翻译概论

毛荣贵将翻译比作“吐蚕丝”的过程。蚕吃进去的是桑叶，经过一番咀嚼消化，加工转化，最终吐 出蚕丝。原文为桑，译文为丝。
杨绛先生将翻译比喻为“一仆二主”的事情，即译者这个仆人不仅要忠实于原著这个主人，还要忠 实于读者这个主人。
翻译实践 1
1. Atomic clocks keep time better than 0.01 second a year. 2. He wanted to run, but that would be the worst thing he could do. 3. She came to see him almost every day for six astonishing weeks. 4. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties
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begin to work forward, alternatively. When one has been thrust forward, its barbs catch
in the flesh and hold while the other is being thrust forward, and this motion, which also
a3stupor which had deadened sensation, and a4n awakening to find a
little new life(to which she had given being),(added to the great unnumbered multitude of souls(that come and go.))
3. She came to see him almost every day for six astonishing weeks. 她几乎每个都来看他，连续了六个星期。时间之长，令人吃惊。
快乐译站
以下是有关翻译的一些言论：
意大利语：Traduttore, traditore. (翻译即叛逆。) Susan Bassnett: 把翻译看成是“译者摆布文本的一个过程”。 据钱钟书先生的研究，在塞万提斯《唐·吉诃德》第二部第六十二章中有“阅读译本就像从反面看花 毯”的比喻。
美国翻译家Margaret Sayers Peden将翻译比喻为一块冰从溶化到再结成冰的过程。 在Susan Bassnett 与Andre Lefevere 两人合编的《翻译，历史与文化》一书的前言中，翻译被 比作婚姻。
近乎昏迷，不省人事；恍惚
译文：她模糊地想起当时极度的痛苦，想起了浓烈的三氯甲烷麻醉剂的气味；她 记得自己失去了知觉，昏了过去，而醒来时发现自己又为来来往往的芸芸众生增 添了一条小小的新生命。
理解阶段：语义分析
a good Christian a good parent a good child a good wife a good husband a good tooth a good investment a good reason a good income a good table good looks good manners
5. In the late summer of that year we lived in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. 那年夏末，我们住在乡下一间小房子里。我们的房子面朝村前的河流和平原那 边的群山。
ecstasy n. an overwhelming feeling of great happiness or joyful excitement 狂喜，极度兴奋
chloroform n. alternative name: trichloromethane 三氯甲烷 stupor n. a state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility
6. Distance and weight have been measured from at least 3000 B.C. 测距和衡重至少始于（或：追溯到）公元前三千年。
7. To be, or not to be: that is a question. ①活下去还是不活：这是问题。（卞之琳译） ②生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。（朱生豪译） ③死后还是存在，还是不存在，——这是问题。（梁实秋译）
His grandfather has
joined the heavenly choir. 升天了
passed away.
逝世了
go west.
归西了
died
死了
breathed one’s last.
断气了
kicked the bucket.
翘辫子了
kicked up one’s heels.
蹬腿了
3. She came to see him almost every day for six astonishing weeks. 她几乎每天都来看他，连续了六个星期。时间之长，令人吃惊。
4. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature. 他们在攀登中经常遇到的困难和危险的确堪称难中之难，险中之险。
翻译实践 2
1. This is a 100-hour reliable engine. 2. He wanted to learn, to know, to teach. 3. She came to see him almost every day for six astonishing
weeks. 4. It is true that during their explorations they often faced
正式/褒义
中性
非正式/贬义
理解阶段：语篇分析
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2
The sting is a bee’s only weapon. It is not a single spear that appears to the naked eye,
but consists of three prongs each beautifully grooved into the others, thus forming a sort
虔诚的基督教徒 慈爱的父亲 孝顺的子女；懂礼貌的孩子 贤良的妻子 尽责的丈夫 健康的牙齿 可靠地投资 正当的理由 高收入 丰盛的一餐 美貌 得体的举止
上下文/词语搭配对词 义的影响
Out in the west where men are men. (能骑马打枪的)男子汉
社会文化因素对词义的影 响
理解阶段：语体分析
difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature. 5. In the late summer of that year we lived in a village that
looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. 6. Linda is a good singer and a good dancer, a great actress
and dangers of the most perilous nature. 5. In the late summer of that year we lived in a village that looked
across the river and the plain to the mountains. 6. Distance and weight have been measured from at least 3000 B.C. 7. To be, or not to be: that is a question.
表达阶段
e.g. 1. “He has no hold over you, has he?” “他没把你攥在手心里，对吧？”
e.g. 2. With the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours, I hadn’t the time to worry about such trifles. 不出两个小时会议就要开始，我哪有闲工夫为这些闲事操心。
德国浪漫主义运动的先驱人物赫尔德对翻译曾有过这样一个比喻：“一种语言在未被翻译之前就如 同是一个处女，尚未与一个外国人同床共枕并生下混血儿。暂时来说，她仍然保持着其清洁与天真， 代表着其人民性格特征的形象。”
“嚼饭与人”之喻：这是来自古印度人鸠摩罗什的一个妙喻。他说：“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得 大意，殊隔文体。有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。”
pumps the poison from the poison sac, is continued until the sting has penetrated to its
full length.
句① 句②
句③ 句④
蜜蜂的唯一武器——刺的结构 蜜蜂的刺在刺伤皮肤全过程中的作用
蜜蜂的唯一武器——刺
纽马克主张译者应根据文本的难易程度，花费翻译所用时间的50% -70% 来审校自己的译文，即使在考试的时候也要审校，如果考试时间为3小时，译 者至少应该留出35分钟进行审校。审校的目的：一是检查译文是否精确 （accurate）;二是检查译文是否自然（natural）；是否简练，尽量消除 “翻译腔”（translationese）。
第三讲
翻译概论
教学内容
1.9 翻译的过程 快乐驿站 翻译实践
翻译的过程
1.9 翻译的过程
理解 表达
语法分析 语义分析 语体分析 语篇分析
校核
理解阶段：语法分析
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2
She recalled faintly an ecstasy of pain, the heavy odor of chloroform,
and a great joker. 7. Somehow our path took us towards the park.
1. This is a 100-hour reliable engine. 这是一台可以连续运转100小时而不出毛病的发动机。
2. He wanted to learn, to know, to teach. 他想学习，增长知识，也愿意教人。
e.g. 3. These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 这些发展中国家，土地辽阔、人口众多、资源丰富。
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
校核阶段
校核阶段要特别注意处理好以下问题： 1. 译文在数字、日期、距离、方位以及名称等方面有无错漏；、、 2. 译文中有无漏译的词、句和段落； 3. 译文中有无误译的内容； 4. 译文中有无逻辑不通、行文不顺之处； 5. 译文中有无翻译腔（translationese）; 6. 译文中有无误用的标点符号。
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of tube through which flows the poison from the sac to which the sting is attached. As
soon as the point of the sting enters the flesh, two of the prongs, which are barbed,
1. Atomic clocks keep time better than 0.01 second a year. 原子钟走时准，每年误差小于0.01秒。
2. He wanted to run, but that would be the worst thing he could do. 他真想拔腿就跑，但对他来说，最糟糕的事莫过如此了。