生产计划与控制复习要点

Chapter 1

Define operations management

答：Operations management is the management of an organization’s productive resources or its Production system, which converts inputs into the organization’s products and services.

What are the most important factors affecting operations management today?

答：1. Reality of global competition 2. Quality, customer service and cost challenges 3. Rapid expansion of advanced technologies 4. Continued growth of the service sector5. Scarcity of operations resources6. Social-responsibility issues

Chapter 2

Explain what operational effectiveness is

Operational effectiveness 是指在进行相识的生产活动中比其竞争者表现得更好的能力Assume that a dollar could buy 125 yen and two years later a dollar could buy 150 yen. If the only factor considered was the change en exchange rates, would the price of a Japanese product sold in the United States go up or down in this period? By what percentage would the price change? What advice would you give managers today about developing business strategy, given that international financial conditions are changing rapidly? Defend your advice.

How is operations strategy related to business strategy? How does operations strategy impact business strategy?

Name and describe four competitive priorities. Discuss how these priorities are created.（参考p45）

What are the advantages of a “product-focused, standardized-product, produce-to-stock”positioning strategy?

Chapter 3

Name the four components or data patterns of long-range demand in forecasting.

Explain what is meant by ranging a forecast.

Define and describe the coefficient of correlation and the coefficient of determination.

相关系数，反映因变量与自变量的相关程度决定系数，反映因变量被自变量决定的程度（参考p75）

What is multiple regression analysis? How is multiple regression different from simple linear regression?

多元回归分析，有多个自变量的回归分析。考虑多个影响因素，比简单线性回归更贴近现实（参考p76）

What are impulse response and noise dampening? How are they related?

脉冲响应，预测模型对现实需求数据变化的响应能力；降噪能力，预测模型消除数据波动影响的能力；脉冲响应强，则降噪能力弱，反之亦然

What are the key advantages of moving averages and exponential smoothing? What are the disadvantages?

适时修正偏差

Explain how the moving averages method is different from weighted moving averages method. Does AP = 3 or AP = 5 have the higher impulse response? Explain.

移动平均用到的历史数据的权重是相等的，而加权移动平均的历史数据的权重是不相等的。AP = 3 的脉冲响应更强。

Name three common reasons why forecasting systems fail.

答：1、忽略了群众的力量，没有让多数人参与预测2、没有认识到预测是企业规划的一部

分3、预测必定有误差，预测的时间区间越长，误差越大4、选择了错误的预测对象5、选择了不适当的预测方法6、没有密切跟踪，适时修正

What is the tracking signal? How is it calculated? How is it used?

跟踪信号是一种跟踪预测模型的表现的方法。（参考p95）

Chapter 4

Type Of Process Designs：product-focused (production line or continuous production ) process-focused (intermittent production or job shops)group technology/cellular manufacturing Major Factors Affecting Process Design Decisions

答：1 Nature of product/service demand: patterns of demand and price-volume relationships ；2 Degree of vertical integration: forward and backward integration；3 Production flexibility: product and volume flexibility；4 Degree of automation；5 Product/service quality

Name and describe the steps in developing new products. What are the key differences between a prototype and production design?

答：1、技术和经济可行性研2、设计原形3、原形性能测试4、原形的市场感知和评价，经济评价5、设计产品模型6、产品模型的市场、性能、工艺测试，经济评价7、产品模型的不断完善（参考P116)

Explain the meaning of designing products for ease of production. Why is this important? 答：Designing products for ease of production 是指通过技术参数说明书、标准化、简化等

使产品的生产更为简单。可以使产品成本下降，质量提高，便于实现生产的自动化，有利于降低库存。（参考p119）

Compare developing new products and developing new services. How are they alike? How are they different?

答：不需工程控制测试，产品的原形设计，市场测试（参考p120）

Explain why product-focused systems are sometimes called: (a) continuous production, (b) production lines or assembly lines. Explain the difference between: (a) discrete unit manufacturing and process manufacturing, (b) process-focused production and process manufacturing.

答：因为产品为中心的生产是根据产品的类型来组织的，生产一个产品所需的全部操作组织在一起作为一个生产部门，产品的生产是连续不断的。产品为中心的生产大多采用流水线的形式。分离的单元制造，是指生产的产品是一个个分离的单元；工艺制造，是指生产过程中的工艺；工艺为中心，是一种组织生产的形式

Explain why process-focused production is sometimes called: (a) intermittent production, (b) job shops.

答：因为工艺为中心的生产根据工艺来组织生产的，所有具有相同工艺技术的操作组织在一起作为一个生产部门。产品在一个生产部门里完成一个工艺操作，再到另一个部门进行另一个工艺操作，所以产品的生产是断续的

Describe an assembly chart and a process chart. How are they different? Explain how they are used in process design.P140

As the number of product designs increases and as the batch sizes decrease, explain what happens to: (a) production cost per unit, (b) product flexibility. Give some reasons why this relationship exists.

(a)单件成本上升，因为设计、测试费用，批次小，达不到规模效应(b)上升，因为产品柔性必须提高来适应小批量，多批次的市场需求