学术英语 社科Unit5五单元原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)Unit1-8 Text A译文
学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的，但通常是灰色的。
在吃饭的时候，你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食，而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。
当考试开始时，你的决定不是介于两者之间，而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时，而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。
经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。
请记住，边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。
理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。
3.例如，考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。
假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上，航空公司损失100,000英镑。
在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元，这是500美元。
有人可能会得出这样的结论：航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。
事实上，一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。
想象一下，一架飞机即将起飞，有10个空座位，候机旅客在门口等候，将支付300美元的座位。
航空公司应该把票卖掉吗？当然应该。
如果飞机有空座位，增加一个乘客的成本很小。
乘飞机的平均成本是S500，边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。
只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本，售票是有利可图的。
4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。
这里有一个经典的问题：为什么水这么便宜，而钻石这么贵？人类需要水来生存，而钻石是不必要的；但出于某种原因，人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。
原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。
学术英语翻译第五单元汇编
Unit 5全世界的文化发展文化是习得的、在社会范围内传播的习俗、知识、实物以及行为的总和，它包括人类群体的思想、价值、习俗及手工艺品。
尽管不同文化在习俗、手工艺品和语言方面不同，但它们共同拥有某些基本特征。
此外，文化的特征随其发展而变化，并且，文化间会通过科技、商业和艺术成就相互影响。
文化普遍性尽管彼此存在差异，但是在所有的社会团体间形成了一定的基本惯例，这称之为文化的普遍性。
事实上，许多文化的普遍性即是为了满足人类的基本需求，例如人类对食、住和衣的需求所做出的改变。
人类学家乔治•默多克编制了一个文化普遍性的列表，其中包括体育运动、烹饪、丧葬、医药和性别限制。
默多克列出的文化惯例或许是普遍性的,但是其表现方式不尽相同。
比如说,一种社会习俗是可以让人们选择他们自己的结婚对象,另外一种则鼓励父母包办婚姻。
文化普遍性不仅在不同的社会中表现不同, 在同一个社会中也会随着时间的推移而产生戏剧性的改变。
在此问题上每一代人每一年中都会发生些改变, 大部分的人类文化是通过创新和扩散的过程来改变和发展的.革新所谓革新，就是将一种新的思想或新事物引入文化的过程。
之所以社会学家对革新感兴趣，是因为引进一种新事物能产生潜在的社会效益。
革新有两种形式：发现和发明。
发现涉及将现实中某些方面的存在告知或分享给别人。
DNA分子的发现和土星新卫星的确证都属于发现行为。
在发现过程中，一个重要因素在于把新发现的知识分享给别人。
与此相反，当现存的文化要素中融入一种之前不存在的形式，发明就产生了。
弓箭、机动车以及因特网都是发明的例子。
全球化、传播和技术星巴克那令人熟悉的绿色标牌会吸引你走进这家舒适的咖啡店，在那里，你可以点低因拿铁和肉桂卷，这有什么不同寻常之处呢？这家咖啡厅正好坐落于以前皇帝居住的乾清宫的外面，那是紫禁城的正中央，在2002年，它是25家中国星巴克店中的一家，四年之后，中国已经拥有了90多家星巴克店了。
星巴克在这样一个喝咖啡尚且新鲜的国家（大多数中国人是饮茶的）里的成功是惊人的。
学术英语听力课文翻译unit5
Unit5Suicide on Campus在校园内自杀Anchor: Good morning, everybody. I’m expecting all of you to gather here for the half-hour Early Show. Today, parents and students alike are constantly reminded of the problems like drug and alcohol abuse, and unsafe sex on college campuses. But relatively few are warned about suicide. And suicide is second only to accidents as a leading cause of death among college students.主持人：早上好，大家。
我希望你们都能为了半小时的早期节目集合在这里。
今天，家长和学生都在不断地提醒大学校园里像药物和酒精滥用和不安全的性行为的问题。
但相对较少的人警告说，自杀。
自杀是仅次于大学生意外死亡的主要原因。
Our Early Show correspondent Tracy Smith reports on this very real danger that often goes undiscussed. Hello, Tracy. 我们早期的节目记者特雷西史密斯报道这个经常讨论的非常现实的危险。
你好，特雷西。
Tracy Smith: Hi, Teresa. I know that today’s topic －campus suicides －is obviously weightier than the others we have talked about before. But we cannot give up eating for fear of choking. It is high time we looked at the issue face to face. A study by the American College Health Association showed that 15 percent of students meet the criteria for clinical depression. Although it’s a topic cloaked in stigma and shame, more colleges and universities are choosing to confront it, rather than wait until it’s too late. They have begun to look seriously into the reasons and seek solutions to the problem and actively intervene. Now let’s watch a short film and get some hint of a young college guy’s tragedy.特雷西：嗨，特蕾莎。
外研社版学术英语综合Unit5译文
第五单元哲学Text A机器人有没有头脑？奎迈·安东尼·阿皮亚电脑在当今很多电影中都担当主演，它们有的能用合成的声音说话，有的则在屏幕上显示一连串文字；有的能够操作太空飞船；有的作为机器人的“首脑”，控制着它们自己的“身体”。
人与它们对话，它们不仅能够理解，还能够与人类互相问候，交换信息。
当然，以上这些到目前为止都还只属于科幻小说的情节。
但是，现实中的电脑协助律师办理案件，医生诊断病情，还能帮助工程师检测原子反应堆的状态。
无论是想象中的还是现实的电脑都足以让我们的祖父母惊奇不已，他们之前也许认为那些只能通过魔术实现。
然而，我们大多数人对此都已经习以为常，认为这在硅时代都是理所当然的事情。
当然，怀疑是仍旧存在的。
我们人类总自认为自己是很特殊的存在，并假设物质世界与精神世界存在某些对立。
如果电脑真的是一个“物质思维”，那么人类不仅必须重新认识这种特殊性，而且还会用自己创造的东西将它摧毁。
我们应当小心避免这样的想法，直到真正地对这个问题进行深入思考。
不管我们外表表现地多么自然，对于电脑会思考，能做事表现得理所当然，但是我们终归不该这样假设。
在哲学中我们常会发现，那些通常被人们认为是理所当然的事情——那些“常识”——往往会阻碍我们对事情的正确理解。
因此，让我们来看一下我在第一段关于电脑的描述是否准确。
我说过它们能够说话。
但是它们真的能像人类一样表达自己吗？甚至说它们能够做一些类似于讲话的事情都有些牵强。
因为磁带录音机也可以做到，但是它们并不能说话。
当人类说话时，他们用所说的话的内容来表达自己的意思。
为了表达意思，则需要具备理解句子的能力。
当然，我之前也提到电脑能够理解人类对它们说的话。
但它们是真的理解了吗？它们是将我们讲话的声音被转换成了电脉冲，又通过电脑的电路，利用音响合成器发出声音。
人类非常聪明，能够设计出完成这件事情的机器，但是我们有什么证据证明机器是真正理解了呢？一台机器可以具备理解能力吗？关于这个问题，有两个显而易见的答案。
学术综合英语unit1-5课文翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
学术英语(社科)Unit 5
Unit 5
Sociology Matters
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis 6 McDonaldization
the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout the world
Unit 5
Sociology Matters
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis 2 Cultural universals
adaptations to meet essential human needs, such as people‟s need for food, shelter, and clothing
Unit 5
Sociology Matters
Text A
Difficult sentences
•
The cultural practices listed by Murdock may be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. (Para.3) → These cultural practices in Murdock‟s list are common to many societies, but these practices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures.
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译1. Unit 1Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs. The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the company are the same. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts. Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibilities for the business.Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships.But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most complex kind of business organization. Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buystock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business.A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends(红利) as a reward to shareholders. Or the company might reinvest the money into the business.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation.A corporation is recognized as an entity(实体)——its own legal being, separate from its owners.A board of directors control corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock.But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.2. Unit 2In the past three week I have introduced you to the ideas and methods of economics.In the next week, we will start learning more, in more detail the principles of economic behavior and economic policy.As you proceed through the whole semester, you will be asked to draw on many of your intellectual skills.在过去的三周里，我向你介绍了经济学的思想和方法。
学术英语综合 Unit 5
school of thought tends to emphasize the external
sources of behavior and dismiss the internal
sources (the mind). The mind hence has no
independent significance.
Compare the views in the text with your own answers.
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Unit 5 Philosophy
Text B Text analysis
1. What is the writer’s focus?
Philosophy in
Leargnemnoerreaal booruatnAymberriacnanchphoilfosophy philosophy?
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Unit 5 Philosophy
Text A Overview
2. Do Task 1 Critical Reading and Thinking to
have an overview of the text.
conscious minds
in every way as if it understands
h
7
Unit 5 Philosophy
Text A Overview
1. Learn more about the two philosophical terms:
• mentalism • behaviorism
h
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Unit 5 Philosophy
Text A Supplementary information
学术英语_社科unit5五单元原文及翻译
UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。
它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 5
UNIT 5 Healthy LivingTeaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 5, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:Teaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1.Start the class by brainstorming how health has been and should be defined. AskSs about their ideas and share beliefs and experience in this respect.2.Lead Ss to do Task / Lead-in.Key to the task1) Balancing calories:•Enjoy food, but eat less•Avoid oversized portions2) Increasing consumption of certain foods:•Whole grain•Fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk•Fruits and vegetables3) Reducing consumption of certain foods:•Low-sodium foods•Sugary drinks3.Introduce the topic of Text A as a natural continuum of Lead-in.Text ComprehensionSuggested teaching plan1.Chronic diseases have constituted a primary threat to health and well-being of theglobal population, and the chronic diseases have much to do with lifestyles. With that in mind, T may start the class by eliciting Ss’ perception of health, chronic diseases and healthy lifestyles.2.Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading andthinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of the presentation topics.3.Integrate Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A when an expression of causeor effect is covered.4.When analyzing the text, ask Ss to pay special attention to the sentences listed inLanguage focus below.5.If time allows, ask Ss to do Task 1 / Critical reading and thinking / Text A inabout five minutes. Check out the task by asking one or two Ss to read their answers. This is done to get an overview about the text.Language focus1.The rise in chronic disease incidence and prevalence is paralleled by anunrelenting rise … (P110, Para. 2)parallel作为及物动词表示“使……与……平行”，此处用在被动语态中，可译为：慢性病发病率和患病率的上升与不健康生活表型的持续上升相伴相生。
学术综合英语unit1-5课文翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
学术英语_社科unit5五单元原文及翻译
UNIT 5 Sociology Mattersis the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic ,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。
它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
大学社科人文英语课文翻译
大学社科人文英语课文翻译Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998第一单元（History’s nature）历史是什么，它是关于什么的，它的目的是什么，这些问题，在某种情况下，不同的人会以不同的方式来回答。
但尽管这些答案存在着分歧，答案之间仍有很大程度的一致性。
如果答案经过仔细审查，这份协议就会变得更接近，抛弃那些来自不合格证人的答案。
历史，像神学或自然科学一样，是一种特殊的思想形式的性质、对象、方法和价值的问题，必须由拥有两个条件的人来回答。
首先，他们必须有这种思维方式的经验。
他们一定得是历史学家。
从某种意义上说，我们现在都是历史学家。
所有受过教育的人都经历过一个包含一定历史思维的教育过程。
但这并不足以说明他们对历史思维的性质、对象、方法和价值有什么看法。
因为首先，他们由此的历史思维经验可能是非常肤浅的；因此，基于这一观点的观点并不比一个人对法国人民的看法更有依据，这种看法是基于他对巴黎的一次周末访问。
第二，任何通过普通教育渠道获得的东西，以及肤浅的东西，总是过时的。
由此获得的历史思维经验是以教科书为模式的，而且这种模式所描述的并不是现实生活中的历史学家的看法，而是在过去原材料被创造出来的那个时候的历史学家的。
这不仅仅是历史思想的结果，当他们进入教科书的时候就已经过时了。
它也是历史思维的原则，即对历史思维的性质、对象、方法和价值的观念。
第三，与此相联系的是，对所有通过教育方式获得的知识都有一种特殊的错觉：对结局的错觉。
当学生在学习状态下学习任何科目时，必须相信事情已经解决，因为课本和老师都认为问题已经解决了。
当他从那种状态解脱出来，继续研究这个问题时，他发现什么都没有解决。
作为不成熟的教条主义的固定标志从他的身上消失了。
他以新的眼光看待所谓的事实。
他对自己说：“我的老师和课本告诉我，某某是真的；但这是真的吗他们凭什么认为这是真的，难道这些理由都是假的吗”另一方面，如果他摆脱了学生的身份而不继续研究这个问题的话，他就永远不会摆脱这种独断专行的态度。
学术英语_社科Unit5五单元原文及翻译
UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。
它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
学术英语翻译第五单元
Unit 5全世界的文化发展文化是习得的、在社会范围内传播的习俗、知识、实物以及行为的总和，它包括人类群体的思想、价值、习俗及手工艺品。
尽管不同文化在习俗、手工艺品和语言方面不同，但它们共同拥有某些基本特征。
此外，文化的特征随其发展而变化，并且，文化间会通过科技、商业和艺术成就相互影响。
文化普遍性尽管彼此存在差异，但是在所有的社会团体间形成了一定的基本惯例，这称之为文化的普遍性。
事实上，许多文化的普遍性即是为了满足人类的基本需求，例如人类对食、住和衣的需求所做出的改变。
人类学家乔治•默多克编制了一个文化普遍性的列表，其中包括体育运动、烹饪、丧葬、医药和性别限制。
默多克列出的文化惯例或许是普遍性的,但是其表现方式不尽相同。
比如说,一种社会习俗是可以让人们选择他们自己的结婚对象,另外一种则鼓励父母包办婚姻。
文化普遍性不仅在不同的社会中表现不同, 在同一个社会中也会随着时间的推移而产生戏剧性的改变。
在此问题上每一代人每一年中都会发生些改变, 大部分的人类文化是通过创新和扩散的过程来改变和发展的.革新所谓革新，就是将一种新的思想或新事物引入文化的过程。
之所以社会学家对革新感兴趣，是因为引进一种新事物能产生潜在的社会效益。
革新有两种形式：发现和发明。
发现涉及将现实中某些方面的存在告知或分享给别人。
DNA分子的发现和土星新卫星的确证都属于发现行为。
在发现过程中，一个重要因素在于把新发现的知识分享给别人。
与此相反，当现存的文化要素中融入一种之前不存在的形式，发明就产生了。
弓箭、机动车以及因特网都是发明的例子。
全球化、传播和技术星巴克那令人熟悉的绿色标牌会吸引你走进这家舒适的咖啡店，在那里，你可以点低因拿铁和肉桂卷，这有什么不同寻常之处呢？这家咖啡厅正好坐落于以前皇帝居住的乾清宫的外面，那是紫禁城的正中央，在2002年，它是25家中国星巴克店中的一家，四年之后，中国已经拥有了90多家星巴克店了。
星巴克在这样一个喝咖啡尚且新鲜的国家（大多数中国人是饮茶的）里的成功是惊人的。
学术英语社科类unit原文及翻译
Cultural Globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and otherdiverse aspects worldcultures resultedfromthe isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music,and other such aspects of pop culture,but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theoryargues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional andevenglobal schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
学术综合英语unit1-unit5课后翻译及答案[修改版]
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Unit 1Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. Y ou will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。