学术英语(社科)Unit3三单元原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)Unit1-8 Text A译文
学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的，但通常是灰色的。
在吃饭的时候，你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食，而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。
当考试开始时，你的决定不是介于两者之间，而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时，而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。
经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。
请记住，边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。
理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。
3.例如，考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。
假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上，航空公司损失100,000英镑。
在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元，这是500美元。
有人可能会得出这样的结论：航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。
事实上，一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。
想象一下，一架飞机即将起飞，有10个空座位，候机旅客在门口等候，将支付300美元的座位。
航空公司应该把票卖掉吗？当然应该。
如果飞机有空座位，增加一个乘客的成本很小。
乘飞机的平均成本是S500，边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。
只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本，售票是有利可图的。
4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。
这里有一个经典的问题：为什么水这么便宜，而钻石这么贵？人类需要水来生存，而钻石是不必要的；但出于某种原因，人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。
原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。
学术英语unit3译文
第三单元Passage A[参考译文]教育之道：东方和西方1.一位来自加拿大的老师最近参观了一所日本的小学。
在一堂课上，她观看了60个小孩子在学习画猫。
任课老师在黑板上画了一个大圆圈，60个孩子就模仿着画在纸上。
老师在第一个圆圈上面画了一个小些的圆圈，然后又在小圆圈上面画了两个三角形；孩子们也以完全相同的方式继续画着他们的猫。
这堂课就这么继续着，直到教室里有了61只一模一样的猫。
2. 这节课让那位加拿大老师大为吃惊。
这类教学方法--以及它们的效果--同她自己国家的迥然不同。
加拿大学校里的一节美术课会产生满满一屋子独一无二的图画，而不是一张又一张完全相同的猫。
为什么呢? 是什么造成了这种教学方法上的不同呢?3.在任何国家的任何一个教室里，老师教的都不仅仅是艺术、历史或语言。
课堂活动的一部分--有意识或无意识地--是在传授文化：社会的观念、价值观和信仰。
每一种教育制度都不可避免地是一面反映其所在社会的文化的镜子。
4. 在像美国或加拿大这样由许多不同的民族、宗教团体和文化取向构成的西方社会中，个性和独立思考受到高度重视。
这些价值观通过这些国家的教育制度反映出来。
老师们强调那些使每个学生都与众不同的品质。
他们很少要求学生熟记信息；却鼓励他们独立思考，独自寻找答案，并提出各自的解决方法。
学生们从小就学着形成自己的意见和看法，并在课堂讨论中各抒己见。
5. 在日本则截然不同，绝大多数人有着同样的语言、历史和文化。
也许是由于这个缘故，那儿的教育制度反映了一种对集体目标和传统而不是对个性的信念。
日本的学童经常在一起学习，做作业时相互帮助。
在教室里，教师是主要的知识来源：教师讲，学生听。
没有很多的讨论；学生们却要背诵他们已经记住的规则或信息。
6. 日本教育制度的优点是那儿的学生能学到合作的社交技能。
另一个优点是他们学的数学和自然科学比大多数美国学生多得多。
他们每天学习的时数和每年学习的天数也比北美的学生多。
这种制度要求高，但它却使孩子们能为进入一个重视纪律和自制的社会作好准备。
学术英语(教师资料)-Unit3
Unit Contents
1 Preparing for listening to a lecture 2 Paying attention to the introduction 3 Understanding the ideas through examples 4 Following a lecture through signal words 5 Memorizing the points by taking notes
Unit 3 Listening to Lectures
1 Preparing for listening to a lecture
• Lectures are not only a major part of college learning, but another major source of your research article.You will get information no less than from reading essays and articles.To listen to an academic lecture effectively, however, you may do some homework beforehand.The following are some tips:
Unit 3 Listening to Lectures
3 Understanding the ideas through examples
Signal words that you should pay attention to:
for example for instance the following example (story/ incident) illustrates/
学术英语(社科)Unit 3含答案
No Image
Unit 3
Unemployment
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Read Text A and answer the following questions. 1 Why can losing a job be the most distressing economic event in a person’s life?
Unemployment
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis 2 What happens to a country when it keeps its workers as fully employed as possible? The result of it is achieving a higher level of GDP.
No Image
Unit 3
UnemplΒιβλιοθήκη yment• Text A
– Critical reading and thinking – Difficult sentences – English language for academic purpose
• Specialized vocabulary • Collocations • Signpost language • Formal English
incredible talents 2 College grads of this generation have _______________ which is an advantage that not everybody has.
学术英语(社科)-Unit-3含答案
2 Word Families and
Collocations
词族和搭配。
4 Strategies
学习学术词汇的策略。
Critical Thinking
Definition
批判性思维的定义。
Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
区分事实和观点。
Importance
引用和改写的方法。
Academic Integrity
1 Definition
学术诚信的定义。
3 Types of Academic
Misconduct
学术不端行为的类型。
2 Importance
学术诚信在社会科学中的重要性。
4 Prevention Strategies
预防学术不端行为的策略。
Conclusion
Speaking and Listening
1
Characteristics of
Academic Speaking
Participation in Academic
2
社会科学学术演讲的特点。
Discussions
参与学术讨论和研讨会的技巧。
3
Effective Listening
有效听力的策略。
1 Summary of Key Points
关键要点总结。
3 Resources
进一步学习的资源。
2 Future Directions
提高社会科学学术英语能力的未来方向。
4 Evaluation
对本单元的评估。
批判性思维在社会科学中的重要性。
Evaluating Sources
学术英语(社科)Unit3三单元原文及翻译
UNIT 3 Unemployment1. Losing a job can be the most distressing economic event in a person’s life. Most people rely on their labor earnings to maintain their standard of living, and many people get from their work not only income but also a sense of personal accomplishment.A job loss means a lower living standard in the present, anxiety about the future, and reducedself-esteem. It is not surprising, therefore, that politicians campaigning for office often speak about how their proposed policies will help create jobs.失去一份工作可能是最痛苦的经济事件在一个人的生活。
大多数人们依靠自己的劳动收入来维持他们的生活标准,许多人会从他们的工作得到的不仅是收入，还有自己的成就感。
一个失去工作意味着现在要定一个更低的生活标准,焦虑未来,并丧失自尊心。
这并不奇怪,因此,政治家竞选办公室经常谈论他们所提出的政策将帮助创造就业机会。
4.In judging how serious the problem of unemployment is, one question to consider is whether unemployment is typically a short-term or long-term condition. If unemployment is short-term, one might conclude that it is not a big problem. Workers may require a few weeks between jobs to find the openings that best suit their tastes and skills. Yet if unemployment is long-term, one might conclude that it is a serious problem. Workers unemployed for many months are more likely to suffer economic and psychological hardship.判断失业问题有多么严重时，其中一个问题就是要考虑是否失业通常是一个短期或长期的条件。
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译1. Unit 1Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs. The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the company are the same. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts. Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibilities for the business.Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships.But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most complex kind of business organization. Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buystock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business.A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends(红利) as a reward to shareholders. Or the company might reinvest the money into the business.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation.A corporation is recognized as an entity(实体)——its own legal being, separate from its owners.A board of directors control corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock.But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.2. Unit 2In the past three week I have introduced you to the ideas and methods of economics.In the next week, we will start learning more, in more detail the principles of economic behavior and economic policy.As you proceed through the whole semester, you will be asked to draw on many of your intellectual skills.在过去的三周里，我向你介绍了经济学的思想和方法。
学术英语听力课文翻译unit3
Unit3Driving While on a Cell Phone Worse Than Driving While Drunk21:44:27 EDT June 29, 2006开车打电话比酒后驾车更糟糕. 美国东部时间2006年6月29日21:44:27 Thursday, June 29 －Maneuvering through traffic while talking on the phone increases the likelihood of an accident five-fold and is actually more dangerous than driving drunk, U.S. researchers report.6月29日，星期四－美国研究人员报告，机动交通时电话交谈增加五倍的事故可能性，实际上比酒后驾车更危险，。
That finding held true whether the driver was holding a cell phone or using a hands-free device, the researchers noted.研究人员指出，这个发现在司机拿着手机或使用免提装置时保持准确，。
“As a society, we have agreed on not tolerating the risk associated with drunk driving,” said researcher Frank Drews, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Utah. “This study shows us that somebody who is conversing on a cell phone is exposing him or herself and others to a similar risk －cell phones actually are a higher risk,” he said.“作为一个社会，我们都同意不容忍与酒后驾车有关的风险，”研究员弗兰克德鲁斯，一个在犹他大学的心理学助理教授说，“这项研究告诉我们，人在打手机时使自己和别人处于类似的风险－手机实际上是一个更高的风险”。
学术综合英语unit3
Do Traffic Tickets Save Lives?Study Shows Traffic Tickets Could Save Drivers’ LivesLee Dye Pity the poor traffic cop.He’s the last guy you want to see in your rearview mirror when you’re speeding down the highway. Why isn’t he out looking for murderers instead of nailing drivers for minor infractions of the law?交通罚单能救命吗？研究显示交通罚单能救司机的命李·戴哎，这可怜的交警。
他是你在高速公路上疾驰时最不愿意在后视镜里看见的人。
他为什么不去抓那些杀人犯，却在这儿为了一点儿芝麻大的交通违规对司机们穷追不舍？Well, according to a major research project by scientists in Canada and California, that cop just might be saving your life. Or the life of someone else.然而，根据加拿大和加利福尼亚科学家们的一项重要研究，那位警察也许恰恰是在救你的命，或者救别的什么人的命。
The researchers have found that a traffic ticket reduces a driver’s chance of being involved in a fatal accident by a whopping 35 percent, at least for a few weeks. The effect doesn’t last long, however. Within three to four months, the lead foot is back on the pedal and the risk of killing yourself or someone else is back up to where it was before that cop stared you in the eye and wrote out that expensive citation.研究者们发现一张交通罚单能让司机至少在几周内遭遇重大车祸的概率降低35%。
学术英语医学Unit3,7,9课文课本翻译
学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
学术英语管理unit3
12
Word Bank
Mesh
•Be comfortable;be fit in •n. 网孔，网眼，网状物；陷阱，困境；齿合； •Vt.&vi (使）吻合；相配；用网捕，使缠住；紧密配合； •Vi.(机器零件）齿合； 例句：The debris can be separated from anthers with a colander of proper mesh size. 使用适当大小网眼的过滤器可以把碎片与花药分开。
2021/6/7
16
Word Bank
adhere
•Vi.粘附；附着；坚持；追随 •Vt. 使粘附；遵循，坚持；追随，依附 例句：Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria adhere to the surface of the red cells. 锡坤一旦进入血液里，就附着在红细胞表面。 例句：Peasants were allowed to adhere or revert to individual farming in Poland. 波兰允许农民坚持货倒退到个体农业。
2021/6/7
11
Word Bank
Persistence
•Determination to do sth. Even though it is difficult or other people oppose it.
•坚持不懈；执意；持续；留存，保留时间；
例句：Food usually provide a good milieu for the persisrence of viruses.
GROUP 3
1
CONT ENTS
目录
1 Brainteaser 2 Word Bank
学术英语(社科)_Unit 3含答案
5 What does sectoral shift (结构性变化) mean?
Sectoral shift means the change in the composition of demand among industries or regions.
Unit 3 Unemployment
Text A
2 College grads of this generation have _in_c_r_e_d_ib_le__ta_l_e_n_ts__ which is an advantage that not everybody has.
Unit 3
Unemployment
Lead-in
3 College grads who have _w_o_r_k_in_g__e_x_p_e_ri_e_n_c_e_ or _d_o_I_n_te_r_n_s_h_ip_s_ are more likely to find jobs.
Because people rely on their labor earnings to maintain their standard of living, get income and get a sense of personal accomplishment.
学术英语unit 3
• a. : chemical element — in names of the halogens < astatine > < chlorine > • b. • (1) : basic carbon compound — in names of alkaloids < quinine > • or other organic nitrogenous bases < aniline > < guanidine > • including six-membered ring compounds < pyridine > • and intermediate hydrogenated forms of cyclic compounds < pyrroline > < thiazoline > • — usually distinguished from -in • (2) : carbon compound containing a basic group — in names of amino acids < glycine > < cystine > • c. : mixture of chemical compounds — especially in commercial names (as of mixtures of hydrocarbons) < gasoline > < kerosine > • d. : -yne • e. : hydride < arsine >
corrective lenses, refractory surgery
Hepatitis
学术英语Unit 3 TEXT B vocabulary
A Test
embark on
endorphin
Tap into
adrenaline dopamine cortisol likable
longitudinal study/investigation
FMRI
grand
Beaming smile
Mimick standardized tests of well-being
Oncology
onc/o: 肿瘤 tumor oncogenesis瘤形成
oncogene肿瘤基因 oncogen致肿瘤物（质） oncovirus 肿瘤病毒 她的初步结论本周在芝加哥举行的美国 临床肿瘤学协会会议上得到展示并证实她是 正确的。 Her preliminary results, presented this week at a meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in Chicago, suggest she is right.
merge
vt. 合并；使合并；吞没 vi. 汇合；融合 merge into融入；结合 merge with；与…结合；与…联合 merge together混合起来
这些河流在一个重要的灌溉系统的北部汇合了。
The rivers merge just north of a vital irrigation system.
1.hypersensitivity a性脉管炎
2.Hypersensitivity reaction 超敏反应 ; 过敏反应 ; 或超敏反应 ; 高敏性反应
Text B
You probably know that laughter is contagious, that a baby cries when the mother is crying, and a more extreme example, that people in deep love can feel the emotions of each other even when they are physically far apart. But the question is: Can you explain the phenomena scientifically?
学术英语unit 3
Nucleotide
• chloride , sulphide, • carbide, oxide, hydride
Polymorphism
• • • • -ism showing qualities typical of heroism Americanism
• medical condition or disease • Alcoholism • dwarfism
Flu
viruses
Myopia
prolonged close work, excessive reading viral (HBV, HCV, etc.), bacterial, parasitic, fungal infections alcohol, autoimmune, inherited
The disease
Multiple sclerosis
• • • • What is it? Causes ? Symptoms? Cure?
• Excrete • Secrete
• methyl • methane • Methanol
• Folic acid • Foliage
Disease
Causes
Treatments
Flu
Myopia Hepatitis
Disease
Causes
Treatments
rest, clear fluids, cool damp washcloth to reduce fever, warm blanket to calm chills, cough medicine, antiviral medications, usually no need of antibiotics
学术英语社科类unit原文及翻译
Cultural Globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and otherdiverse aspects worldcultures resultedfromthe isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music,and other such aspects of pop culture,but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theoryargues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional andevenglobal schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
学术英语写作Unit-3-Conference-Program
An example will be shown in the next page.
March 11, 2006 PROGRAM •Conference Registration •Conference Schedule •Convention Center Map •Auxiliary Meetings •Ocoee Middle School Tour •First Timers' Session •Opening Session •Opening Reception •Featured Speakers •Eye-Opener Keynotes •Concurrent Sessions •Search the Sessions •Assistive Technology Lab •Virtual Handouts •Thursday Night Dance •Closing Session •Conference Companion
The Conference Program The 2013 Global Conference on
Sustainability and Reporting is a three-day event that included training sessions, workshops and networking time. A year-long process of community-building activities preceded the Conference, engaging business leaders and other stakeholders globally to develop a compelling agenda.
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UNIT 3 Unemployment1. Losing a job can be the most distressing economic event in a person’s life. Most people rely on their labor earnings to maintain their standard of living, and many people get from their work not only income but also a sense of personal accomplishment.A job loss means a lower living standard in the present, anxiety about the future, and reducedself-esteem. It is not surprising, therefore, that politicians campaigning for office often speak about how their proposed policies will help create jobs.失去一份工作可能是最痛苦的经济事件在一个人的生活。
大多数人们依靠自己的劳动收入来维持他们的生活标准,许多人会从他们的工作得到的不仅是收入，还有自己的成就感。
一个失去工作意味着现在要定一个更低的生活标准,焦虑未来,并丧失自尊心。
这并不奇怪,因此,政治家竞选办公室经常谈论他们所提出的政策将帮助创造就业机会。
4.In judging how serious the problem of unemployment is, one question to consider is whether unemployment is typically a short-term or long-term condition. If unemployment is short-term, one might conclude that it is not a big problem. Workers may require a few weeks between jobs to find the openings that best suit their tastes and skills. Yet if unemployment is long-term, one might conclude that it is a serious problem. Workers unemployed for many months are more likely to suffer economic and psychological hardship.判断失业问题有多么严重时，其中一个问题就是要考虑是否失业通常是一个短期或长期的条件。
如果失业是短期的，人们可能会得出结论，它不是一个大问题。
工人可能需要几个星期的工作之间找到最适合他们的口味和技能的开口。
然而，如果失业是长期的，人们可能会得出结论，这是一个严重的问题。
许多个月的失业工人更容易遭受经济和心理上的困难。
5. One reason why economies always experience some unemployment is job search. Job search is the process of matching workers with appropriate jobs. If all workers and all jobs were the same, so that all workers were equally well suited for all jobs, job search would not be a problem. Laid-off workers would quickly find new jobs that were well suited for them. But, in fact, workers differ in their tastes and skills, jobs differ in their attributes, and information about job candidates and job vacancies is disseminated slowly among the many firms and households in the economy.摩擦性失业往往是在不同企业之间的劳动力需求变化的结果。
当消费者决定，他们更喜欢富士通而不是宏碁，富士通增加就业岗位，宏碁就解雇工人。
前宏碁的工人必须寻找新的就业机会，而富士通必须决定雇用新工人开辟了各种作业。
这种转变的结果是一段时间的失业。
6.Frictional unemployment is often the result of changes in the demand for labor among different firms. When consumers decide that they prefer Compaq over Dell computers, Compaq increases employment,and Dell lays off workers. The former Dell workers must now search for new jobs, and Compaq must decide which new workers to hire for the various jobs that have opened up. The result of this transition is a period of unemployment.同样，由于不同地区的国家生产不同的商品，在一个地区就业增长，在另一个减少。
考虑会发生什么事，例如，当世界石油价格下降。
在得克萨斯州的石油生产企业应对较低的价格削减生产和就业岗位。
与此同时，汽油便宜刺激汽车销售，所以在密歇根州的汽车生产企业提高生产和就业。
在行业或地区之间的需求组成的变化被称为部门转移。
因为它需要工人花费时间在新的行业搜索工作，部门转移导致暂时失业。
7.Similarly, because different regions of the country produce different goods, employment can rise in one region while it falls in another. Consider, for instance, what happens when the world price of oil falls. Oil-producing firms in Texas respond to the lower price by cutting back on production and employment. At the same time, cheaper gasoline stimulates car sales, so auto-producing firms in Michigan raise production and employment. Changes in the composition of demand among industries or regions are called sectoral shifts. Because it takes time for workers to search for jobs in the new sectors, sectoral shifts temporarily cause unemployment.摩擦性失业是不可避免的，只是因为经济总是在不断变化。
一个世纪前，在美国的四个行业最大的就业棉织品，毛织品，男装，和木材。
今天，最大的四个行业是汽车，飞机，通信，电器元件。
由于这种转变发生，工作中创造一些企业，摧毁一部分企业。
这一过程的最终结果一直是更高的生产力和更高的生活水平。
但是，一路走来，衰退产业的工人发现自己失去工作和寻找新的就业机会。
8. Frictional unemployment is inevitable simply because the economy is always changing. As this transition took place, jobs were created in some firms, and jobs were destroyed in others. The end result of this process has been higher productivity and higher living standards. But, along the way, workers in declining industries found themselves out of work and searching for new jobs. This churning of the labor force is normal in a well-functioning and dynamic market economy, but the result is some amount of frictional unemployment.即使一些摩擦性失业是不可避免的，精确的空余量是没有的。
更快的信息传播工作空缺和职工的可用性,可以更迅速的经济工作者和企业相匹配。
例如，互联网，可能有助于促进求职和减少摩擦性失业。
此外，公共政策可能会起到一定的作用。
如果政策可以减少所花费的时间失业工人找到新工作，它可以减少经济的自然失业率。
9. Even if some frictional unemployment is inevitable, the precise amount is not. The faster information spreads about job openings and worker availability, the more rapidly the economy can match workers and firms. The Internet, for instance, may help facilitate job search and reducefrictional unemployment. In addition, public policy may play a role. If policy can reduce the time it takes unemployed workers to find new jobs, it can reduce the economy’s natural rate of unemployment.政府计划尝试以各种方式，以方便求职。