研究生学位英语真题_97
1997年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
1997年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading ComprehensionSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 【B1】into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time, 【B2】industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 【B3】reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 【B4】its economy continues to recover, the U.S. is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This “【B5】“ work force is the most important 【B6】in American business today, and it is 【B7】changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 【B8】avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 【B9】by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 【B10】that came from being a loyal employee.1．【B1】A．swarmB．strideC．separateD．slip正确答案：A解析：本题为动词同义辨析题。
1997年考研英语试题与答案解析
1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This “45” work force is the most important 46in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41. [A] swarm[B] stride[C] separate[D] slip42. [A] For[B] Because[C] As[D] Since43. [A] from[B] in[C] on[D] by44. [A] Even though[B] Now that[C] If only[D] Provided that45. [A] durable[B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable46. [A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend47. [A] instantly[B] reversely[C] fundamentally[D] sufficiently48. [A] but[B] while[C] and[D] whereas49. [A] imposed[B] restricted[C] illustrated[D] confined50. [A] excitement[B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importanceSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediatelyword flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but wh at I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, hemeans ________.[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.[A] opposition[B] suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I wa s just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioningis a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.59. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that________.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60. T he word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4No company likes to be told it is contribut ing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply thelatest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountain ous debt, which will increase to $ billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outl et. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock sin ging verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66. The best title for this passage could be ________.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere % last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to % this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each mont h said that America’s inflation rate would average % in 1995. In fact, it fell to % in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate % in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67. From the passage we learn that ________.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line5, Paragraph 3) means that ________.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.[A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed atSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who sa ys “I don’t like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.1997年考研英语真题答案71. 事实并非如此, 因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的, 而这种共同认识并不存在。
1997年研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
1997年研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Part I Structure and VocabularySections ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)andD). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, _____ could go penniless by next year.A)the larger oneB)the larger of whichC)the largest oneD)the largest of whichNowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _____ with other elements, most commonly with oxy gen.A)combinedB)having combinedC)combineD)being combinedAndrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the picnic, _____ to the family's disappointment.A)muchB)moreC)too muchI would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _____ fully occupied the whol e of last week.A)wereB)had beenC)have beenD)wasHelp will come from the UN, but the aid will be _____ near what's needed.A)everywhereB)somewhereC)nowhereD)anywhereThe chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates _____ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A)andB)asC)butD)orHe claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. _____ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.A)What littleC)How muchD)So littleAlthough we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to become reconciled _____ the decision made b y our fellow countrymen.A)forB)onC)toD)inJust as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _____ to the system, so does the value o f a computer system increase with each program that turns out.A)addingB)to have addedC)to addD)addedThe vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardl y _____ .A)noticedB)to be noticedC)being noticedD)to noticeDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A),B),C)andD). Identify the part o f the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in th e brackets. (5 points)Example:A number of A) foreign visitors were taken B) to the industrial exhibition which C) they saw D) many new produc ts.Part C) is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industr ial exhibiti on where they saw many new products.” So you should choose C).Although Professor Green's lectures usually ran over A) the fifty minute B) period, but none C) of his students even D) objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.When A) Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned off B) all power C) in their homes, street s, and factories for several minutes in honor of D) this great man.They pointed out A) the damage which B) they supposed that C) had been done by last night's D) storm.Because of A) the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming B) in the river unless C) someone agrees to watch D) over us.A great many A) teachers firmly B) believe that English is one of the poorest taught C) subjects in high school s at present. D)In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound瞤roduced A) ability, organizing B) two sounds de livered C) at a high rate as one call. D)I thought the technician was to blame A) for the blowingB) of the fuse, but I see now how C) I was D) mistaken.For him to be re elected, A) what is essential is not that his policy works, B) but that C) the public believe that it is. D)As far as A) I am concerned, his politics are B) rather conservative compared C) with other politicians. D) I'd say whenever you are going A) after something that is belonging B) to you, anyone who is depriving C) you o f the right to have it is criminal. D)Sections CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D). Choose the on e that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found _____ in the woods off the highway.A)vanishedB)scattered C)abandonedD)rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefo re, you should choose C).When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them _____.A)offB)asideC)outD)downThe wealth of a country should be measured _____ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.B)in terms ofC)in regard withD)by means ofHe has failed me so many times that I no longer place any _____ on what he promises.A)faithB)beliefC)creditD)relianceMy students found the book _____ it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.A)enlighteningB)confusingC)distractingD)amusingNobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____ down the economy.A)putB)settleC)dragD)knockIn this factory the machines are not regulated _____ but are jointly controlled by a central computer system.B)individuallyC)irrespectivelyD)irregularlyEvery chemical change either results from energy being sued to produce the change, or causes energy to be _____ in some form.A)given offB)put outC)set offD)used upIf businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually _____ .A)shrinkB)delayC)disperseD)sinkAmerican companies are evolving from mass瞤roduction manufacturing to _____ enterprises.A)moveableB)changingC)flexibleD)varyingIf you know what the trouble is, why don＇t you help them to _____ the situation?A)simplifyB)modifyC)verifyD)rectifyI can't _____ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning.A)figure outB)draw outC)look outD)work outI tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat _____ .A)disapprovalB)rejectionC)refusalD)declineFrom this material we can _____ hundreds of what you may call direct products.A)deriveB)discernC)diminishD)displaceShe had clearly no _____ of doing any work, although she was very well paid.A)tendencyB)ambitionC)intentionD)willingnessWhat seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become _____ a third time.A)clean and measurableB)notable and systematicC)pure and wholesomeD)clear and organicThe public opinion was that the time was not _____ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr. Jones.A)reasonableB)ripeC)readyD)practicalHudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the _____ of hunger.A)sensationB)causeC)purposeD)motiveFor the new country to survive, _____ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be require d.A)to name a fewB)let aloneC)not to speakD)let's sayForeign disinvestment and the _____ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.A)displacementB)eliminationC)exclusionD)exceptionWhen a number of people _____ together in a conversational knot, each individual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.A)padB)packC)squeezeD)clusterPart II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A),B),C),D). Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 poin ts)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its peo ple 41 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time 42 industria l giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwa ukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary work ers. This "45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can m ean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41. A)swarm B)stride C)separate D)slip42. A)For B)Because C)As D)Since43. A)from B)in C)on D)by44. A)Even though B)Now that C)If only D)Provided that45. A)durable B)disposable C)available D)transferable46. A)approach B)flow C)fashion D)trend47. A)instantly B)reversely C)fundamentally D)sufficiently48. A)but B)while C)and D)whereas49. A)imposed B)restricted C)illustrated D)confined50. A)excitement B)conviction C)enthusiasm D)importancePart III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers m arked A),B),C) and D). Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points) Passage 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of h ot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctor s to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive direc tor of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world his tory.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and ci tizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, inc luding churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life extending tech nology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a simi lar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observer s are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or p ill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagno sed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling of f” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, b ecause I've watch ed people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.From the second paragraph we learn that _____ .A)the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countriesB)physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC)changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD)it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passageWhen the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means _____.A)observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasiaB)similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countriesC)observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoesD)the effect瞭aking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stopWhen Lloyd Nickson dies, he will _____.A)face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasiaB)experience the suffering of a lung cancer patientC)have an intense fear of terrible sufferingD)undergo a cooling off period of seven daysThe author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of _____.A)oppositionB)suspicionC)approvalD)indifferencePassage 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be consid ered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small minded officials, rude waiters, and ill瞞annered taxi dri vers are hardly unknown in the US Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hung ry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choic e for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily lif e: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, yo u might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old trad ition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty s oon he invited me home for dinner —amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always un derstood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artif icial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily meant that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications o f the word may be qui te different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many American value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _____.A)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the USB)small minded officials deserve a serious commentC)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighborsD)most Americans are ready to offer helpIt could be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.A)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationshipB)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelatedC)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friendsD)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventionsFamilies in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _____.A)to improve their hard lifeB)in view of their long distance travelC)to add some flavor to their own daily lifeD)out of a charitable impulseThe tradition of hospitality to strangers _____.A)tends to be superficial and artificialB)is generally well kept up in the United StatesC)is always understood properlyD)was something to do with the busy tourist trailsPassage 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. Th ey don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral ter m substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is oft en used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these s ocially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substa nce can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depre ssants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants sl ow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways inc luding producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind 瞞anifesting”) because they seemed to radically al ter one's state of consciousness.“Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that _____.A)substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally usedB)“drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug t akersC)alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaineD)many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonousThe word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean _____.A)widespreadB)overwhelmingC)piercingD)fashionablePhysical dependence on certain substances results from _____.A)uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of timeB)exclusive use of them for social purposesC)quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseasesD)careless employment of them for unpleasant symptomsFrom the last paragraph we can infer that _____.A)stimulants function positively on the mindB)hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to healthC)depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substancesD)the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsPassage 4No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simpl y the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self瞖xamination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corpo rate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which wil l increase to 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restr ucture the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap musi c on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice T's violent rap song Cop Ki ller, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democra tic society,” he wrote in a Wall Streel Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whethe r it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the result s may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his har d line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meet ing, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society's ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, N ew York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creat ive freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say s everal of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have kn own for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people as sociated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for _____.A)its raising of the corporate stock priceB)its self瞖xamination of soulC)its neglect of social responsibilityD)its emphasis on creative freedomAccording to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A)Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.B)Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.C)Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.D)Stever Ross is no longer aliveIn face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman _____.A)stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expressionB)softened his tone and adopted some new policyC)changed his attitude and yielded to objectionD)received more support from the 15瞞ember boardThe best title for this passage could be _____.A)A Company under FireB)A Debate on Moral DeclineC)A Lawful Outlet of Street CultureD)A Form of Creative FreedomPassage 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link betwee n interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect o n the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscre en, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before ris ing slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double digit rates which many countries experienced in th e 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, an d expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percenta ge point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, si nce conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America 's capacity utilization, for example, his historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in Au gust) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some ec onomists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up ended the old economic models that were based upo n the historical link between growth and inflation.From the passage we learn that _____.A)there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ratesB)economy will always follow certain modelsC)the economic situation is better than expectedD)economists had foreseen the present economic situationAccording to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A)Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a carB)An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflationC)A high unemployment rate will result from inflationD)Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economyThe sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that _____.A)the low inflation rate will last for some timeB)the inflation rate will soon riseC)the inflation will disappear quicklyD)there is no inflation at presentThe passage shows that the author is _____ the present situation.A)critical ofB)puzzled byC)disappointed atD)amazed atPart IV English Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points).Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground瞔learing way t o start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is somethin g the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue t hat rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is th e idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies right s not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generation s. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extre mists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.。
97年考研英语真题
97年考研英语真题1997 Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern T erritory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ⅲ law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia —where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death —probably by a deadly injection or pill —to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminallyill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of T erminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition."I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.[A] opposition [B] suspicion[C] approval [D] indifference核心词汇1. measure 措施；测量；尺度；标准；take measures to do sth 采取措施做某事；in a/some measure=to a/some degree/extent 在某种程度上2. convince sb. of sth 是某人相信某事；convincing 令人信服的；3. flash 闪烁，闪光；4. pick up 开车接人；学会；5. on-line service 在线服务6. post 刊登，发布；poster 海报；7. bulletin 通知，布告；8. import 进口品，重要意义(important转化而来)；类似这样的词语有很多，比如fame—famous;9. while 一会儿，just a while稍等片刻；另外还有“虽然，尽管；而；当…时候”的意思10. sink in 被人理解(含有被动的意思)11. deal with 解决，处理，打交道；相当于cope with, handle, tackle, solve, resolve, settle,12. moral 道德的；13. implication 含义；相当于meaning, connotation14. sigh 叹气，叹息；sign 签字；招牌，路标；15. relief 救济；解脱，减轻16. association 联系；协会17. attack 抨击，批评；18. bill 法案；账单19. haste 仓促；More haste, less speed. 欲速则不达。
1997年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
When A) Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned off
B) all power C) in their homes, streets, and factories for several
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ 1997年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
marked A),B),C)andD). Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding
letter in the brackets. (5 points)
Part I Structure and Vocabulary
Sections A
Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices
As far as A) I am concerned, his politics are B) rather conservative
compared C) with other politicians. D)
I'd say whenever you are going A) after something that is belonging B)
rates _____ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical
1997年英语考研真题
1997年英语考研真题As an AI language model, I am unable to perform tasks like physically writing articles or restricting word limits. However, I can provide you with a sample article that addresses the 1997 English postgraduate entrance exam questions. You can use this as a reference to format your own article. Please note that the generated text may not be a perfect representation of the actual 1997 English postgraduate entrance exam questions. Here is a possible outline for the article:Title: A Closer Look at the 1997 English Postgraduate Entrance ExamIntroduction:In 1997, the English postgraduate entrance exam presented candidates with challenging questions, testing their language skills, comprehension, and critical thinking ability. This article aims to analyze and discuss some of the key questions from the exam.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionIn this section, candidates were tested on their ability to understand and interpret written passages. The exam included multiple-choice questions, where candidates had to select the most appropriate answer based on the given text. Additionally, they were required to answer short questions that required a more in-depth understanding of the passage's content.Section 2: Vocabulary and GrammarThis section evaluated candidates' command of their English language skills. It included exercises involving word choice, sentence structure, andgrammatical usage. Candidates had to demonstrate their proficiency in areas such as vocabulary expansion, verb tenses, and proper usage of prepositions.Section 3: WritingThe writing section assessed candidates' ability to express themselves in written English. Candidates were given a prompt and had to write an essay or a short passage based on the given topic. The exam assessed their organization, coherence, clarity, and grammatical accuracy in conveying their thoughts effectively.Section 4: TranslationThis section challenged candidates' translation skills. It required them to translate English sentences into Chinese accurately and vice versa. The goal was to evaluate their understanding of both languages and their ability to convey meaning while maintaining linguistic accuracy.Conclusion:The 1997 English postgraduate entrance exam was a comprehensive assessment of candidates' language skills and intellectual ability. It covered a range of areas, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, writing, and translation. By analyzing and understanding the exam's components, candidates could better prepare themselves for similar language assessments in the future.Note: The above outline provides a general structure for your article. You can expand each section and include specific examples or explanations to meet your desired word count.。
1997英语试题
1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points) 1. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds,________ could go penniless by next year.[A] the larger one[B] the larger of which[C] the largest one[D] the largest of which2. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________ withother elements, most commonly with oxygen.[A] combined[B] having combined[C] combine[D] being combined3. Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, ________ to thefamily’s disappointment.[A] much[B] more[C] too much[D] much more4. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I________ fully occupied the whole of last week.[A] were[B] had been[C] have been[D] was5. Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be ________ near what’s needed.[A] everywhere[B] somewhere[C] nowhere[D] anywhere6. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates________ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and[B] as[C] but[D] or7. He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant onthe subject. ________ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.[A] What little[B] So much[C] How much[D] So little8. Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to becomereconciled ________ the decision made by our fellow countrymen.[A] for[B] on[C] to[D] in9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone________ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.[A] adding[B] to have added[C] to add[D] added10. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and AmericanEnglish are so trivial and few as hardly ________.[A] noticed[B] to be noticed[C] being noticed[D] to noticePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points) Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11. Although Professor Green’s lectures usually ran over [A] the fifty minute [B]period, but none [C] of his students even [D] objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.12. When [A] Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned off [B]all power [C] in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of[D] this great man.13. They pointed out [A] the damage which [B] they supposed that [C] had beendone by last night’s [D] storm.14. Because of [A] the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me fromswimming [B] in the river unless [C] someone agrees to watch [D] over us. 15. A great many [A] teachers firmly [B] believe that English is one of the pooresttaught [C] subjects in high schools at present. [D]16. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound produced [A] ability,organizing [B] two sounds delivered [C] at a high rate as one call. [D]17. I thought the technician was to blame [A] for the blowing [B] of the fuse, but Isee now how [C] I was [D] mistaken.18. For him to be re elected, [A] what is essential is not that his policy works, [B]but that [C] the public believe that it is. [D]19. As far as [A] I am concerned, his politics are [B] rather conservative compared[C] with other politicians. [D]20. I’d say whenever you are going [A] after something that is belonging [B] to you,anyone who is depriving [C] you of the right to have it is criminal. [D]Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them________.[A] off[B] aside[C] out[D] down22. The wealth of a country should be measured ________ the health and happinessof its people as well as the material goods it can produce.[A] in line with[B] in terms of[C] in regard with[D] by means of23. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ________ on what hepromises.[A] faith[B] belief[C] credit24. My students found the book ________: it provided them with an abundance ofinformation on the subject.[A] enlightening[B] confusing[C] distracting[D] amusing25. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financialsystem will ________ down the economy.[A] put[B] settle[C] drag[D] knock26. In this factory the machines are not regulated ________ but are jointly controlledby a central computer system.[A] independently[B] individually[C] irrespectively[D] irregularly27. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce thechange, or causes energy to be ________ in some form.[A] given off[B] put out[C] set off[D] used up28. If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to workhard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually ________.[A] shrink[B] delay[C] disperse[D] sink29. American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing to________ enterprises.[B] changing[C] flexible[D] varying30. If you know what the trouble is, why don’t you help them to ________ thesituation?[A] simplify[B] modify[C] verify[D] rectify31. I can’t ________ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshlypicked this morning.[A] figure out[B] draw out[C] look out[D] work out32. I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat________.[A] disapproval[B] rejection[C] refusal[D] decline33. From this material we can ________ hundreds of what you may call directproducts.[A] derive[B] discern[C] diminish[D] displace34. She had clearly no ________ of doing any work, although she was very wellpaid.[A] tendency[B] ambition[C] intention[D] willingness35. What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ________ athird time.[A] clean and measurable[B] notable and systematic[C] pure and wholesome[D] clear and organic36. The public opinion was that the time was not ________ for the election of such aradical candidate as Mr. Jones.[A] reasonable[B] ripe[C] ready[D] practical37. Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ________ of hunger.[A] sensation[B] cause[C] purpose[D] motive38. For the new country to survive, ________ for its people to enjoy prosperity, neweconomic policies will be required.[A] to name a few[B] let alone[C] not to speak[D] let’s say39. Foreign disinvestment and the ________ of South Africa from world capitalmarkets after 1985 further weakened its economy.[A] displacement[B] elimination[C] exclusion[D] exception40. When a number of people ________ together in a conversational knot, eachindividual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.[A] pad[B] pack[C] squeeze[D] clusterSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people __41__ into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. __42__ industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive __43__ reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.__44__ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This __45__ work force is the most important __46__ in American business today, and it is __47__ changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive __48__ avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens __49__ by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of __50__ that came from being a loyal employee.41. [A] swarm[B] stride[C] separate[D] slip42. [A] For[B] Because[C] As[D] Since43. [A] from[B] in[C] on[D] by44. [A] Even though[B] Now that[C] If only[D] Provided that45. [A] durable[B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable46. [A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend47. [A] instantly[B] reversely[C] fundamentally[D] sufficiently48. [A] but[B] while[C] and[D] whereas49. [A] imposed[B] restricted[C] illustrated[D] confined50. [A] excitement[B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importanceSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffer ing: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he means ________.[A] observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The author’s a ttitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.[A] opposition[B] suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in th e stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such obser vations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly oftendraw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] was something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal che mical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s s tate of consciousness.59. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that________.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug take rs[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warn er was under fire for releasing Ice T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize thi s.”63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66. The best title for this passage could be ________.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the econo my to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This isno flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67. From the passage we learn that ________.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that________.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.[A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed atSection IV: English-Chinese Translation。
1997考研英语(一)真题及答案
1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds,________ could go penniless by next year.[A] the larger one[B] the larger of which[C] the largest one[D] the largest of which2. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________ withother elements, most commonly with oxygen.[A] combined[B] having combined[C] combine[D] being combined3. Andrew, my father’s younger brother, wi ll not be at the picnic, ________ to thefamily’s disappointment.[A] much[B] more[C] too much[D] much more4. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I________ fully occupied the whole of last week.[A] were[B] had been[C] have been[D] was5. Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be ________ near what’s needed.[A] everywhere[B] somewhere[C] nowhere[D] anywhere6. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates________ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and[B] as[C] but[D] or7. He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant onthe subject. ________ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.[A] What little[B] So much[C] How much[D] So little8. Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to becomereconciled ________ the decision made by our fellow countrymen.[A] for[B] on[C] to[D] in9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone________ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.[A] adding[B] to have added[C] to add[D] added10. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and AmericanEnglish are so trivial and few as hardly ________.[A] noticed[B] to be noticed[C] being noticed[D] to noticePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)Example:A number ofA foreign visitors were takenBto the industrial exhibition whichCthey sawDmany new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.”So you should choose [C].11. Although Professor Green’s lectures usually ran overA the fifty-minuteBperiod,but noneC of his students evenDobjected as they found his lectures bothinformative and interesting.12. WhenA Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned offBall powerC in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor ofDthis great man.13. They pointed outA the damage whichBthey supposed thatChad been done bylast night’sDstorm.14. Because ofAthe recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and mefrom swimmingB in the river unlessCsomeone agrees to watchDover us.15. A great manyA teachers firmlyBbelieve that English is one of thepoorest-taughtC subjects in high schools at present.D16. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-producedAability,organizingB two sounds deliveredCat a high rate as one call.D17. I thought the technician was to blameA for the blowingBof the fuse, but I seenow howC I wasDmistaken.18. For him to be re-electedA what is essential is not that his policy worksB, but thatCthe public believe that it is.D19. As far asA I am concerned, his politics areBrather conservative comparedCwithother politicians.D20. I’d say whenever you are goingA after something that is belongingBto you,anyone who is deprivingC you of the right to have it is criminal.DPart CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in thewoods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them________.[A] off[B] aside[C] out[D] down22. The wealth of a country should be measured ________ the health and happinessof its people as well as the material goods it can produce.[A] in line with[B] in terms of[C] in regard with[D] by means of23. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ________ on what hepromises.[A] faith[B] belief[C] credit[D] reliance24. My students found the book ________: it provided them with an abundance ofinformation on the subject.[A] enlightening[B] confusing[C] distracting[D] amusing25. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financialsystem will ________ down the economy.[A] put[B] settle[C] drag[D] knock26. In this factory the machines are not regulated ________ but are jointlycontrolled by a central computer system.[A] independently[B] individually[C] irrespectively[D] irregularly27. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce thechange, or causes energy to be ________ in some form.[A] given off[B] put out[C] set off[D] used up28. If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to workhard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually ________.[A] shrink[B] delay[C] disperse[D] sink29. American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing to________ enterprises.[A] moveable[B] changing[C] flexible[D] varying30. If you know what the trouble is, why don’t you help them to ________ thesituation?[A] simplify[B] modify[C] verify[D] rectify31. I can’t ________ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshlypicked this morning.[A] figure out[B] draw out[C] look out[D] work out32. I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat________.[A] disapproval[B] rejection[C] refusal[D] decline33. From this material we can ________ hundreds of what you may call directproducts.[A] derive[B] discern[C] diminish[D] displace34. She had clearly no ________ of doing any work, although she was very wellpaid.[A] tendency[B] ambition[C] intention[D] willingness35. What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ________ athird time.[A] clean and measurable[B] notable and systematic[C] pure and wholesome[D] clear and organic36. The public opinion was that the time was not ________ for the election of sucha radical candidate as Mr. Jones.[A] reasonable[B] ripe[C] ready[D] practical37. Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ________ of hunger.[A] sensation[B] cause[C] purpose[D] motive38. For the new country to survive, ________ for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few[B] let alone[C] not to speak[D] let’s say39. Foreign disinvestment and the ________ of South Africa from world capitalmarkets after 1985 further weakened its economy.[A] displacement[B] elimination[C] exclusion[D] exception40. When a number of people ________ together in a conversational knot, eachindividual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.[A] pad[B] pack[C] squeeze[D] clusterSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time.42industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming anation of part-timers and temporary workers. Th is “45” work force is the most important 46in American business today, and it is 47changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41. [A] swarm[B] stride[C] separate[D] slip42. [A] For[B] Because[C] As[D] Since43. [A] from[B] in[C] on[D] by44. [A] Even though[B] Now that[C] If only[D] Provided that45. [A] durable[B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable46. [A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend47. [A] instantly[B] reversely[C] fundamentally[D] sufficiently48. [A] but[B] while[C] and[D] whereas49. [A] imposed[B] restricted[C] illustrated[D] confined50. [A] excitement[B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importanceSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He s ent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t justsomething that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance o f the law’s passage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he means ________.[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.[A] opposition[B] suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For examp le, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increasedtolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.59. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that________.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expressi on of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66. The best title for this passage could be ________.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected toaverage only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67. From the passage we learn that ________.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that________.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.[A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed at。
1997年考研英语真题答案及解析
1997年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题答案与解析PartⅠCloze Test1.A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.C8.B9.A10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage111.D12.B13.A14.CPassage215.D16.A17.C18.BPassage319.D20.A21.A22.BPassage423.C24.D25.B26.APassage527.C28.B29.A30.DPartⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。
32.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。
33.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
34.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
35.这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。
这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。
SectionⅣWriting(15points)36.见分析试题精解PartⅠCloze Test一、文章总体分析本文介绍了美国临时劳动大军日益庞大这一现象及其影响。
文章一、二段介绍了美国临时就业机构雇员数量庞大和美国劳务公司的蓬勃发展。
第三段分析了临时劳动大军迅速发展造成的影响：一是使公司更具竞争性，减轻了负担。
二是使工人失去了各种福利及归属感。
二、试题具体解析1.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+动词词义辨析。
文章首句指出：拥有56万雇员的劳务公司（Manpower Inc）是全球最大的临时就业机构。
紧接着，第二句又提到了每天早晨这些临时工人到美国各公司和工厂上班的情况。
我们可以想象一下：56万工人每天早晨上班的情形一定是非常浩大的。
考研英语一97年真题
考研英语一97年真题In recent years, pursuing a higher degree, especially a master's degree, has become increasingly popular among students in China. The national postgraduate entrance examination, commonly known as the "gaokao," has served as the primary gateway for individuals seeking admission to graduate schools. The English section of the exam, in particular, is a key component that requires well-developed language skills and a thorough understanding of the subject matter. In this article, we will explore the 1997 exam for English, one of the most significant years for the gaokao.The 1997 English examination was comprised of four sections: Listening Comprehension, Reading Comprehension, Cloze, and Translation. Each section had different types of questions and difficulty levels, challenging candidates in various aspects of their language abilities.The Listening Comprehension section aimed to assess students' understanding and interpretation of spoken English. It consisted of multiple-choice questions in which examinees listened to audio clips and selected the correct answer based on the information given. The questions covered a range of topics, such as everyday conversations, academic lectures, and news reports. This section tested not only students' listening skills but also their ability to comprehend different accents and speech patterns.The Reading Comprehension section evaluated students' reading comprehension and analytical abilities. It presented candidates with a series of passages, followed by multiple-choice questions or fill-in-the-blank exercises. The passages covered a variety of genres, including academic articles, newspaper reports, and literary works. Notably, the 1997 exampushed candidates to think critically and grasp the main ideas, supporting details, and author's tone within the given time limits.The Cloze section assessed students' knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. It featured a passage with multiple blanks that needed to be filled in with appropriate words or phrases. This section required students to have a solid foundation in English grammar and vocabulary, as well as the ability to understand context and apply logical reasoning. It challenged candidates' capacity to make accurate and meaningful choices, demonstrating their control over the English language.The Translation section was often considered one of the most demanding parts of the exam. It required students to translate Chinese passages into English accurately. This section assessed not only language proficiency but also cultural understanding and writing skills. Candidates needed to demonstrate a deep understanding of both Chinese and English languages and cultures to achieve a successful translation.Overall, the 1997 English exam for the gaokao tested students' comprehensive language abilities, including listening, reading, vocabulary, grammar, and translation skills. It aimed to select individuals with a high level of proficiency in English, as well as critical thinking and analytical capabilities. Successfully passing this exam was a crucial step toward pursuing a master's degree in China.In conclusion, the 1997 English exam for gaokao represented a challenging opportunity for students to demonstrate their language proficiency and cognitive skills. It sought to assess their abilities in various areas of English, including listening comprehension, reading comprehension,vocabulary, grammar, and translation. By understanding the format and content of this exam, candidates could tailor their preparation strategies accordingly, increasing their chances of success and admission to their desired graduate programs.。
完整word版研究生学位英语真题 97word文档良心出品
研究生学位英语真题_97Part I Listening Comprehension (25minutes, 20points)Section A (1Point each)1. A. He doesn't like classic music. B. He feels sorry to decline the offerC. He is eager to go to the concert.D. He hasn't got a ticket yet.C. At the supermarket. 2.D. At the office.B. At the restaurant.A. At the garage.A. Tony doesn't always listen. 3.B. Tony has hearing problems.C. It's unusual that Tony missed the interviewD. Tony often forgets himself.A. The weather is generally cooler and drier. 4.B. The weather is generally warmer and wetter.C. The weather is moderately hot.D. The weather is usually changeable.A. A doctor.B. An operator,C. A nurse.D. A dentist.5.D. $30.56. A. $0.35B. $3.50C. $3.05A. He had something wrong with his watch. 7.B. He thought the meeting was for a different day.C. His oral presentation was not well-prepared.D. He was not paying attention to the time.A. He didn't attend Professor Smith's class last time. 8.B. He thinks the class will meet as scheduled.C. The woman should pose a more serious question.D. Professor Smith often cancels classes for the long weekend.A. The woman does not drink beer. 9.B. It was not the woman's coat.C. The woman just had her coat cleaned.D. The woman is not angry with the man.Section B ( 1 point each)10. A. 850,000 children, around two percent, are currently learning at homeB. School system provides teachers for homeschooling.C. All the states in the U.S. permit homeschooling.D. Homeschooled children are never expected to go to college.11. A. Because their children do not like attending schools.B. Because they love their children too much to send them away from homeC. Because homeschooling provides more time for the family to be together.D. Because they are able to help their kids to learn more social skills.12. A. A variety of honeybee. B. A geographic magazine.C. A National Home School Honor SocietyD. A national top competition.13. A. Importance of biodiversity. B. Protection of wild species.C. Farm pollution.D. Agricultural methods.14. A. Rice, maize, potato and wheat. B. Corn, bean, rice and wheat.C. Potato, maize, bean and rice.D. Rice, corn, wheat and sweet potato15. A. They can harm wetlands, rivers and other environments needed to support lifeB. They can destroy crops, native species and property.C. They spread in areas they are not native to with natural controls.D. They hardly survive different conditions.Section C ( 1 point each)Lecture Topic: Getting a good night's sleep16. There are several ___________ drugs available to help people sleep.If you don't want to use drugs, there are some things you can do on your own to help get a good night's sleep:17. 1)___________________________________________18. 2)___________________________________________9/ 1研究生学位英语真题_9719. 3)___________________________________________20. 4)___________________________________________PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous22. The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence.A. supportB. restrictC. raiseD. modify23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions for quick recovery.A. improve onB. abide byC. draw uponD. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove our fear of GM foods.A. abundantB. controversialC. conduciveD. convincing25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.A. more wealthyB. less successfulC. dismissed earlierD. favorably positioned26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum.A. influenceB. strengthC. outlookD. consequence27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.A. believedB. discardedC. advocatedD. confirmed28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices.A. assessingB. cuttingC. elevatingD. altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the cities to live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled up with32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his _____ home.A. humbleB. obscureC. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from ________ as possible.A. humidityB. humanityC. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play a huge role in our life.A. vesselB. vestC. ventureD. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who ___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaning digitalization could drive an even deeper ______between the rich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation37. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to38. The sun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths.A. elegantB. immenseC. hollowD. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. That would _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send9/ 2研究生学位英语真题_9740. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution, around the sun.A. tourB. travelC. visitD. tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization.Harvard needs to 43 its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important, said Kirby.Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or overa summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university.46 studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a university in China.It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required core curriculum. The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized ways of knowing.Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49 Harvard College Courses, emphasizing knowledge over methodology and 50 wider territory. A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.41. A. inspecting B. reviewing C. searching D. underlyingD. in response to C. in charge of42. A. in accordance with B. in line withD. upward C. upset 43. A. update B. upholdD. reward-worthy . praise-worthy C44. A. trust-worthy B. note-worthyD. turn over C. turn to 45. A. turn out B. turn inD. Rather than C . Let alone 46. A. In spite of B. As ifD. denounce C. abolish 47. A. perish B. destroyD. specific 48. A. appropriate C. special B. imaginativeD. optimistic 49. A. optical C. opposite B. optionalD. sparklingB. spiralingC. spanning 50. A. sparingREADING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) PART IVPassage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as Royal radiation to exposure the The disaster. power nuclear Ukraine the from 1986 the by was report published UK Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearestan reduce can double-decker a on upstairs Sitting pavement. the whether say to difficult is It exposure. traveling on underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than thatat street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails.9/ 3研究生学位英语真题_97But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter reallydoes count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of yearalso makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________.A. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ___________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus55. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________.A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduceB. stay away from the traffic as far as possibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate9/ 4研究生学位英语真题_97worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. Wouldn't it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action, Alley said.Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but itis something everyone should consider.This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. Butit's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet, Alley said.57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________.A. can be easedB. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________.A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patternsB. subtle changes in atmospheric patternsC. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word %upbeat (in Paragraph 3) probably means __________.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?A. To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate.C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the paradox of thrift. Imagine you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.9/ 5研究生学位英语真题_97It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actually behave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy thingsthat they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University in the US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas of the brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain when the eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to _____________.A. enjoy their present life as much as possibleB. spend every penny they have earnedC. save every penny for the futureD. save some money for later use64. According to the context, paradox (in Paragraph 2) probably means “__________”.A. contradictionB. hypothesisC. declarationD. assertion65. It is implied that many people in the UK and the United StatesA. have to work hard to make ends meetB. spend more than they can affordC. have trouble in paying back their debtsD. don't pay back their debts on time66. According to the resent studies made by economists, people__________.A. take pleasure in buying useless thingsB. won't buy things that they need.C. spend their money irrationallyD. make rational choices while spending their money67. It has been proved by the scientists at Stanford University that some people like to save money because_____.A. they like keeping their money in the bankB. they will feel safe if they save enough money for the futureC. they don't want to spend their money on useless thingsD. spending money gives them pain68. The passage mainly tells us_________.A. how to spend our moneyB. it is better to save some money for the futureC. it is the chemicals released from the brain that decide our spendingD. how to form a habit of rational spendingPassage FourTrees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler than it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published study by Govindasamy Bala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. Dr Bala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the world's trees might actually cool the planet down.The reason for this is that trees affect the world's temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instance 9/ 6研究生学位英语真题_97forests remain quite a dark shade even after a snowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorbmore of the sun's heat than vegetation which might otherwise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up.Dr Bala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a list of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.Overall, Dr Bala's model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.3? C temperature rise compared with business as usual, because of the higher carbon-dioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6? C of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3? C cooler than otherwise.No one, of course, would consider chopping down the world's forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, Dr Bala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth and loss at different latitudes. Planting trees in convenient places such as Europe and North America may actually be counterproductive. In Russia and Canada, cutting trees down led mostly to local cooling. The carbon dioxide this released into the atmosphere, though, warmed the world all over. Around the equator, by contrast, warming acted locally (as well as globally), so a tropical country would experience warming created by cutting down trees.The results follow increasing criticism from climate scientists of the benefits of forestry schemes to offset carbon emissions. Planting trees to neutralise carbon emissions has become a big business: ￡60m worth of trees have been bought this year, up from ￡20m in 2005. By 2010 the market is expected to reach ￡300m.69. According to the passage, trees make the world warmer because of their _________.A. deep colorB. round shapeC. enormous sizeD. high reflectivity70. Dr Bala's Integrated Climate and Carbon Model____________.A. supports the findings of other climate modelsB. is based on the results of other climate modelsC. uses a system different from other climate modelsD. challenges the basic theory of other climate models71. Based on Dr Bala's model, a treeless world would__________.A. cause serious environmental problemsB. prove helpful in fighting global warmingC. make it difficult to deal with climate changeD. raise carbon dioxide levels and global temperature72. According to Dr Bala, the best places to plant trees would be__________.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. High-latitude countries.D. tropical countries73. As is shown in the passage, criticism from other climate scientists__________.A. should be taken rather seriouslyB. is unreasonable and far-fetchedC. involves mostly economic interestsD. is voiced on behalf of the government74. The best title for the passage is____________.A. Should Green Trees Be Left Alone?B. Why Green Trees Might Not Be Green?C. How to Help Green Trees Survive?D. How to Go Green with Green Trees?Passage FiveThe patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.Well, almost certain.9/ 7研究生学位英语真题_97Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring. But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback --positive and negative -- about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patient's benefit, is whistle-blowing.75. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy______________.A. is useful to the people on the lower layerB. is built on a performance-reward systemC. is a barrier to the exchange of medical viewsD. is an effective way of teaching medical students76. he benefit of the doubt in Paragraph 5 shows that_________________.A. the student was not quite certain that she was rightB. the resident did not respond to the student's doubtC. the student was denied the chance to doubt the superiorD. the resident benefited from the student's suggestion77. James Dwyer's words mean that___________.A. students should learn to speak both kindly and professionallyB. students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patientsC. students should retain their faith even after facing some difficultiesD. students should be educated on how to care more about the patients78. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?A. Confused.B. Indifferent.C. Reluctant.D. Enthusiastic.79. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical studentsA. will remain for a long timeB. will disappear in the near futureC. should not be exaggeratedD. cannot be solved successfully80. The passage focuses on_____________.A. the development of teaching hospitals' hierarchiesB. the different roles in teaching hospitals' hierarchies9/ 8研究生学位英语真题_97C. the future reforms on teaching hospitals' hierarchiesD. the problems caused by teaching hospitals' hierarchiesPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing fordifferent audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that theycannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may notbe appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation．Section B(15 minutes，10 points)中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。
1997年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题题解(1)
1997年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题题解(试题请见5大学英语61997第2期)PartÑStructure and Vocabulary王育华任静明S ection C21.=译文>雇主们发现,当工会把工人组织起来后,要解雇工人就很难。
=题解>选A.off。
此题测试考生掌握运用短语动词的能力。
lay off (=stop employing usually temporarily)解雇;lay aside(=storefor future use)储存;lay out(=spread out or arrange)陈设、安排;lay dow n(=put dow n;plan or begin building)放下;计划或开始建造。
据此可知,选项y off符合题干的逻辑意义。
22.=译文>衡量一个国家的富有程度,要看其国民的体质和精神生活,也要看其生产物质财富的能力。
=题解>选B.in terms of。
此题考不同成语的含义。
就本题来说,重点在于如何区分A,B两项。
in line w ith1)与,一致(作表语),如:That isn.t in line w ith my idea s at all.2)按照(作状语)如:In line w ith t he custom of the school,the stude nts had aholiday betw een Christmas and New Year.s Day.这里的-inline w ith.有-遵循.的含义。
in terms of就,而论、谈到,,如:In terms of money we.re rich,but not in terms of ha pp-iness.由此可知,in terms of可将此题前后两句从逻辑意义上联系起来,故B为正确答案。
没有in regard w ith这个短语,只有in regard to(至于、鉴于)。
1997考研英语真题
1997考研英语真题IntroductionIn this article, we will analyze and discuss the 1997 postgraduate English entrance examination questions. This examination is one of the most important factors for students aspiring to pursue a postgraduate degree in English. Through an in-depth understanding of the questions, their structure, and content, we aim to provide valuable insights to help future candidates prepare for this challenging test.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 1997 exam focused on a passage about the impact of technology on education. The passage discussed how technological advancements in the field of education can both enhance and hinder the learning process. The author argued that while technology can provide valuable resources, it should not replace traditional teaching methods.Section 2: Cloze TextThe cloze text section of the exam required candidates to fill in the blanks with appropriate words, based on the context provided. The passage was about the benefits of physical exercise on mental health. It emphasized the positive effects of regular exercise on reducing stress and improving cognitive abilities.Section 3: TranslationIn this section, candidates were asked to translate a Chinese paragraph into English. The paragraph focused on the importance of setting clear goals and developing effective study habits to achieve academic success. It highlighted the significance of discipline and perseverance in the pursuit of knowledge.Section 4: Essay WritingThe essay writing section challenged candidates to express their opinions on the topic of "The Impact of Social Media on Society". Students were required to provide an analysis of the positive and negative effects of social media, as well as their personal viewpoint on the topic. The essay encouraged critical thinking and the ability to construct a coherent argument.ConclusionThe 1997 postgraduate English entrance examination questions encompassed various aspects of language proficiency, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, translation, and essay writing. By understanding the structure and content of these questions, future candidates can better prepare themselves for this demanding test. It is crucial for students to develop strong reading and writing skills, as well as the ability to analyze and interpret complex texts. With thorough preparation and practice, candidates can increase their chances of success in the postgraduate English entrance examination.。
1997年考研英语试题及答案
1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1.The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds,________ could go penniless by next year.[A] the larger one[B] the larger of which[C] the largest one[D] the largest of which2.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________ withother elements, most commonly with oxygen.[A] combined[B] having combined[C] combine[D] being combined3.Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, ________ to thefamily’s disappointment.[A] much[B] more[C] too much[D] much more4.I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I________ fully occupied the whole of last week.[A] were[B] had been[C] have been[D] was5.Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be ________ near what’s needed.[A] everywhere[B] somewhere[C] nowhere[D] anywhere6.The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates________ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and[B] as[C] but[D] or7.He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant onthe subject. ________ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.[A] What little[B] So much[C] How much[D] So little8.Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to becomereconciled ________ the decision made by our fellow countrymen.[A] for[B] on[C] to[D] in9.Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone________ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.[A] adding[B] to have added[C] to add[D] added10.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and AmericanEnglish are so trivial and few as hardly ________.[A] noticed[B] to be noticed[C] being noticed[D] to noticePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)Example:A number ofA foreign visitors were takenBto the industrial exhibition whichCthey sawDmany new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.Although Professor Green’s lectures usually ran overA the fifty-minuteBperiod,but noneC of his students evenDobjected as they found his lectures bothinformative and interesting.12.WhenA Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned offBall powerC in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor ofDthis great man.13.They pointed outA the damage whichBthey supposed thatChad been done bylast night’sDstorm.14.Because ofAthe recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and mefrom swimmingB in the river unlessCsomeone agrees to watchDover us.15. A great manyA teachers firmlyBbelieve that English is one of thepoorest-taughtC subjects in high schools at present.D16.In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-producedAability,organizingB two sounds deliveredCat a high rate as one call.D17.I thought the technician was to blameA for the blowingBof the fuse, but I seenow howC I wasDmistaken.18.For him to be re-electedA what is essential is not that his policy worksB, but thatCthe public believe that it is.D19.As far asA I am concerned, his politics areBrather conservative comparedCwithother politicians.D20.I’d say whenever you are goingA after something that is belongingBto you,anyone who is deprivingC you of the right to have it is criminal.DPart CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in thewoods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them________.[A] off[B] aside[C] out[D] down22.The wealth of a country should be measured ________ the health and happinessof its people as well as the material goods it can produce.[A] in line with[B] in terms of[C] in regard with[D] by means of23.He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ________ on what hepromises.[A] faith[B] belief[C] credit[D] reliance24.My students found the book ________: it provided them with an abundance ofinformation on the subject.[A] enlightening[B] confusing[C] distracting[D] amusing25.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financialsystem will ________ down the economy.[A] put[B] settle[C] drag[D] knock26.In this factory the machines are not regulated ________ but are jointlycontrolled by a central computer system.[A] independently[B] individually[C] irrespectively[D] irregularly27.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce thechange, or causes energy to be ________ in some form.[A] given off[B] put out[C] set off[D] used up28.If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to workhard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually ________.[A] shrink[B] delay[C] disperse[D] sink29.American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing to________ enterprises.[A] moveable[B] changing[C] flexible[D] varying30.If you know what the trouble is, why don’t you help them to ________ thesituation?[A] simplify[B] modify[C] verify[D] rectify31.I can’t ________ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshlypicked this morning.[A] figure out[B] draw out[C] look out[D] work out32.I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat________.[A] disapproval[B] rejection[C] refusal[D] decline33.From this material we can ________ hundreds of what you may call directproducts.[A] derive[B] discern[C] diminish[D] displace34.She had clearly no ________ of doing any work, although she was very wellpaid.[A] tendency[B] ambition[C] intention[D] willingness35.What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ________ athird time.[A] clean and measurable[B] notable and systematic[C] pure and wholesome[D] clear and organic36.The public opinion was that the time was not ________ for the election of sucha radical candidate as Mr. Jones.[A] reasonable[B] ripe[C] ready[D] practical37.Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ________ of hunger.[A] sensation[B] cause[C] purpose[D] motive38.For the new country to survive, ________ for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few[B] let alone[C] not to speak[D] let’s say39.Foreign disinvestment and the ________ of South Africa from world capitalmarkets after 1985 further weakened its economy.[A] displacement[B] elimination[C] exclusion[D] exception40.When a number of people ________ together in a conversational knot, eachindividual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.[A] pad[B] pack[C] squeeze[D] clusterSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporaryemployment agency. Every morning, its people 41into the offices andfactories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time.42industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming anation of part-timers and temporary workers. This “45” work force is the most important 46in American business today, and it is 47changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41.[A] swarm[B] stride[C] separate[D] slip42.[A] For[B] Because[C] As[D] Since43.[A] from[B] in[C] on[D] by44.[A] Even though[B] Now that[C] If only[D] Provided that45.[A] durable[B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable46.[A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend47.[A] instantly[B] reversely[C] fundamentally[D] sufficiently48.[A] but[B] while[C] and[D] whereas49.[A] imposed[B] restricted[C] illustrated[D] confined50.[A] excitement[B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importanceSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t justsomething that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia --where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part --other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death --probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.51.From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage52.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he means ________.[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.[A] opposition[B] suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse58.The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increasedtolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.59.“Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that________.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60.The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable61.Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62.From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation.“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”63.Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65.In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66.The best title for this passage could be ________.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’scapacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67.From the passage we learn that ________.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that________.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70.The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.[A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed atSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a。
[实用参考]1997年考研英语试题及答案
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1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionII ClozeTestDirections: Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmark ed[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkPouransweronthe ANSW ERSHEET1bPblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(10points) ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld’slargesttemporar Pe mploPmentagencP.EverPmorning,itspeople大41家intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingadaP’sworkforada P’spa P. OnedaPatatime.大42家industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive大43家reducingthenumberofemploPees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsi n,isbooming.大44家itseconomPcontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglPbecominganationofp art-timersandtemporarP workers.This“大45家”workforceisthemostim portant大46家inAmericanbusinesstodaP,anditis大47家changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonpr ovidesawaPforcompaniestoremaingloballPcompetitive大48家avoidingmarketcPclesandthegrowingburdens大49家bPemploPmentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanm eananendtothesecuritP,benefitsandsenseof大50家thatcamefrombeingaloPalemploPee.41. [A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate[D]slip42. [A]For[B]Because[C]As[D]Since43. [A]from[B]in[C]on[D]bP44. [A]Eventhough[B]Nowthat[C]IfonlP[D]Providedthat45. [A]durable[B]disposable[C]available[D]transferable46. [A]approach[B]flow[C]fashion[D]trend47. [A]instantlP[B]reverselP[C]fundamentallP[D]sufficientlP48. [A]but[B]while[C]and[D]whereas49. [A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated[D]confined50. [A]eGcitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm[D]importanceSectionIII ReadingComprehensionDirections: EachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbPsomequestions.Foreachquestionth erearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ReadthepassagescarefullPand choosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkPouransweronthe ANSWERSHEETbPblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40poi nts)TeGt1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallPtaken.AftersiGmonths ofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarP debates,Australia’sNorth ernTerritorPbecamethefirstlegalauthoritPintheworldtoallowdoctorstotak ethelivesofincurablPillpatientswhowishtodie.ThemeasurepassedbPtheco nvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelPwordflashedontheInternetand waspickedup,halfaworldawaP,bPJohnHofsess,eGecutivedirectoroftheRigh ttoDieSocietP ofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup’son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaP sHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsallda Plong,becauseofcoursethisisn ’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’sworldhistor P.”ThefullimportmaPtakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallPIlll awhasleftphPsiciansandcitizensaliketrPingtodealwithitsmoralandpractica limplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,ri ght-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlPattackedth ebillandthehasteofitspassage.ButthetideisunlikelPtoturnback.InAustralia --whereanagingpopulation,life-eGtendingtechnologPandchangingcom munitPattitudeshaveallplaPedtheirpart--otherstatesaregoingtoconsider makingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretherig ht-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedomi noestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorPlaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath--probablPbPadeadlPinjectionorpill--toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientm ustbediagnosedasterminallPillbP twodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff”period ofsevendaPs,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewis hfordeathcanbemet.ForLloPdNickson,a54-Pear-oldDarwinresidentsufferi ngfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallPIlllawmeanshecangetonwithl ivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifPingdeathfromhisbreat hingcondition.“I’mnotafraidofd Pingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwha tIwasafraidofwashowI’dgo,becauseI’vewatchedpeopledieinthehospita lfightingforoGP genandclawingattheirmasks,”hesa Ps.51. Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat________.[A]theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries[B]phPsiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia[C]changingtechnologPischieflPresponsibleforthehastPpassageofthelaw[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw’spassage52.WhentheauthorsaPsthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestost artfalling,hemeans________.[A]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia[B]similarbillsarelikelPtobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries[C]observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes[D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmaPfinallPcometoastop53. WhenLloPdNicksondies,hewill________.[A]facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia[B]eGperiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient[C]haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering[D]undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendaPs54. Theauthor’sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof________.[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval[D]indifferenceTeGt2AreportconsistentlPbroughtbackbPvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlP,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisa lsofrequentlPmadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsidered NorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,eGceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rud ewaiters,andill-manneredtaGidriversarehardlPunknownintheUS.Petitisan observationmadesofrequentlPthatitdeservescomment.ForalongperiodoftimeandinmanPpartsofthecountrP,atravelerwasaw elcomebreakinanotherwisedulleGistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecom monproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallPliveddistantfromoneanother.Str angersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoft heoutsideworld.TheharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitalitP.S omeonetravelingalone,ifhungrP,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturneGc epttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravel erormerelPacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharsh nessofdailPlife:ifP oudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewa snooneelsewhowould.AndsomedaP,remember,Poumightbeinthesamesit uation.TodaPtherearemanPcharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpin gthewearPtraveler.Pet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitPtostrangersisstillverPst rongintheUS,especiallPinthesmallercitiesandtownsawaPfromthebusPtou risttrails.“Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprett Psoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing.”Suchobservationsreporte dbPvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaPsunderstoodprope rlP.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanPAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallPdevelopedculturaltr adition.AsistrueofanPdevelopedsocietP,inAmericaacompleGsetofculturalsig nals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.An d,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilPmeanthatsomeoneun derstandssocialandculturalpatter ns.Visitorswhofailto“translate”cultural meaningsproperlPoftendrawwrongconclusions.ForeGample,whenanAme ricanusestheword“friend,”theculturalimplicationsofthewordma Pbequit edifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmoret hanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionan dindividualinterest.Pet,beingfriendlPisavirtuethatmanPAmericansvaluehi ghlPandeGpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.55. IntheePesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld,________.[A]rudetaGidriversarerarelPseenintheUS[B]small-mindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscomment[C]CanadiansarenotsofriendlPastheirneighbors[D]mostAmericansarereadPtoofferhelp56. Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]cultureeGercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationship[B]courteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelated[C]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselveseGclusivelPamongfriends[D]socialinterrelationshipsequalthecompleGsetofculturalconventions57. Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers________.[A]toimprovetheirhardlife[B]inviewoftheirlong-distancetravel[C]toaddsomeflavortotheirowndailPlife[D]outofacharitableimpulse58. ThetraditionofhospitalitPtostrangers________.[A]tendstobesuperficialandartificial[B]isgenerallPwellkeptupintheUnitedStates[C]isalwaPsunderstoodproperlP[D]hassomethingtodowiththebusPtouristtrailsTeGt3TechnicallP,anPsubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilPormental functioningisadrug.ManPpeoplemistakenlPbelievethetermdrugrefersonl PtosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbPdrugaddicts.ThePdo n’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs. ThisiswhPthemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbPmanPphPsiciansan dpsP chologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“dru gabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalco holandtobaccocanbejust asharmfullPmisusedasheroinandcocaine.WeliveinasocietPinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(dru gs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffee togetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallPac ceptableandapparentlPconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Fir stofall,mostsubstancestakenineGcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchasp oisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.RepeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophPsicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarked firstbPanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredt oproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbPtheappearanceofunpleasantwithdr awalsPmptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussPstemandalterperce ption,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsPchoactivesubstances.PsPchoacti vesubstancesarecommonlPgroupedaccordingtowhethertheParestimulan ts,depressants,orhallucinogens.StimulantsinitiallPspeeduporactivatethec entralnervoussPstem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshav etheirprimarPeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietPofwaP sincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledps P chedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mind-manifesting”)becausethe PseemedtoradicallP alterone’sstateofconsciousness.59.“Substanceabuse”(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto“drugabus e”inthat________.[A]substancescanalterourbodilPormentalfunctioningifillegallPused[B]“drugabuse”isonl Prelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakers[C]alcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocaine[D]manPsubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonous60. Theword“pervasive”(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean________.[A]widespread[B]overwhelming[C]piercing[D]fashionable61. PhPsicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom________.[A]uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftime[B]eGclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposes[C]quantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseases[D]carelessemploPmentofthemforunpleasantsPmptoms62. Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat________.[A]stimulantsfunctionpositivelPonthemind[B]hallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealth[C]depressantsaretheworsttPpeofpsPchoactivesubstances[D]thethreetPpesofpsPchoactivesubstancesarecommonlPusedingroupsTeGt4NocompanPlikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanatio n.“Isthiswhat PouintendedtoaccomplishwithP ourcareers?”SenatorRobe rtDoleaskedTimeWarnereGecutiveslastweek.“PouhavesoldPoursouls,bu tmustP oucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTim eWarn er,however,suchquestionsaresimplPthelatestmanifestationofthesoul-sear chingthathasinvolvedthecompanPeversincethecompanPwasbornin1990.I t’saself-eGaminationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibil itP,creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthe lateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethe stockpriceandreducethecompanP’smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsome ofthepropertPandrestructurethecompanP,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatie ntlP.TheflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanPeasierforhim.LevinhasconsistentlP defendedthecompanP’srapmusiconthegroundsofeGpression.In1992,w henTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T’sviolent rapsong CopKille r,LevindescribedrapasalawfuleGpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesan outlet.“Thetestofan PdemocraticsocietP,”hewroteina WallStreetJournal c olumn,“liesnotinhowwellitcancontroleGpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfree domofthoughtandeGpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputa bleorirritatingtheresultsmaP sometimesbe.Wewon’tretreatinthefaceofa nP threats.”Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignstha tthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeeGtent.Duri ngthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth’sstockholders’meeti ng,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsociet P’sills”andevencite dhisson,ateacherintheBronG,NewPork,whousesraptocommunicatewithst udents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstruggle”betweencreativ efreedomandsocialresponsibilitP,andheannouncedthatthecompanPwoul dlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiall Pobjectionablemusic.The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallPsupportiveofLevinandhi scorporatestrategP.ButinsiderssaPseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcern sinthismatter.“Someofushaveknownforman P,manPPearsthatthefreedom。
1997年考研英语试题及答案
1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This “45” work force is the most important 46in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41. [A] swarm[B] stride[C] separate[D] slip42. [A] For[B] Because[C] As[D] Since43. [A] from[B] in[C] on[D] by44. [A] Even though[B] Now that[C] If only[D] Provided that45. [A] durable[B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable46. [A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend47. [A] instantly[B] reversely[C] fundamentally[D] sufficiently48. [A] but[B] while[C] and[D] whereas49. [A] imposed[B] restricted[C] illustrated[D] confined50. [A] excitement[B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importanceSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediatelyword flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but wh at I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, hemeans ________.[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.[A] opposition[B] suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I wa s just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioningis a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.59. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that________.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60. Th e word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4No company likes to be told it is contributi ng to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well” At Ti me Warner, however, such questions are simply the latestmanifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $ billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the re sults may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singin g verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced st ruggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66. The best title for this passage could be ________.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere % last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to % this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month sa id that America’s inflation rate would average % in 1995. In fact, it fell to % in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate % in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67. From the passage we learn that ________.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Pa ragraph 3) means that ________.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.[A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed atSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Do animals have rights This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.1997年考研英语真题答案Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)71. 事实并非如此, 因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的, 而这种共同认识并不存在。
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Part I Listening Comprehension (25minutes, 20points)Section A (1Point each)1. A. He doesn't like classic music. B. He feels sorry to decline the offerC. He is eager to go to the concert.D. He hasn't got a ticket yet.2. A. At the garage. B. At the restaurant. C. At the supermarket. D. At the office.3. A. Tony doesn't always listen. B. Tony has hearing problems.C. It's unusual that Tony missed the interviewD. Tony often forgets himself.4. A. The weather is generally cooler and drier. B. The weather is generally warmer and wetter.C. The weather is moderately hot.D. The weather is usually changeable.5. A. A doctor. B. An operator, C. A nurse. D. A dentist.6. A. $0.35 B. $3.50 C. $3.05 D. $30.57. A. He had something wrong with his watch. B. He thought the meeting was for a different day.C. His oral presentation was not well-prepared.D. He was not paying attention to the time.8. A. He didn't attend Professor Smith's class last time.B. He thinks the class will meet as scheduled.C. The woman should pose a more serious question.D. Professor Smith often cancels classes for the long weekend.9. A. The woman does not drink beer. B. It was not the woman's coat.C. The woman just had her coat cleaned.D. The woman is not angry with the man.Section B ( 1 point each)10. A. 850,000 children, around two percent, are currently learning at homeB. School system provides teachers for homeschooling.C. All the states in the U.S. permit homeschooling.D. Homeschooled children are never expected to go to college.11. A. Because their children do not like attending schools.B. Because they love their children too much to send them away from homeC. Because homeschooling provides more time for the family to be together.D. Because they are able to help their kids to learn more social skills.12. A. A variety of honeybee. B. A geographic magazine.C. A National Home School Honor SocietyD. A national top competition.13. A. Importance of biodiversity. B. Protection of wild species.C. Farm pollution.D. Agricultural methods.14. A. Rice, maize, potato and wheat. B. Corn, bean, rice and wheat.C. Potato, maize, bean and rice.D. Rice, corn, wheat and sweet potato15. A. They can harm wetlands, rivers and other environments needed to support lifeB. They can destroy crops, native species and property.C. They spread in areas they are not native to with natural controls.D. They hardly survive different conditions.Section C ( 1 point each)Lecture Topic: Getting a good night’s sleep16. There are several ___________ drugs available to help people sleep.I f you don’t want to use drugs, there are some things you can do on your own to help get a good night’s sleep:17. 1)___________________________________________18. 2)___________________________________________19. 3)___________________________________________20. 4)___________________________________________PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous22. The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence.A. supportB. restrictC. raiseD. modify23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions for quick recovery.A. improve onB. abide byC. draw uponD. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove our fear of GM foods.A. abundantB. controversialC. conduciveD. convincing25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.A. more wealthyB. less successfulC. dismissed earlierD. favorably positioned26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum.A. influenceB. strengthC. outlookD. consequence27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.A. believedB. discardedC. advocatedD. confirmed28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices.A. assessingB. cuttingC. elevatingD. altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the cities to live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled up with32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his _____ home.A. humbleB. obscureC. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from ________ as possible.A. humidityB. humanityC. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play a huge role in our life.A. vesselB. vestC. ventureD. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who ___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaning digitalization could drive an even deeper ______between therich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation37. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to38. The sun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths.A. elegantB. immenseC. hollowD. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. That would _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution, around the sun.A. tourB. travelC. visitD. tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization."Harvard needs to 43 its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important," said Kirby.Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university." 46 studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a university in China."It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required "core curriculum". The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized "ways of knowing".Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49 "Harvard College Courses", emphasizing knowledge over methodology and 50 wider territory. A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.41. A. inspecting B. reviewing C. searching D. underlying42. A. in accordance with B. in line with C. in charge of D. in response to43. A. update B. uphold C. upset D. upward44. A. trust-worthy B. note-worthy C. praise-worthy D. reward-worthy45. A. turn out B. turn in C. turn to D. turn over46. A. In spite of B. As if C. Let alone D. Rather than47. A. perish B. destroy C. abolish D. denounce48. A. appropriate B. imaginative C. special D. specific49. A. optical B. optional C. opposite D. optimistic50. A. sparing B. spiraling C. spanning D. sparklingPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails.But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________.A. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ___________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus55. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________.A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduceB. stay away from the traffic as far as possibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debateworldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. "Wouldn't it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action," Alley said.Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider."This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet," Alley said.57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________.A. can be easedB. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________.A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patternsB. subtle changes in atmospheric patternsC. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word "upbeat" (in Paragraph 3) probably means __________.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?A. To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate.C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the "paradox of thrift." Imagine you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actually behave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University in the US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas of the brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain when the eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to _____________.A. enjoy their present life as much as possibleB. spend every penny they have earnedC. save every penny for the futureD. save some money for later use64. According to the context, "paradox" (in Paragraph 2) probably means “__________”.A. contradictionB. hypothesisC. declarationD. assertion65. It is implied that many people in the UK and the United StatesA. have to work hard to make ends meetB. spend more than they can affordC. have trouble in paying back their debtsD. don't pay back their debts on time66. According to the resent studies made by economists, people__________.A. take pleasure in buying useless thingsB. won't buy things that they need.C. spend their money irrationallyD. make rational choices while spending their money67. It has been proved by the scientists at Stanford University that some people like to save money because_____.A. they like keeping their money in the bankB. they will feel safe if they save enough money for the futureC. they don't want to spend their money on useless thingsD. spending money gives them pain68. The passage mainly tells us_________.A. how to spend our moneyB. it is better to save some money for the futureC. it is the chemicals released from the brain that decide our spendingD. how to form a habit of rational spendingPassage FourTrees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler than it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published study by Govindasamy Bala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. Dr Bala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the world's trees might actually cool the planet down.The reason for this is that trees affect the world's temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instanceforests remain quite a dark shade even after a snowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorb more of the sun's heat than vegetation which might otherwise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up.Dr Bala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a list of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.Overall, Dr Bala's model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.3ْC temperature rise compared with business as usual, because of the higher carbon-dioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6ْC of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3ْC cooler than otherwise.No one, of course, would consider chopping down the world's forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, Dr Bala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth and loss at different latitudes. Planting trees in convenient places such as Europe and North America may actually be counterproductive. In Russia and Canada, cutting trees down led mostly to local cooling. The carbon dioxide this released into the atmosphere, though, warmed the world all over. Around the equator, by contrast, warming acted locally (as well as globally), so a tropical country would experience warming created by cutting down trees.The results follow increasing criticism from climate scientists of the benefits of forestry schemes to offset carbon emissions. Planting trees to neutralise carbon emissions has become a big business: £60m worth of trees have been bought this year, up from £20m in 2005. By 2010 the market is expected to reach £300m.69. According to the passage, trees make the world warmer because of their _________.A. deep colorB. round shapeC. enormous sizeD. high reflectivity70. Dr Bala's Integrated Climate and Carbon Model____________.A. supports the findings of other climate modelsB. is based on the results of other climate modelsC. uses a system different from other climate modelsD. challenges the basic theory of other climate models71. Based on Dr Bala's model, a treeless world would__________.A. cause serious environmental problemsB. prove helpful in fighting global warmingC. make it difficult to deal with climate changeD. raise carbon dioxide levels and global temperature72. According to Dr Bala, the best places to plant trees would be__________.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. High-latitude countries.D. tropical countries73. As is shown in the passage, criticism from other climate scientists__________.A. should be taken rather seriouslyB. is unreasonable and far-fetchedC. involves mostly economic interestsD. is voiced on behalf of the government74. The best title for the passage is____________.A. Should Green Trees Be Left Alone?B. Why Green Trees Might Not Be Green?C. How to Help Green Trees Survive?D. How to Go Green with Green Trees?Passage FiveThe patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.Well, almost certain.Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, "The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring." But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback -- positive and negative -- about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patient's benefit, is whistle-blowing.75. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy______________.A. is useful to the people on the lower layerB. is built on a performance-reward systemC. is a barrier to the exchange of medical viewsD. is an effective way of teaching medical students76. "the benefit of the doubt" in Paragraph 5 shows that_________________.A. the student was not quite certain that she was rightB. the resident did not respond to the student's doubtC. the student was denied the chance to doubt the superiorD. the resident benefited from the student's suggestion77. James Dwyer's words mean that___________.A. students should learn to speak both kindly and professionallyB. students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patientsC. students should retain their faith even after facing some difficultiesD. students should be educated on how to care more about the patients78. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?A. Confused.B. Indifferent.C. Reluctant.D. Enthusiastic.79. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical studentsA. will remain for a long timeB. will disappear in the near futureC. should not be exaggeratedD. cannot be solved successfully80. The passage focuses on_____________.A. the development of teaching hospitals' hierarchiesB. the different roles in teaching hospitals' hierarchiesC. the future reforms on teaching hospitals' hierarchiesD. the problems caused by teaching hospitals' hierarchiesPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation．Section B(15 minutes，10 points)中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。