循证医学循证医学
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validity, clinician-friendly statistics and background information to assess clinical importance, and clinical judgment to assess applicability and generate clinical bottom lines) ¾ Creating useful summaries.
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Emphasis is placed on: ¾ Learning practical critical appraisal and searching skills to apply in time-limited clinical settings ¾ Using a standard approach and format which is used and usable by others ¾ Using the best available evidence to change or consolidated practice
关键元素 1. 题目 2. 临床底线
实例
Leabharlann Baidu[3]
增补叶酸降低 NTD 的发生率 1.必须有 344 名(95%CI 192-1666)妇女在围孕期服用含叶酸的复合维生素制剂才能预防 1 例 NTD 的发生。 2. 围孕期增补复合维生素对先天畸形总发生率的影响还不太清楚。
3. 临床问题 4. 检索词 5. 研究 6. 结果
Daily Low Dose Aspirin Therapy, as Primary Prevention, Reduced Fatal and Non Fatal MI and Sudden Death in Patients with Chronic Stable Angina. Reviewer: Brett Robbins, MD Date: 10/28/97 Clinical Scenario: The patient is a 60 year old man who came to the outpatient office complaining of exertional chest pressure which resolved with rest. Clinical Bottom Line 1. Aspirin 81mg/day as primary prevention reduced the primary endpoints of nonfatal MI and sudden death, but not fatal MI alone.
关键元素 1. 题目 2. 临床底线 3. 临床问题 4. 检索词 5. 研究 6. 结果 7. 备注 8. 引用文献 9. 评价人及日期
相关内容 强调以陈述句回答所提问题。 对评价的论文进行概括。 强调对象、干预、比较和结局 提供详细的检索词 包括研究类型、研究对象的数量和特征、入选和排除标准、随访和 结局测量等。 使用简表总结相关证据,如 NNT、似然比、OR 值等。 其他与评价相关的内容,如剂量、副作用、实施过程、花费和支持 CAT 的其他证据。 提供原文出处
Cancer
41.2%
Biopsy
31.3-51.7
no
Comments: This is an American study that is only one doctor's practice. However it is similar to findings from another study in this cat bank. Appraised by: Dr M DawesCEBM; 22 August 2000 Email: martin.dawes@cebm.jr2.ox.ac.uk Update By: When new data published - August 2001
健康孕妇服用叶酸制剂能够降低 NTD 的发生率吗? 叶酸,神经管畸形 随机对照试验,4753 已怀孕的初产妇在围孕期增补复合维生素或微量元素,临床结局包括活 产、 晚期胎儿死亡、 死产或因为产前诊断为畸形儿而终止妊娠。 88%的试验对象获得上述结局。 结局 NTD 叶酸 安慰剂 NNT(95%CI) 0% 0.29% 344 (192-1666) 100 (58-625)
9. 评 价人 及 Allison A. Cowett,CC4, 日期
Critically Appraised Topic
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Declarative title Question Name of paper Search terms Design Setting Patients
4. Writes and files a summary page
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The CAT is used to promote thorough, efficient, effective, and practical skills in:
¾ Searching techniques and resources ¾ Critical appraisal (using rules of evidence to assess
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过程 提出问题
寻找证据
评估证据
应用证据
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
自我评估问题 能提出一个临床或保健相关的问题吗? 是否依次按照病人或疾病类型、干预、比较和感兴趣的结局来提出问题? 是否找出了自己在问题相关的知识方面的欠缺? 提出可以回答的问题的成功率增加了吗? 寻找证据了吗? 知道目前最佳的证据来源吗? 在实际工作中可以立刻查询证据吗?(硬件和软件是否具备?) 能更有效地查询证据吗? 使用 MEDLINE 检索时是否利用 MeSH 主题词, 辞典、 限制和智能查询等方法? 与图书馆工作人员或专家相比,我的检索策略是否可行? 严格评价外部证据了吗? 是否很容易地应用评价准则? 是否正确和有效地使用评价指标,如似然比、NNT 等? 能够自己完成一个严格评价的题目(CATs)吗? 将严格评价的证据用于临床实践了吗? 是否正确和有效地使用适于个体病人的严格评价指标, 如验前概率、 NNT 等? 能够解释和解决源于这些证据的决策和现行管理政策之间的不一致吗? 能进行临床决策分析吗? 是否对诊断、治疗或其他循证实践进行了审计?
1. Formulates a clinical question 2. Searches for clinical research that might address the
question 3. Evaluates that research for
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Validity Importance Applicability to care of his/her patients
CATs
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实际工作中,如果能够针对某一临床或预防问 题收集证据,进行严格的评价并写出一个简 短、标准的总结,即CATs(Critically appraised topics),用来与同事交流或储存起来供今后参 考,表明你已经可以独立完成这一步骤。
What is a CAT?
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CAT is short for "Critically Appraised Topics". CATs were developed in the early 1990s as a means of teaching the principles of EBM. When preparing a CAT, you should:
8. 引用文献
Czeizel AE, Dudas I. Prevention of the first occurrence or neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. NEJM 1992; 327(26): 1832-35. 1998 年 4 月 28 日
其他先天异常 1.3% 2.3% 7. 备注
1. 对照组服用含 3 种微量元素和 VitC 的制剂是否对研究结局有影响不清楚。 2. 12%的孕妇因流产、异位妊娠等因为未观察到临床结局,导致了样本量的减少。 3. 虽然该研究的 NNT 较大,但有研究发现 57%的妇女是无意识怀孕,鉴于增补叶酸复合制剂 的费用低廉且副作用很小,因此推荐所有育龄妇女服用。
Prognostic Factor Outcome Result Measure Confidence Interval Independent?
Breast Lump (age<50)
Cancer
12.3%
Biopsy
8.55-15.9
no
Breast Lump (age>=50) requiring biopsy
Citation/s: Seltzer M, The significance of Breast Complaints as correlated with age and breast cancer. Am Surg 1992 58(7) 413-7 Three-part Clinical Question: In women presenting with breast lumps what is the likilehood that the lump is a cancer? Search Terms: MESH Breast-neoplasms/diagnosis, predictive value of tests, lump. 2 articles selected The Study Patients: Women ( 93% white) presenting at the author's personal practice between 1987 and 1990 in New Hersey, USA. Prognostic Factor: Breast Lump clinically needing biopsy and patients accepting referral (n=399) The Outcome: Breast Cancer There was a well-defined sample at a uniform (early) stage of illness. Follow-up was long enough; follow-up was complete. Can't tell if there were blind, objective outcome criteria. Adjustment was made for other prognostic factors. There was no validation in an independent test-set of patients.
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Intervention Outcome Measures Results Table Conclusion Commentary
A suspicious breast lump in a young woman is not necessarily cancer.
Suspicion of a breast lump in women under 50 is not highly predictive of breast cancer (12.3%) and reassurance can be given. In older women breast lumps are more likley to be malignant (41%).
循证医学 第九讲 自我评估 Self evaluation
北京大学公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系 詹思延
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循证实践的最后一步就是自我评估,实际上这种评估应 该贯穿于循证实践的每一过程,可以通过回答下述问题 来考核循证实践的质量 。 如果对大部分问题能给予肯定的答复,说明你已经基本 掌握并能在临床和预防实践中贯彻循证的思想和理念; 否则,表明你还需要针对不同的问题进行进一步的学习 和强化训练,来不断提高自己进行循证决策的能力。