建议考生选择与真题难度相当的模拟题，以确保练习效果 。同时，要注重答题技巧的掌握，学会如何快速助考生了解minilecture的出题规律和趋 势，加深对题目的理解。通过对历年真题的解析，考生可以 掌握minilecture的解题思路和方法，提高答题的准确性和速 度。
注重基础知识的巩固和扩展
词汇积累
听力考试涉及的词汇量较大，考 生应注重词汇的积累，尤其是学
科专业词汇和常见场景词汇。
语法知识
听力考试中长难句较多，考生应 加强语法知识的学习，提高对复
杂句子的理解和分析能力。
学科知识
听力考试涉及的学科知识较为广 泛，考生应注重相关学科知识的 积累，了解背景知识和专业术语。
minilecture是专八听力考试中分值 最大的一部分，占总分的30%。
考生在minilecture部分的得分情况， 对于整个听力部分的成绩有着决定性 的影响。
(完整版)2018年英语专业八级真题听力minilecture原题,答案以及原文
2018年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture原文(1)Language and Humanity语言和人类Good morning, everyone.大家早上好。
In today's lecture, we're going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity. As we all know, language is very powerful.在今天的课上，我们将讨论语言和人类之间的关系。
众所周知，语言是非常强大的。
It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone else's mind.它可以让你把你的想法直接放在别人的大脑里。
Languages are like genes talking, getting things they want.语言就像会说话的基因，得到他们想要的东西。
And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth.你可以想象，当一个婴儿第一次发现，仅仅通过发出一个声音，它就能让物体像中了魔法一样在房间里移动，甚至可能进入它的嘴里。
Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait, you know, human's ability to do things with language, has evolved, and why did this trait evolve only in our species?现在我们需要解释这个显著的特征，也就是人类用语言做事的能力，是如何进化的，为什么进化，为什么这个特征只在我们人类身上进化？In order to get an answer to the question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees.为了得到这个问题的答案，我们必须研究黑猩猩的工具使用。
2019年英语专业八级真题听力 Mini-lecture(1)
Body Language and Mind肢体语言和意识Good morning,everyone.大家早上好。
In today's lecture,I'd like to focus on how our body langu age reveals who we are.在今天的课上，我主要来讲讲我们的肢体语言如何揭示出我们是什么样的人。
We're really fascinated with body language,and particula rly interested in other people's bodylanguage.我们对肢体语言十分感兴趣，尤其是其他人的肢体语言。
You know,we're sometimes interested in an awkward int eraction,or a smile,or a contemptuous glance,or maybe a very awkward wink,or handshake.你们知道的，我们有时会对一次尴尬的交流、微笑、轻蔑一瞥感兴趣，也有可能对尴尬的眨眼或握手感兴趣。
So what kind of body language am I talking about?那么，你们知道我说的是哪种肢体语言吗？I am interested in power dynamics--that is the nonverba l expressions of power and dominance.我对动力学感兴趣——这是权力和支配地位的非语言表达。
And what are nonverbal expressions of power and domin ance?那么，权力和支配地位的非语言表达是什么呢？Well,this is what they are.下面，我来阐述它们的含义。
听力minilecture 原文
6 Study in AmericaThis week in our Foreign Student Series, we discuss something for students interested in higher education in the United States.Firstly, let’s learn about how to get the information you need. One place to go for advice and information about American colleges and universities is an Education USA center. More than four hundred of these educational advising centers are located around the world. The advisers at Education USA centers do not charge any money for their services.They help students find schools and get information about financial aid, admissions tests and visa requirements. The centers are supported by the State Department. You can find the nearest one on the State Department's Web site for international students.Another place to get information is at an educational fair.Representatives of American colleges and universities present information and answer questions from students and their parents.The Institute of International Education has been organizing United States Higher Education Fairs in Asia since 1982. Last year, more than fourteen thousand students attended these fairs in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand and Vietnam. The next higher education fairs in Asia are in October.Secondly, we talk about applying to an American college or university. International admissions officers advise students to apply to at least three schools.You may be able to apply online and pay the application charge with a credit card, or by mail.You should study the Web sites of schools that interest you. You can find information about how and when to apply, how much it will cost and whether any financial aid is available. And you can probably e-mail the admissions office with any questions.In most schools, the admissions Web site has an area where people can send questions to current international students.Wherever you apply, you should start the application process at least two years before you want to begin your studies. Completing the applications and any required admissions tests will take time.There are two competing admissions tests at the undergraduate level: the SAT and the ACT.The SAT involves mathematics and language and includes writing an essay.The ACT is designed to measure what a student learned in high school. There are questions in four skill areas: math, English, reading and science.Most American colleges and universities require applicants for a bachelor's degree to take one of the tests. Some students take both.The ACT is advertised as "America's most widely accepted college entrance exam." The SAT is advertised as the one "most widely taken" and, combined with high school grades, "the best predictor of college success."For graduate-level programs, applicants often have to take the Graduate Record Examinations, or GRE.The general test measures reasoning, thinking and writing skills.Non-native English speakers will most likely have to take the TOEFL, the Test of English as a Foreign Language, or IELTS, the International English Language Testing System.Most American colleges and universities accept one or both of the two major tests.The TOEFL is given in 180 countries. The competing IELTS is given in 121 countries.One million people each year take the TOEFL, says Tom Ewing, a spokesman for the Educational Testing Service. Same with the IELTS, says Beryl Meiron, the executive director of IELTS International.She says two thousand colleges and universities in the United States now recognize the IELTS.The IELTS is a paper test, while the TOEFL is given on paper only in places where a computer test is unavailable.The TOEFL paper test costs 150 dollars. It tests reading, listening and writing. A separate Test ofSpoken English costs 125 dollars.The computer version is called the TOEFL iBT, or Internet-based test. The price is different in each country, but generally falls between 150 and 200 dollars.The TOEFL iBT and the IELTS both measure all four language skills --- listening, reading, writing and speaking. But with the IELTS, the speaking test is done separately as a live interview. You speak with an examiner who is certified in ESOL - English for speakers of other languages.IELTS International says the test measures true-to-life ability to communicate in English for education, immigration and employment. Institutions in Britain and Australia jointly developed it.Thirdly, what’s the next step if you get accepted? Just getting accepted to an American college or university does not guarantee that you will get a visa. And getting a visa just lets you arrive in the United States. It does not guarantee that an immigration officer will permit you to enter the country.Travel documents come from the Department of State. But immigration is the responsibility of the Department of Homeland Security.The State Department has a Web site with all the rules for getting a visa. The address is . Unitedstatesvisas is all one word.If you are requesting a visa for the first time, you will probably have to go to an American embassy. You will need to bring a government form sent to you by your American school that shows you have been accepted.You will also need banking and tax records that show you have enough money to pay for your education. And be prepared to provide evidence that you will return to your home country after your studies end.All of this is important in satisfying the requirements to get a visa.Foreign students must contact their local embassy to request an interview and to get other information. This includes directions about how and where to pay the visa application charge. The cost is 200 dollars.You should apply for the visa as soon as you have been accepted to a school in the United States. The government needs time to perform a background investigation.You cannot receive a visa more than 120 days before the start of your program. And if you are coming as a student for the first time, you cannot enter the country more than thirty days before classes begin.Once you come to the United States, you can stay for the length of your period of study. Your school is required to provide the Department of Homeland Security with reports on your status as a student.7 How to Conduct Research OnlineGood morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I’ll talk about tips on how to do researc h online. Nowadays, online resources can be found easily, and they can be of very high quality. The best way to find high-quality journal articles is to get them through your online library, or to buy the articles through an article provider.However, there are good sources that are both accurate and of high quality on the Web, and they are often free and don’t need any password.Whether you are looking for journal articles, thesis, factual information, or high-quality resources, the same principles are always helpful. Narrow your topic, make sure your search terms are relevant and focused, make sure your articles and your topic are consistent, examine your sources for prejudice and distortion, and finally, make sure that your research provides enough support and background for your argument.Let's expand the steps and look at them again. It is useful to look at each of the stepsindividually.(1)Define your topic.Narrow it down, but don't constrain it too much. Develop a solid topic statement that gives you room to develop an argument. This is a great time to do brainstorming. Clusters, mind maps, concept maps, decision trees, and free-writing are all very useful.Determine what fields of study your research question will address.(2)Identifying the fields of study will help you determine which journals or databases tosearch.(3)Make a list of items that interest you about the topic.For example, you may be required to write an essay on an aspect of Hamlet in your English class. At first, you feel puzzled. Later, however, you think about the characters and situations that most interested you and you recall that Ophelia's speech and then her death were interesting to you. You wondered about the psychological state, and how she was thought by the others in the play. Does her situation show something essential about the human condition? You don't have any idea, but you'd like to explore it. So, you start by looking into what others have said about Ophelia in Hamlet. You find that her madness and death reflect and reinforce the overall themes of death, madness, murder, and betrayal. How does Ophelia's madness contrast with Hamlet's? (4) You start writing down ideas and key words. These will help you develop search terms and focus your search by going to the correct types of journals and materials.Narrow your topic.This requires another round of brainstorming, but this time you will be focusing on what others have written. List terms, ideas, and concepts that occur to you, and then focus on the subcategories that you find most interesting.Then, use the list to narrow your topic. (5)Avoid old-fashioned subjects and the ones that are too narrow or too broad.What have others said?As you conduct beginning research in the library, you will find books and articles on your topic. As you read the material, try to form an idea of what the major issues have been in the discussions about your topic.For example, if your topic is on how the study of pragmatics starts, you will need to have an idea of who started researching the topic first. You will also need to identify the sides of the argument. Who is for it? Who is against it? Why? What are the issues?(6) Once you have a sense of the main players, you can start to do searches based on author name as well as key words or topics.Evaluate your material.How do you determine if a source of information is of high quality? Even if you are getting your data from a library database such as Lexis-Nexis, (7) you should be aware that the articles contained in the newspapers they have in their database could be prejudiced.Anyone with access to a server can put material on the web; there are no controls on what people choose to write. As a result, web pages should be viewed with even more caution than most print materials. In particular you should look for:- who is responsible for the site ---is there a name and contact address?- what is the operating rule for the site ---is it supporting a particular viewpoint to prove other views to be wrong?- is there a list or bibliography of evidence?-(8) is there a date when the site was last updated ---how long ago did this happen?- does the site seem to be permanent or part of a permanent organization?Organize your sources, articles, and notes.After you have found your articles, be sure to organize them so that you have a sense of where they will go in your paper. Keep your original topic in mind and the points you are trying to make. You should support them with evidence and research findings from your articles.This is a good time to return to your outline and to start mapping out where you plan to use your sources and materials.Create a bibliography.(9)As you download and read your articles, you can keep track of them by creating an"electronic notebook" which would consist of a list of your sources. Create an entry for each source. Use the appropriate style. After you have completed that, be sure to write a one-sentence summary of the article and how it relates to your topic.Update your outline.Re-examine your thesis. Look at your argumentation structure. Does each paragraph help support your thesis? How does your research fit? Determine where you have gaps and redundancies.Fill in the gaps.Make a list of the places in your paper where you need additional support for your argument.(10)Then, after eliminating redundancies, map where you need to fill gaps, and where your argument needs additional support.8 Mass Media in AmericaGood morning, everyone, today my topic is mass media in America. By media, we refer to the variety of means by which technology transmits information and entertainment to us. Thus, in its broadest sense, the term media includes newspaper, television, movies, radio, books, and magazines. Mass media specifically refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market. Here I would like to introduce the mass media in America by dividing them into three groups: newspaper; magazines; radio and television.First, let’s have a look at newspapers. For a long time, newspapers have been the chief means by which people get themselves informed. While television has replaced newspapers as the primary source of news for most Americans, and while computer network is increasingly becoming a faster and easier way of obtaining news for many Americans, newspapers still remain as one of the most powerful means of communications in the United States. For one thing, reading newspapers is different from watching TV. It gives detailed coverage of news items,and tends to provide substantial treatment of news events. And, sometimes it offers interesting and stimulating opinions as well as analysis over important events at home and abroad.For another, unlike watching TV, reading newspapers does not require one to be confined to his sitting-room. He can do it virtually anywhere he likes: in his car, at the breakfast table, sitting in the sun, waiting at the subway station, and believe it or not, in the restroom. So, for these and many other reasons, newspapers in the United States are still a big business. And, this is borne out by two facts: (1) the large circulation of a number of important newspapers such as USA Today and The Wall Street Journal; (2) the great variety of newspapers available in the United States, big and small, local and national, special and general, radical and conservative, and so on. The top 3 daily newspapers in the United States are: Wall Street Journal, USA Today and New York Times.Second, we’ll move to magazines. According to a statistical r ecord in 1990, there were over 12, 205 magazines being published in the United States. More than 4, 000 of them appear monthly, and over 1, 300 are published each week. They cover all topics and interests, from art and architecture to sports, from aviation and gardening to computers and book reviews, from fashion design and cooking to homemaking. Quite a few have international editors, are translated into other languages,or have “daughter” editions in foreign countries. Among the many internationals are National Geographic, Reader’s Digest, Cosmopolitan, Vogue, Time, Newsweek, Scientific American and Psychology Today. The weekly newsmagazines --- the best known are Time, Newsweek, and U. S. News & World Report --- serve as a type of national press. Unlike newspapers, however, weekly newsmagazines tend to give extensive coverage and provide detailed, and sometimes in-depth, analysis. Also unlike newspapers, which usually have the lowest common denominator in their appeal to the general reading public, weekly newsmagazines normally target at the well-educated, well-informed, and public-conscious people of the society. Many weekly newsmagazines also have considerable international impact, particularly Time and Newsweek. The top three magazines in America are: (1) Reader’s Digest; (2) TV Guide; (3) The Conde Nast Select.Third, I’ll say something about radio and television. In more than two generations, the two powerful mass media transformed much of American life.Radio, emerging at the same period when the Great Depression pervaded in America, provided free entertainment in the comforts of the home. Families that could no longer afford to go out for entertainment gathered together in their living rooms to escape reality by laughing, fantasizing and dreaming of happier times. From then on, radio became a first-class entertainment medium for most Americans. Up until now, in view of the popularity of radio programs in the United States, the future of radio as a form of medium continues to look bright.Then, with the rapid development of science and technology, TV came into being in 1920s. It primarily serves as a medium of entertainment, and then also has a big role to play as a news broadcasting agency. Networks began experimenting with news at locally owned stations as early as January 1940. But, early-day television news could not begin to compare with radio news. Only after the invention of portable cameras and videotape recorders had television been made a much more credible news medium because viewers saw pictures of the news events on the day they occurred. Consequently, access to news is made much easier, and the general public is getting better informed.Gradually, television’s impact on American society has been more and more profound. It has changed the life-styles of most Americans and become a major influence on American culture. It can be seen from 5 aspects.First and foremost is the socialization effect. Many studies have shown that TV’s dominance as household activity often reduces the level of communication among family members and, as a result, much of the culture being distributed to youngsters today in the United States comes from the tube rather than the family.Secondly, television programming has played an important role in shaping and reflecting for the masses the cultural changes that have been occurring in American society. TV functions both as a transmitter of new cultural trends and as a molder of new attitudes towards these new trends.Thirdly, television has revolutionized the marketing of goods in the American economy. With TV marketing, people become vulnerable to the products, or in other words, to the commercials.Fourthly, the cultural impact of violent TV programs has been quite enormous. Needless to say, the question of violence on TV has been around nearly as long as the medium. Many critics claim that TV violence increases violence in American society.Fifthly, the impact of TV on religion has also been an issue of great concern to many Americans. So far now, it is still an issue full of disputes.To sum up, the mass media in America includes so many different forms, and each of them plays a vital role in American people’s life not only in the past, but also at present and in the future. To know much about America, one must have a good knowledge about its mass media.9 Problems for EFL LearnersEven though some EFL learners achieve high score in a certain standard English test such as IELTS or TOFEL, they still have some problems concerning the learning of English. Today I’d l ike to talk about some of the problems that students face when they follow a course of study through the medium of English - if English is not their mother tongue. The purpose is to show that we’re aware of students’ problems, and that by analyzing them perhaps it’ll be possible to suggest how some of them may be overcome.The problems can be divided into three broad categories: psychological, cultural and linguistic. Some of the common psychological problems really involve fear of the unknown: for example, whether one’s academic studies will be too difficult, whether one will fail the exams, and so on. All students share these apprehensions.It’s probably best for a student not to look too far ahead but to concentrate day-by-day on increasing his knowledge and developing his ability. The overseas student in Britain may also suffer from separation from his family and possible homesickness; enjoyment of his activities in Britain and the passage of time are the only real help here.Looking now at the cultural problems,we can see that some of them are of a very practical nature, for example, arranging satisfactory accommodation, getting used to British money (or the lack of it), British food and weather. Some of the cultural difficulties are less easy to define: they are bound up with the whole range of alien customs, habits and traditions --- in other words, the British way of life. Such difficulties include:settling into a strange environment and a new academic routine; learning a new set of social habits, ranging from the times of meals to the meanings of gestures; expressing appropriate greetings; understanding a different kind of humor; and learning how to make friends. Being open-minded and adaptable is the best approach to some of the difficulties listed here.The largest category is probably linguistic. Let’s look at this in some detail. Most students have learnt English at school, but they have had little everyday opportunity to practice using English. When foreign learners first have the opportunity to speak to an English-speaking person they may have a shock: they often have great difficulty in understanding! There are a number of reasons for this. I’ll just mention three of them.Firstly, it seems to students that English people speak very quickly. Secondly, they speak with a variety of accents. Thirdly, different styles of speech are used in different situations, for example, everyday spoken English, which is colloquial and idiomatic, is different from the English used for academic purposes. Don’t f orget, by the way, that if students have difficulty in understanding English-speaking people, these people may also have difficulty in understanding the students!What can a student do then to overcome these difficulties? Well, obviously, he can benefit from attending English classes and if a language laboratory is available use it as much as possible. He should also listen to programmes in English on the radio and TV. Perhaps the most important of all, he should take every available opportunity to meet and speak with native English-speaking people. He should be aware, however, that English people are, by temperament, often reserved and may be unwilling to start a conversation. Nevertheless, if he has the courage to take the initiative, however difficult it may seem to be, most English people will respond. He will need patience and perseverance.In addition to these problems regarding listening and understanding, the student probably has difficulty in speaking English fluently. He has the ideas, he knows wh at to say but he doesn’t know how to say it in English. The advice here will seem difficult to follow but it’s necessary. Firstly, he must simplify his language so that he can express himself reasonably clearly;for example, short sentences will be better than long ones. Secondly, he must try to think in English, not translate from his mother tongue. That’ll only begin to take place when his use of English becomes automatic;using a language laboratory and listening to as much English as possible will help. In general, he should practice speaking as much as possible. He should also notice the kind of English, and its structure, that educated people use, and try to imitate it.The problem with learning English as a foreign language is that all English learners want to speak English well; however, most learners don't want to spend time on learning English on their own. Learning English requires action. You may know all the learning tips, but if you don't start doing things, you will achieve nothing. The fact is, if you want to learn to speak English well, you must change your life.Thank you for your attention.10 Attending a College or University in the USAToday, I’m going to talk about how people from foreign countries can attend a college or university in the United States. Experts say you must plan early if you want to study in the United States. They say to begin at least two years before you want to start your studies.The first step is to visit an American educational advising center. There are more than 400 such offices around the world. You can find the one closest to your home by using a computer. Go to an Education Report on the Special English Web site and click on the link to the State Department Education Foreign Student Web page.Or ask the Public Affairs Office at the United States Embassy in your country to tell you where the nearest American educational advising center is. Educational advising centers have information about American colleges. They have computers so you can do a search to find the best school for you.Colleges and universities in the United States offer different kinds of degrees that require one or more years of study. For example, some schools offer certificate programs. These programs offer one year of training in subjects like office work, computer programming or car repair.You may also choose a two-year junior college or community college. Such programs lead to an associate degree. For example, some two-year programs prepare students for skilled jobs in electronics.Studying at a community college costs much less than at a four-year college. Many colleges and universities accept community college work as the first two years toward a four-year bachelor’s degree. To get a bachelor’s degree, you study general subjects lik e English, history, mathematics, and science during the first two years. During the last two years you take classes in your major area of study.If you already have a college degree, you may want to get an advanced degree at an American graduate school. A master’s degree usually takes two or three more years of full-time study in one subject. You must attend graduate school if you want to be a college professor, medical doctor or lawyer. These special degree programs require between three and six years of additional study.People attend a college or university to continue their education after high school. This prepares them for work. It also provides them with a greater understanding of the world and its past. And, it helps them value the arts and sciences. But what is the difference between a college and a university in the United States?Students usually attend a college for four years to complete a program of study. Those who are successful receive a bachelor’s degree. Colleges generally do not offer additional study programs or support research projects.Universities often are much larger than colleges. Universities carry out research. They also offer several programs in many areas of study. Universities offer bachelor’s degrees after four years of study. They also offer graduate degrees that require additional years of study.Modern universities developed from those of Europe’s Middle Ages. They took their name from the Latin word “universitas”. It meant a group of people organized for one purpose. Th e firstEuropean colleges were groups of students who came together because of the same interests. In England, colleges were formed to provide students with living places. Usually each group was studying the same thing, so the word “college” came to mean o ne area of study.Today, most American colleges offer an area of study called liberal arts. The liberal arts are subjects first developed and taught in ancient Greece. They trained a person’s mind. They were considered different from subjects that were us eful in life. The word “college” also means a part of a university that teaches one area of study. That is because the first American universities divided their studies into many areas and called each one a college. For example, the University of Texas at Austin has fourteen different colleges. It also has the most students of any single university in the country. This year, more than 52,000 men and women are studying there.One way to earn a degree at an American college or university is to stay at home and use a computer. American universities have been offering classes online for a number of years. Students who have taken online classes say they like them. One reason is because they do not have to travel to a building at a set time to listen to a professor. Professors say they have better communication with students through electronic mail notes than they do in many traditional classes.Some colleges offer academic degrees online. One is Jones International University in Englewood, Colorado. Its web site says it is the first fully online accredited university.It offers both bachelor’s degrees and master’s degrees.The University of Phoenix in Arizona has been offering degrees online since 1989. University officials say they try to provide students with a social experience as well as an educational one. For example, in some programs, groups of the same six students progress through all their classes together. They communicate by computer.Another online school is Cardean University ,near Chicago, Illinois. It began operations two years ago. It is offering online classes leading to a Master’s of Business Administration degree. Cardean University uses a problem-solving method of teaching. Students attempt to solve real problems in their classes online instead of reading information.Anyone with a computer can find information on the Internet about these schools and others. You can use a search engine such as Google or Yahoo. Type “online education”, and choose from a list of schools. Each will provide information about its programs and costs.However, experts say you should not send money to any school that says you can get a college degree without doing any work. These are illegal operations. Experts also say that you should find out if such college degrees are recognized in your country before you decide to get an education online.Well, this is part of a series of talks about how people from foreign countries can attend a college or university in the United States. Next week, we’ll continue with the talk s.。
专八-mini-lecture技巧
使用实物
如果可能，使用实物进行演示 ，让听众更直观地理解演讲内 容。
肢体语言
适当使用肢体语言，如手势、 动作和面部表情，增强演讲的 感染力。
03
演讲阶段
开场白技巧
01
02
03
吸引听众注意
使用有趣的故事、引用或 问题来抓住听众的注意力。
建立主题框架
简明扼要地介绍演讲的主 题、目的和结构，帮助听 众了解演讲的方向。
使用标题和提纲来概括各个部 分的内容，有助于整理和记忆
。
模拟练习
在整理完思路后，进行模拟练 习，检查内容的连贯性和完整
性。
02
制作阶段
语言表达技巧
清晰度
确保语言清晰、准确，避免使用模糊或含糊不清的 表达。
流畅度
保持语速适中，避免停顿和重复，使整个演讲流畅 自然。
音量和音调
根据演讲内容调整音量和音调，突出重点，使听众 更容易理解。
评估自己在规定时间内完成的情况， 是否超时或时间过短，这有助于提高 对时间的把控能力。
获取反馈技巧
请教老师
向老师请教，听取老师的意见和 建议，了解自己的不足之处。
同学互评
与同学进行互评，互相学习对方 的优点和指出不足，共同进步。
录音回听
将自己的mini-lecture录音回听， 更容易发现自己的问题，如语言
与听众建立联系
谈论一些与听众相关的话 题或经历，拉近与听众的 距离。
互动技巧
02
01
03
提问与回答
在演讲中提出问题，并鼓励听众参与回答或讨论。
小组活动
安排小组讨论或活动，让听众在互动中加深对主题的 理解。
利用反馈
注意听众的反应，根据反馈调整演讲内容或方式。
minilecture评分标准
minilecture评分标准Minilecture评分标准是教师评估学生在公开演说中表现的一套体系。
这个标准主要涵盖了当前很引人注目的四个要素：语言、结构、表现和传达目的。
下面分步骤来阐述这些要素。
第一步：语言语言是minilecture评分标准中最重要的要素之一，它包括学生的语调、语速和语言组织能力等多个方面。
在评分时，教师需要考虑学生的发音是否准确、词汇是否丰富、语言是否清晰等问题。
通常来说，学生需要以清晰明了的语言来表达自己的观点，让观众可以听懂他们所讲的内容。
第二步：结构结构是一堂minilecture中非常重要的组成部分，它代表了学生的总体表现能力。
教师需要考虑学生的演讲是否合理，内容是否呼应主题，以及其是否有一个清晰的引言、主体和结论。
另外，教师还会考虑文章的“五落五扬”结构是否协调，文章的分段是否可以正常连接，以及学生是否成功地利用交叉创作、插图等各种手段来提升文章的质量。
第三步：表现表现是minilecture评分标准中非常重要的一项。
学生在讲话时需要注意自己的姿态和表情。
教师会考虑学生的外表是否符合minilecture的要求，例如：学生的衣服是否整齐、言谈举止，是否符合礼仪等方面。
此外，教师还会关注学生在讲话时的肢体语言、语气、眼神交流等方面，以此来评估学生的表现能力。
第四步：传达目的传达目的是minilecture评分标准中最基本的一项。
它代表了学生演讲的真正目的，也就是说学生演讲时所表达的思想和观点是否可以传达给观众。
在评估学生时，教师主要关注学生的言语表达能力、作者是如何运用语言和说服力来传达自己的想法的，以此来评估学生的表现。
总之，minilecture评分标准是一个严谨的体系，旨在帮助老师全面评估学生在公开演说中表现的能力。
在使用minilecture评分标准时，教师需要注意各种要素的考虑点，并鼓励学生积极参加练习和实践，以提升他们的表现能力和自信心。
[北科大]通用学术英语1Unit4Mini-lecture
![[北科大]通用学术英语1Unit4Mini-lecture](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6c8d374324c52cc58bd63186bceb19e8b9f6ec4a.png)
[北科大]通用学术英语1Unit4Mini-lectureUnit 4 Quiz on mini-lecturesMini-lecture 11.What relationship can two notions have? Elaborate on the possible relationships.○1causal relationship (one notion is the cause of thee other) ○2inclusive relationship (one is included in the other)○3opposite relationship (one is against the other)2.What is an analogy? What is its purpose?An analogy is a comparison between two things, usually for the purpose of explanation or clarification.3.How to make an analogy?Explain one thing by comparing it to something that is familiar.4.What are two tools to make an analogy?Metaphors and similes.Mini-lecture 25.What should be taken into consideration when we give an explanation?Whom we explain to, how we explain and how detailed the explanation will be.6.What are features of explanations in daily life?In everyday life, explanations occur in short phrases, simple words, and examples.7.What are common techniques in explaining a notion?Definition, exemplification, classification, comparison and analogy.8.Why does an analogy work well when a complicated notion is expressed?Because it can get a complicated point across in an incredibly simplistic way.Mini-lecture 39.What kind of language does academic vocabulary involve?More formal than everyday words and using professional lexicons.10.What note-taking method is suitable for an explanation whether academic or daily?○1Jot down some essential words.○2Draw a semantic map.Mini-lecture 411.What can be the basis of an effective analogy?Logical structures.12.What are suggested steps to a logical structure?○1Clarify your thinking by writing down all the necessary and important details.○2Structure thos e details logically by deciding which should be explained first and which on later.13.What are four steps to follow for filling in components after a logical structure is worked out?○1Consider your audience.○2Motivate the audience.○3Map out relationship s between notions or things that are explained.○4Reiterate and repeat the important points.Mini- lecture 514. What are features of academic vocabulary compared with daily vocabulary?Density, abstraction and causality.15. What is nominalization?Nominalization is a type of word formation in which a verbor an adjective (or other part of speech) is used as (or transformed into) a noun.16. How to generalize a nominalization?Focus on the key words in a sentence, and if it is not a noun, try to change it into a noun form and then place it at the beginning of the sentence. At the same time, we can alter the other parts to adapt to this change.。
[北科大]通用学术英语1 Unit2 Mini-lecture
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Questions for mini- lectures in unit 2Mini-lecture 11.What is contextualization?The process of introducing background information is called contextualization.2.In academic writing what does background information or context usually do?In academic writing, background information, or context, identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to existing research literature.3.Where can you find the contextualization of a research problem in an academic article? Whatkind of plane figure does the structure of the introduction resemble? Why?In an article, the contextualization of the research problem is always featured in the introductory section. In academic writing, in particular, a simplified structure of the introduction resembles an inverted triangle from top to bottom. Because the writer starts from the most general background information and narrows down to address the particular aspect being focused on in the article.4.When should the introduction be written in an academic paper?You should write the introduction in the middle of the drafting process or write the introduction last.Mini-lecture 25.What should your introduction include?A brief introduction and explanation of the research topic, a contextualization of the research problem that puts it into context and identifies the gaps in the existing knowledge, and finally in the thesis statement.6.Why is contextualization important?It’s important in that it provides the reader with the essential context needed to understand the research problem and its significance.7.What are the three types of information usually structured in an introduction?Defining, contextualizing and focusing.8.What are the different types of context mentioned in mini-lecture 2?Cultural, economic, political, historical, social, philosophical, or technological.9.What kind of writing is needed in introducing background information?A certain amount of descriptive writing.10.What is the similarity and difference between subjective and objective descriptive writing? Subjective description is how the thing seems to one particular person. Objective description is how it actually is.Mini-lecture 311.How many types of introduction are introduced in this lecture? What are they?Four.Inverted triangle introduction, contrast introduction, anecdote introduction,and question/quotation introduction.Mini-lecture 412.How to write a contextualization?○1explain briefly the historical background○2expose relevant contexts○3refer briefly to other scholars○4explore how your analysis fits into a larger discussion○5evaluate your primary topic of research13.What are the characteristics of a good scientific writing?○1It’s clear and avoids unnecessary detail.○2It’s simple and uses direct language.○3It’s structured logically.○4It’s accurate and avoids vague and ambiguous language.○5It’s objective that statements and ideas are supported by appropriate evidence.14.What are the grammatical features of scientific writing introduced in the lecture?Voice (avoid the use of personal expressions or statements, make their writing impartial and formal, use passive rather than active expressions) and tense (frequently uses the past tense).Mini-lecture 5 （泛听）Q1: Use one of the five note-taking methods to take notes and use efficiently symbols and abbreviation in your own way.(the Sentence method)The flipped classroom: a new method of teaching(traditional classroom)Every day: Teachers delivered exact same class to the students.Every night: Students did exact same homework.Students listen to lectures and take tests in class and read textbook and work on problem set at home.The flipped classroom is turning this upside down.(flipped classroom)Students first study the topic by themselves and then consolidate the knowledge by solving problems and doing practical working in the class.The benefits of the flipped classroom:1.It allows all students learn at own pace that the video can be watched again.2.It’s more efficient as students enter the classroom prepare to contribute.3.It enriches the classroom as more time can be spent on group work and projects.4.Doing homework in class allows students to help each other which benefits both advancedand less-advanced learners.Q2: Write down the definition of the flipped classroom.A flipped classroom is an instructional strategy and a type of blended learning that reverses the traditional learning environment by delivering instructional content, often online, outside of the classroom. It moves activities, including those that may have traditionally been considered homework, into the classroom. In a flipped classroom, students watch online lectures, collaborate in online discussions, or carry out research at home while engaging in concepts in the classroom with the guidance of a mentor.Q3: Notice what narrative materials are used in the video (examples, facts, comparisons/contrasts, analogies, classification, etc.).Facts and comparisons.Q4: Group work: present The Flipped Classroom Model based on your notes.The flipped classroom is a new method of teaching that turning the traditional classroom on its head. Every day, thousands of teachers deliver the exact same lesson in class to millions of students. Every night, millions of students sit over the exact same homework trying to figure out how to solve it. The flipped classroom is turning this upside down. Traditionally, students listen to lectures and take tests in class and read textbooks and work on problems set at home. In flip teaching, students first study the topic by themselves typically using video lessons on YouTube and then apply that knowledge by solving problems and doing practical working in class. Modern school to flip the classroom reports many benefits. One, it allows all students to learn at their own pace that videos can be watched again. Two, it’s more efficient as students enter the classroom prepare to contribute. Three, it enriches the classroom as more time can be spent on group work and projects. Four, doing homework in class allows students to help each other which benefits both advanced and less-advanced learners.。
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3．口语化的句式特点 ．
讲座一般为独白或演讲稿， 讲座一般为独白或演讲稿，具有口语性较强的特 点。
一般在句式上会采用比较简单的结构， 一般在句式上会采用比较简单的结构，不会出现非常 复杂或冗长的句式。 复杂或冗长的句式。 在一句中， 在一句中，尤其是主语或关键点之后会出现一些解释 性或表示态度、感受等的插入语以利于听者的理解。 性或表示态度、感受等的插入语以利于听者的理解。
In reading literary works, we are concerned with the “meaning” of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature. 而听力原文中却是： Good morning. In today’s lecture, we shall discuss what meaning is in literary works. When we read novels, poems etc., we invariably ask ourselves a question, that is what does the writer mean here. In other words, we are interested in finding out the meaning. But meaning is a difficult issue in literature. How do we know what a work of literature is supposed to mean? Or what its real meaning is? I’d like to discuss three ways to explain what meaning is.
2．“总—分—总”的篇章结构特点 ． 分 总
分析历年考题可看出，本部分选文材料基本上为总 分 分析历年考题可看出，本部分选文材料基本上为总—分— 总结构，层次明晰，开始概括并指明分述的主要观点， 总结构，层次明晰，开始概括并指明分述的主要观点，中 间逐一阐述，最后总结。 间逐一阐述，最后总结。 2005年真题的原文为例 2005年真题的原文为例 讲座的开始就明确指出主题是讲述文学作品的含义所 并且指明将从理解文学作品的三种途径进行分述； 在，并且指明将从理解文学作品的三种途径进行分述； 中间部分将三种途径一一进行阐述； 中间部分将三种途径一一进行阐述；在结尾部分进行 了总结。 了总结。
Mini-lecture弱项中的弱项，原因及措施： 弱项中的弱项，原因及措施： 弱项中的弱项
模拟练习做得不多，一旦到了考试的时候， 模拟练习做得不多，一旦到了考试的时候，一紧张就好多 句子都听不明白了。 句子都听不明白了。 平时没有用英语做笔记的习惯，不知该如何记或从何下手， 平时没有用英语做笔记的习惯，不知该如何记或从何下手， 更不知该如何抓重点、记要点，记关键词等， 更不知该如何抓重点、记要点，记关键词等，结果记了很 多无关紧要的文字，关键词却未记几个。 多无关紧要的文字，关键词却未记几个。 由于记录和填空是听力中的难点部分， 由于记录和填空是听力中的难点部分，我们建议大家在应 试的过程中把主要精力放在听的方面，也就是说， 试的过程中把主要精力放在听的方面，也就是说，以听为 记为辅。其次，做记录时要围绕演讲的课题， 主，记为辅。其次，做记录时要围绕演讲的课题，结合前 文所讲的“新闻六要素” 文所讲的“新闻六要素”，快速记下讲话的重点和要点。
2）考查综合概括能力 ）
此类题的答案需要在理解原文的基础上进行概括总结，对 此类题的答案需要在理解原文的基础上进行概括总结， 考生而言有一定的难度。 考生而言有一定的难度。 如：The writer should be (6) ___________. 其听力原文为： 其听力原文为： In a survey-type research paper, you gather facts and a variety of opinions on a given topic. You make little attempt to interpret or evaluate what your sources say or to prove a particular point. Instead, through quotation, summary, and paraphrase, you try to provide a representative sampling of facts and opinions to give an objective report on your topic. You explain the pros and cons of various attitudes or opinions, but you don’t side definitely with any one of them.
以下六个方面的训练： 以下六个方面的训练：
加强储存记忆(memory span)：做到这一点需要 加强储存记忆 ： 按意群捕捉讲述内容，不要一字一字地听， 按意群捕捉讲述内容，不要一字一字地听，而要 抓住关键词或句。 抓住关键词或句。听完一段不可能一字一句地回 而要建立整体概念。 忆，而要建立整体概念。 (2)加强及时反映 加强及时反映(immediate recall)：只有当你 加强及时反映 ： 建立了整体概念，才能达到立即回忆。 建立了整体概念，才能达到立即回忆。 (3)做简短笔记 做简短笔记(brief note—taking)：在听较长材 做简短笔记 ： 料时，用缩写或自己能看懂的点、 料时，用缩写或自己能看懂的点、线或其它标记 做些快速记录， 数字、地点、 做些快速记录，如：数字、地点、人名或其它关 键词语等。 键词语等。 (4)多做听写和记笔记训练 多做听写和记笔记训练(dictating & note— 多做听写和记笔记训练 taking)：这种练习有助于储存记忆，训练抓住关 ：这种练习有助于储存记忆， 键词或句，以及中心思想。 键词或句，以及中心思想。
试题设置特点分析 1．提纲式试题 ．
讲座的试题部分大多采用提纲的形式。提纲的特点是： 讲座的试题部分大多采用提纲的形式。提纲的特点是： 首段进行概括； 首段进行概括；中间可以直接看到文章从几个方面进 行说明，而且层次分明；用语非常简洁精练， 行说明，而且层次分明；用语非常简洁精练，基本上 多用短语而不是句子。 多用短语而不是句子。 试题的另一个特点是其文字与原文的文字不完全重合， 试题的另一个特点是其文字与原文的文字不完全重合， 即题面中的部分不会出现与原文中完全一样的文字。 即题面中的部分不会出现与原文中完全一样的文字。 例如题面中分点罗列的考点， 例如题面中分点罗列的考点，在原文中可能放在同一 部分中或一起进行阐述。因此考生在做笔记时， 部分中或一起进行阐述。因此考生在做笔记时，一定 要按照文章一开始所列的要点进行记录； 要按照文章一开始所列的要点进行记录；同时要注意 理解原文，不能只顾埋头记笔记。 理解原文，不能只顾埋头记笔记
结构标志性主题句 总述Good morning. In today’s lecture, we shall discuss what 总述 meaning is in literary works. ... I’d like to discuss three ways to explain what meaning is. Meaning is what is intended by the author. Meaning is created by and contained in the text itself. And Meaning is created by the reader. 分述 Now let’s take a look at the first approach, that is meaning is what is intended by the author. ... Now, let’s move on to the second approach to meaning, that is meaning is created by and contained in the text itself. ... Now, the third approach to meaning, that is meaning is created by the reader. ... 总结 The essential point of this lecture is that meaning in literature is...
专八听力透析—Mini Lecture 专八听力透析
Mini-lecture
通常为一篇900字左右的文章，要求考生边听边 字左右的文章， 通常为一篇 字左右的文章 道题的填空任务， 做笔记，然后完成10道题的填空任务 做笔记，然后完成10道题的填空任务，答题时间 分钟。 为10分钟。本部分历来是较为复杂的听力测试项 分钟 是考生的难点所在， 目，是考生的难点所在，将其放在听力考试第一 部分更增加了考生的紧张度， 部分更增加了考生的紧张度，考生必须保持良好 的心态和过硬的综合素质才可以轻松应答。 的心态和过硬的综合素质才可以轻松应答。
1．题材与英语专业知识课程相关 ． 涉及的范围会包括：英美文学，英美国家概况， 涉及的范围会包括：英美文学，英美国家概况， 语言学，跨ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้化交际，词汇学，英语教学法， 语言学，跨文化交际，词汇学，英语教学法，英 语教育心理学，语法，视听，听力，口语，阅读， 语教育心理学，语法，视听，听力，口语，阅读， 写作，翻译，第二外语，外贸函电及实务等等。 写作，翻译，第二外语，外贸函电及实务等等。 考生只有在平时打下扎实的专业课基础， 考生只有在平时打下扎实的专业课基础，才能在 此项听力的考试中取得满意的效果。 此项听力的考试中取得满意的效果。