英国历史翻译
UK (British) History 英国历史
• Prime Minister position created • 1st Industrial Revolution:
– Factory Assembly Line –No longer work at home, cities – Agriculture: Private Ownership, Efficiency – Transportation: Steam Engine, Coal Mines
• Communication:
– Media (TV, Radio, Internet) – Queen Elizabeth II:
• National Development/Optimism • 2nd Industrial Revolution
– Workshop of the World, electricity, Railroad
• Imperialism
– Causes: (Growth, Trade, Develop), Misconceptions: – India, Australia, S. Africa, Hong Kong, America
• Emigration
– New Life in America
19th Century
Victorianism
• Queen Victoria (1837-1901) grandmother of Europe
– Return to Virtue: Family, Discipline, Purity – Extravagant lifestyle
• Return to Monarchy:
– King Charles II: Charles’ son returned from France
中英对照英国历史简介
一、英国的起源�公元前5000年—1066年�T h e O r i g i n s o f a N a t i o n(5000B C-1066)I.E a r l y S e t t l e r s�5000B C-55B C�早期的居民�公元前5000年—公元前55年�1�T h e f i r s t k n o w n s e t t l e r s o f B r i t a i n w e r e t h e I b e r i a n s.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
2�A t a b o u t2000B C t h e B e a k e r F o l k a r r i v e d f r o m t h e a r e a s n o w k n o w a s H o l l a n d a n d R h i n e l a n d.约公元前2000年�从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。
3�T h e C e l t s b e g a n t o a r r i v e B r i t a i n a b o u t700B C.约公元前700年�克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
4�T h e C e l t s c a m e t o B r i t a i n i n t h r e e m a i n w a v e s.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
1�T h e f i r s t w a v e w e r e t h e G a e l s-c a m e a b o u t600B C.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
2�T h e s e c o n d w a v e w e r e t h e B r y t h o n s-c a m e a b o u t400B C.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞�不列颠�人的抵达。
3�T h e t h i r d w a v e w e r e t h e B e l g a e-c a m e a b o u t150B C.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。
《英国历史英文版》课件
World War II saw Britain stand
economic changes in the
alone against Nazi Germany, and
subsequent years.
the country's bravery in the face of
the Blitz remains an enduring
Stuart Era
James I and the Gunpowder Plot
King James I faced numerous challenges during his reign, including the infamous Gunpowder Plot in 1605.
Charles I and the English Civil War
Innovation and technological advancements led to a seismic shift in the way goods and services were produced, transforming the British economy and society adernize the country.
The decision to leave the European
Union in 2016 has plunged Britain
into years of uncertainty and
debate, as the country grapples
Victorian Era
Queen Victoria and the British Empire
Queen Victoria's reign marked the height of British power and influence, as the country enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and global supremacy.
the history of the UK英国历史汇总
Hundred Years’ War
(1337——1453)
During the war
1. British nobles were in power
2.Nobles tried to control the government
invaders in the early 6th century.
The most popular edition
• Artorius (Roman) • an illegitimate child • Arthur is the
bastard(私生子) of King Britain Uther and heir(继承人) to the throne. • raised in a secret place
Merlin
• Merlin is a legendary figure best known as the wizard featured in the Arthurian legend.
• born of a mortal woman, sired (fathered) by an incubus (梦魇).
• “Whose pullet out this sword from this stone and anvil is duly born King of all England!!”
• ——凡能从石台上拔出此剑者，即 为英格兰的天命之王。
• Each nobleman tried to pull the sword out of the stone but in vain.
Leaving in around 410 A.D.
英国历史
Hello,everyone,now, we will learn the British History.British History is very long.Such as the Chinese.In prehistoric,it also exist ancient civilization.It experienced old stone age,middle stone age,new stone age,bronze age,iran age and the dawning of English History.In this way,Britain have the deep cultural deposis.Britain have a official title----Unite Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island.It include Great Britain,the whole is Ireland and all the offshore island.This is the map of Britain.Actually,the area of land is very small compared with others like China and America.Britain isolated from Eurpe by the English channel and the North sea.Once perceived as being on the edge of the world.Because of the special geographic position,the seas around Britain also acted as barriers against attempted invasions.For example,the Armada,1588,the French,1805and Nazi Germany ,1904.British Whether is so mild that it allows farming to flourish across the country.It established abundant material basis for the future progress.In north it have less gertile land and it’s wetter,but in South,it oppose.This is a stonehenge—a monumental circular setti ng of large standing stones surrounded by an earthw -ork.Then，from 55BC—410AD Britain enter the Roman Emperor make inroads in Britain and change it as its province.With the increasement of fight,Roman Emoire went down gradually.Meanwhile,British also rsisted Roman actively.So it left in around 410AD.This is the meaning of BC and AC.BC stands for befor christ,while AD stands for the Latin Phrase anno domini.It means in the year of our lord.After the Roman left,German invaded Britain continually.British is expeled and became alaves.Then British society began the feudolization .From 8 century,Denmark began invaded Britain.To resist Danes,Britain set up a unitive kindom.During the intrusion,British feudolization accelerated and peasant go bankrupt.It promoted the number of the serf.After Willian conquar the Britain,it enter the royalty era.To know the property condition,Willian dispatched officials to survey and took notes.It was called domesday book.So britain established powerful centralized feudal autocracy.It consolidated the feudal hierarchy and royalty.But from the house of plantagenet,finance appear pressure because of war.To solve the question .John accepted the MagnaCarta.Before long,John denied it.The monarch and his subjects have a deep contradiction.In 1295,to raise money for the war,Edward convene the model meeting.In 1297,Britain developed two parliaments.In Tudor royal,the movement of endosures became a important way to accumulate capitals.In 1588, Britain bet the Spanish fleet and it take a step to get the right to control seas.Britain began to from the feudai society to capitalist society.It implement mercantilism policy to strenghen national power.Meanwhile,it carried out the absolute autocracy.In 1534,Congress passed the imperial oders ,and English King became the leader of church of England.It’s also one of the ways to accumulate capitals.From 1603,Britain began the Stuant Dynasty.With the quickly development of capitalism,the capitalist class have serious contradiction with autocracy.But James1 ignored it,In 1628,congress put forward petition of right.King dismissed the congress .But Charles1 convened the long-term meeting and tenmpery meeting .To solve uprising.It means that Britain revolution began.In 1641,congress put forward grand remonstrce.But Charles1 refused to approve it and provoked the civil war to attack insurgent.The English Civil War is the struggle between a new bourgeols aristocraty and fedual autocracy.The British bourgeois revolution had reached a highed peak.At last ,king failed .In 1653,Cromwell established military dictatorship.In 1660,Stuant Dynasty came back.Although James2 attempted to recover autocracy,social change can’t be changed.In 1688,British capitalist class developed the Glorious Revolution.It overthrew James2 authority and the Bill of Right were written into law,limited the power of themonarch,guaranteed the authority of the parliament.It announced Bill of Rights and eatablished the foundation of constitutional monarchy.In 1733,Britain began the industrial revolution.With the brisk development of revolution,Britain became the world factory and began to carry out conlonial expansion.In the end of 19 century ,Britain became the biggest colonial emperor.After the world war,Britain lose the monopoly position in dustry and became the second-class nation.In 1973,Britain join the Eurpean Communities.In 1979,Mrs Thatcher pushed forward privatization and it made British economy recover ennergy.。
英国历史的英语介绍带翻译
通过对英国历史的英语介绍，我们可以理解这个国家的文化和传统的形成过程。对于学习英国文化和了解世界历史的人来说，深入了解英国历史是非常有价值的。无论是古罗马时期、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期、诺曼底征服时期，还是宪法发展和工业革命，这些重要的时期和事件塑造了英国的现代社会和文化面貌。
二、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 Anglo-Saxon Period
5世纪至11世纪是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期。在这一时期，来自日耳曼地区的盎格鲁-撒克逊人占领了不列颠，并建立了七主要王国。这段时期见证了英国基督教的传入，以及英语作为主要语言的形成。盎格鲁-撒克逊文化对英国文化产生了深远的影响，英国的传统节日和习俗中仍可以看到其痕迹。
五、工业革命 Industrial Revolution
18世纪的英国经历了工业革命，这次革命对英国和世界产生了深远的影响。领导着全球工业变革的英国通过发明和创新推动了工业化进程，从而带动了经济繁荣。工业革命改变了英国社会结构，也引发了许多社会问题。然而，这段时期同时也催生了现代科学、技术和制度的重大进步。
英国历史简介英文-66页精选文档
Anglo-Saxon Britain (410-871)
Basis of Modern English race: the AngloSaxons
The Angle, Saxon, and Jute tribes invaded in 5th and 6th centuries
The Anglo-Saxons left their home in northern Germany and Denmark.
1. After the Norman Conquest, feudalism was established in England.
2. The nobility gradually gained power. 3. State mechanism was gradually
established such as the parliamentary system and the common law.
against the Anglo-Saxon invaders in the early 6th century
Viking(871-1042)
• Invasion time – In the late 8th
century
• From Denmark – Norsemen, “people
tall and golden-haired from Central Europe farmers warlike people
Roman Britain (55 B.C.- 410)
British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.
HistoryofUK英国历史
2. The suffix “-caster” or “-chester”, in English place names, derives from “castra”, the Latin word for “camp”.(hP2) eg. Manchester, Rochester, Lancaster
2. The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. (The true slave society was introduced into England.) The Romans and the Britons never intermarried during the 4 centuries.
Alfred defeated them through many great battles. But he thought it impossible to drive all of them out of England, so he made an agreement with Vikings in 878. The Vikings kept the north and east of England, known as the “Danelaw”丹法国; while Alfred ruled the rest.
The History Of Britain英国史
H. Ad 43, Rome emperor Claudius Thi conquest of Britain
Chapter Two Anglo Saxon England
A. Germanic invasion
B. King Arthur
C. Conversion to Christianity
D. Bede
The early works of Bede is some of the "Bible" notes. 731 or 732 years to complete the work of Englis in Latin "church history". The history of the United Kingdom from 54 BC to 731 ad.. This book mainly records the spread of Christianity in the United Kingdom.
Chapter Three Norman period
E. The invasion of Denmark And Alfred King
Chapter Four House of Plantagenet
Chapter Five Thirteenth Century Henry Irsity of Cambridge.
Chapter Six Fourteenth Century
Chapter Seven Lancaster and the house of York
abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）
abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）第一篇：a brief history of Britain 英国历史简述A Brief History of Britainby Pam BarrettWhen French and British construction workers met beneath the English Channel in 1990, Britain became linked to Continental Europe for the first time in 7,000 years.For it was then, when the last Ice Age ended, that melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea and turning Britain into an island.This fact of being “set apart” was one of the two seemingly contradictory factors which would affect every aspect of the country’s subsequent history.The other was a genius for absorbing every invader and immigrant, creating a mongrel breed whose energies would establish an empire incorporating a quarter of the population of the planet.Early settlers: Stone Age people arrived, probably from the Iberian peninsula, in around 3000 BC.They lived by farming but left few traces.The most dramatic ancient monument is Stonehenge in Wiltshire, built during the next 1,000 years.How and why it was built was a mystery, but it must have had religious and political significance.The Beaker people, named after their pottery, were next to arrive.But a more importance wave of immigration, in 700 BC, was that of the Celts from eastern and central Europe.The ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, they left behind a rich legacy of intricate and beautiful metalwork.The Romans: British recorded history began when Julius Caesar first crossed the English Channel in 55 BC.Roman rule continued for nearly 400 years, failing to subjugate only Scottish tribes, whose raiding parties were contained by Emperor Hadrian who built adefended wall right across the north of England.Eventually, threatened by barbarians at the gates of Rome, they abandoned Britain, leaving behind them a network of towns, mostly walled, a superb road system, and a new religion, Christianity.The next wave of invaders from central Europe – Angles, Saxons and Jutes – gradually pushed the native Celts west into Wales and north into Scotland.Anglo-Saxon dominance, too, lasted for four centuries, though it did not extend to Scotland, where a separate kingdom was forged by the Picts and the Scots.Although the Anglo-Saxons were a ferocious bunch, constantly squabbling, they laid the foundations of the English state, dividing the country into shires and devising an effective farming system.Their Teutonic religion, worshipping gods such as Woden and Thor, eclipsed Christianity until, at the end of the 6th century, the monk Augustine(once heard to remark “O Lord, make me chaste, but not yet”)converted the kings and the nobles.Monasteries sprang up, becoming places of learning.Treasures contained in the monasteries were a lure for the Vikings, whose ruthless raids from across the North Sea began in the 9th century.Initially they were defeated at sea by Alfred the Great, founder of the British Navy, but eventually they too were assimilated.Canute, the Danish leader, became king of Britain.The Norman Conquest: Links with Normandy, the part of France settled by the Vikings, were strong, and in 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne.His triumph at the battle of Hastings decisively changed English history.As W.C.Sellar and R.J.Yeatman put it in their classic humorous history 1066 And All That: “The Norman Conquest was a Good Thing, as from this time onwards England stopped being conquered and thus was able to become top nation.”William parceled out the land to barons in return for their loyalty, and the barons parceled out land in turn to lesser nobles in return for goods and services.At the bottom were the peasants, whose feudal status resembled slavery – hence the potency of the Robin Hood legend, celebrating the Nottingham outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor.Although much of the Norman kings’ energies were devoted to protecting their borders, there was a great flowering of Norman culture, producing many erudite historians and scholars.In 1167 Oxford University was founded.Thanks to the influence of William Shakespeare’s history plays, much of the next period of English history is popularly remembered through his view of the shifting alliances of the Plantagenet and Tudor kings who ruled from 1154 to 1547.During this period of conflict and disease –the Black Death alone killed nearly half the population in 1348-49 –the royal succession was by no means assured.Power struggles propelled to the throne those who could command the greatest military backing from the majority of the rival barons, a process vividly illustrated by the Wars of Roses, the tussles between the House of Lancaster and York between 1455 and 1485.Frequent strife with France(including the intermittent Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453)dominated international relationships.Internally, Wales was subjugated by 1288, though Scottish independence was recognized when Robert Bruce defeated English forces at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.Britain’s most famous king, Henry VIII, is remembered not only for his six wives(two of whom he had beheaded)but also for bringing about the Reformation, making England a Protestant rather than a Catholic countr y.His quarrel centred on the Pope’s refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who couldnot oblige him with a male heir.Doctrinal differences aside, however, Henry capitalized on a growing distaste for the church’s excessive privilege and wealt h, and was thus able to get away with seizing enough monastic lands and property to finance his rule.Under Henry, Wales was formally united with England in 1536.The Age of Elizabeth: England entered its Golden Age under Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter by Ann e Boleyn.The Elizabethan Age has a swashbuckling ring to it: the Virgin Queen and her dashing courtiers;the defeat of the Spanish Armada;Sir Walter Raleigh’s discovery of tobacco in Virginia;Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the world.Poetry, plays a nd pageantry flourished during her 45-year reign.When Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”, died without an heir, the throne passed to James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England, inaugurating the Stuart dynasty and effectively joining together the two kingdoms.The Stuart period was one of conflict between Crown and Parliament.James I, a staunch believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred no Parliament at all, and Charles I dissolved Parliament and initiated an 11-year period of absolute rule.The upshot was a civil war from 1622 to 1649;Charles lost and was beheaded.A period of republicanism followed, under the rule of Oliver Cromwell, but after his death the monarchy was restored and prospered under Charles II.His brother, who succeeded him as James II, was less circumspect and tried to restore absolute monarchy and the Catholic religion.The newly emerging political parties, growing in confidence, forced him to flee and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orang e, to take the throne.This “Glorious Revolution”, although bloodless, was nonetheless a revolution and paved the way for Parliament’s permanent dominance overthe Crown.In 1707 an Act of Union united England and Scotland, although Scotland was allowed to retain its own Church and legislature.Many Scots felt that the union was bulldozed through by English politicians’ intent on improving their international trade prospects, and Scottish pressure to unravel the union is still a political issue.Political pragmatism triumphed again in 1714 when, a reliable Protestant monarch being needed in a hurry, a search through the family tree came up with George I of Hanover in Germany.Although he spoke no English and had little interest in his subjects, he founded a dynasty which was to span 115 years and encompass an expanding empire and an industrial revolution.The age of empire: Despite the loss of its American colonies in 1783, Britain’s trade-driven adventurism was undiminished, giving it control of West Africa and India, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, some Caribbean island, and Australia and New Zealand.At home, farmers embraced more efficient and profitable methods, which led to the eviction of many peasant farmers who either emigrated to the New World, carrying with them a resentment that would bequeathed to future generations, or left the land to find work in the towns, which rapidly became overcrowded.This combination of landowners with surplus capital to invest and laborers in search of a living was one reason why British became the first country to industrialize.Political stability helped too, as did the security of being an island, natural resources, good trade arrangements and a native genius for inventing things.The Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the steam engine in the 1770s, opening the way for the efficient powering of trains, ships and factory machinery.The invention of the Spinning Jenny and the power loom created mass production in textiles.The smelting ofiron with coke, instead of charcoal, hugely increased the production of iron.A massive building program of railways, roads and canals created a new class of industrialist, whose fortunes rivaled those of the aristocracy.But it also created abominable working conditions in mines and factories, conditions which led to the slow and painful development of trade unionism.Political reforms, seized elsewhere in Europe by revolution, came gradually in Britain.Parliamentary seats were distributed more fairly among the growing new towns, but voting was still based on property ownership and universal suffrage didn’t come until 1918(and even then was scarcely universal since it excluded women under 30).The problem that dominated parliamentary debate during this period was the intractable Irish Question.The resentment over centuries of British rule in Ireland bubbled to the surface after the potato famines of the mid-1840s, when about 20 percent of Ireland’s population died of starvation and more than a million people emigrated to escape a similar fate.Demands for Irish independence grew but they were demands which many English politicians, conscious of the security problems of having an independent and possibly none-too-friendly neighbor to their west, were reluctant to grant.As with today’s IRA campai gn, the debate had a backdrop of violence.T oday, however, the Victorian Age is remembered as a time of exuberant self-confidence, symbolized by the building in London of the Crystal Palace to showcase Britain’s industrial and technical achievements in the Great Exhibition of 1851.But many of London’s inhabitants might well have wondered when they would benefit from all these accomplishments.For them, the squalor and crime which Charles Dickens portrayed so evocatively in his novels were all too real.Working-class lifeimproved considerably during the last quarter of the 19th century.Many homes had gas lighting and streets were cleaned by the new municipal councils.A new police force contained crime.The music hall provided inexpensive entertainment in towns.Bicycles became a common method of transport, and a trip by train to seaside resorts was for many a highlight of summer.In London, trains in the world’s first underground railway began puffing their way through smoke-filled tunnels between Paddington and Farrington in 1863.Art and drama flourished.By the time of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897, the country was feeling quite pleased with itself.Britannia ruled the waves, and anything seemed possible.The 20th century: But all good things come to an end.The Boer War of 1900 ended in victory for the British in South Africa but damaged its international reputation.France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets.The newly united German state was flexing its military muscles.The Edwardian era of the early 20th century, seemingly an idyllic time, was built on shifting sands.Dragged into World War I by a complex web of international alliances, Britain faced unimaginable carnage in which more than a million of its young men died.Social unrest at the end of the war, though less devastating than in the defeated Germany, gave more power to women(who had shouldered a heavy burden while the men were at war)and led to a General Strike by dissatisfied workers in 1926.The Irish Question was partly answered with the creation of an independent Irish free State, but six Protestant-dominated counties in the north stayed under UK rule – a time bomb which exploded in 1969.The shock waves from the 1929 New York Stock Market crash plunged Britain into depression, throwing millionsout of work, especially in the industrial areas of northern England, south Wales and Clydeside in Scotland.The monarchy was rocked by crisis in 1936 when Edward VIII, who had just become king, decided to marry the twice-divorced Mrs Wallis Simpson.His family, the church and the government opposed the match, forcing him to abdicate.His brother, a reluctant George VI, restored the monarchy’s popularity, not least through the support which he and his wife Elizabeth(later the Queen Mother)gave to their subjects during the German air raids of World War II.Although Britain’s island status saved it from invasion, this war involved civilians in an unprecedented way.Cities like Coventry were devastated by bombing and the Blitz radically changed the face of London for the first time since the Great Fire of 1666.Many children were sent to live in the countryside.Most social inequalities were set aside during the war and, when peace returned in 1945, voters turned to the Labour party in hope that it could develop an even greater egalitarianism.It laid the basis of a welfare state, providing free medical care for everyone as well as financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed.But the war had left Britain broke.While Germany and Japan rebuilt their industries almost from scratch, helped by international aid, Britain was left to patch together a severely damaged economy.It could no longer sustain an empire, and gradually its colonies became independent.Many former subjects, especially from the Caribbean and the Indian sub-continent, settled in Britain, raising fears of racial conflict that, despite some serious tensions, were never(quite)fulfilled.As the austere 1950s gave way to the ’60s, things started to look up.New universities were built, a motorway network launched, and a reinvigorated culture promoted by a group of writersdubbed “the angry young men”.Much of the explosion of new talent came from the north of England: actors like Albert Finney, playwrights like Alan Sillitoe, and pop groups galore, led by the Beatles.The swinging Sixties, powered by a newly affluent youth, had arrived.Britain’s heavy industry might be in trouble, but in fashion and pop music it led the world.The good times died in the 1970s as inflation and unemployment soared and labour unrest led to endless strikes.Joining the European Community in 1973 seemed to produce few obvious economic benefits and revenues from North Sea oil were quickly spent rather than invested.Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 promising tough new policies.Her popularity quickly faded, but was revived in 1982 by the Falklands War when an invading Argentinean force was beaten off the South Atlantic islands, remnants of the old empire.Although she went on to win two further elections convincingly, by 1990 her popularity, always firmer abroad than at home, was so shaky that her party, fearing that she would not win them the next election, replaced her with a less combative leader, John Major.He duly won the 1992 election, but a reinvigorated Labour Party under T ony Blair won in 1997.The overall problems did not change, though.The economy remained weak, distrust of the European Community did not abate, nationalism simmered in Wales and Scotland, the conflict in Northern Ireland dra gged on, and the Royal Family’s private life continued to obsess the tabloid press.It was business as usual, in fact – which, in a country obsessed by continuity, was immensely reassuring.第二篇：材料学的历史简述姓名：何莞晨学号：2014012075材料学的历史简述1.按材料划分的时代生活离不开材料，人类的一切生产活动所需的工具都建立在合适的材料的基础上。
8british history 英国历史
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Hundred Years’ War (1337 to 1453)
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1. Hundred Years‘ War (1337 to 1453) (1)
Cause: The English kings‘ claims to the French throne.
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2. The Black Death (2)
Route of spreading
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2. The Black Death (3)
1 2
3
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2. The Black Death (4)
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2. The Black Death (5)
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2. The Black Death (7)
Jews: scapegoats Burning of Jews during the Black Death epidemic, 1349
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Wat Tyler’s Uprising
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Direct consequences: The agricultural labors in villages and under-masters (伙计) and journeymen (帮工,计日工) in cities went on strike for better wages. The villains (无产者) whose labor was not free struggled for full freedom.
英国历史简介英文版精品名师资料
Roman Invasion
Invasion 1 Time 55 and 54 B.C Invaders Roman General Julius Caesar
2
43 A.D.
Roman Emperor us
Roman Civilization
• The month ―“July” is named after
The Early Settlers (…-55 B.C.)
8,000 years ago Great Britain became an island Natives of Britain Iberians (3000BC-2000BC) The first settlers of Britain from the Mediterranean area
Stonehenge in Southwest England Built between 3000 BC and 1000 BC The most famous prehistoric monument and tourist attraction
The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. tall and golden-haired from Central Europe farmers warlike people
St. Augustin
• The first Archbishop of Canterbury in
601 • He built the Canterbury Cathedral. • He introduced Christianity to England. • The founder of the English church
《英国历史英文版》课件
Middle Ages
Summary
The Development and Transformation of Medieval England
Detailed description
medieval England experienced a transformation from feudal society to capitalism, and made tremendous progress in economy, culture, and technology. At the same time, this period was also filled with wars and political turmoil, such as the Rose Wars and the Hundred Years War between England and France.
During the Industrial Revolution
Summary
The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Britain
Detailed description
The Industrial Revolution from the late 18th to early 19th century completely changed the face of Britain, making it the world's first industrialized country. The Industrial Revolution brought about a great increase in productivity, but
a brief history of Britain 英国历史简述
A Brief History of Britain by Pam BarrettWhen French and British construction workers met beneath the English Channel in 1990, Britain became linked to Continental Europe for the first time in 7,000 years. For it was then, when the last Ice Age ended, that melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea and turning Britain into an island. This fact of being “set apart” was one of the two seemingly contradictory factors which would affect every aspect of the country’s subsequent history. The other was a geniu s for absorbing every invader and immigrant, creating a mongrel breed whose energies would establish an empire incorporating a quarter of the population of the planet.Early settlers: Stone Age people arrived, probably from the Iberian peninsula, in around 3000 BC. They lived by farming but left few traces. The most dramatic ancient monument is Stonehenge in Wiltshire, built during the next 1,000 years. How and why it was built was a mystery, but it must have had religious and political significance. The Beaker people, named after their pottery, were next to arrive. But a more importance wave of immigration, in 700 BC, was that of the Celts from eastern and central Europe. The ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, they left behind a rich legacy of intricate and beautiful metalwork.The Romans: British recorded history began when Julius Caesar first crossed the English Channel in 55 BC. Roman rule continued for nearly 400 years, failing to subjugate only Scottish tribes, whose raiding parties were contained by Emperor Hadrian who built a defended wall right across the north of England. Eventually, threatened by barbarians at the gates of Rome, they abandoned Britain, leaving behind them a network of towns, mostly walled, a superb road system, and a new religion, Christianity.The next wave of invaders from central Europe – Angles, Saxons and Jutes – gradually pushed the native Celts west into Wales and north into Scotland. Anglo-Saxon dominance, too, lasted for four centuries, though it did not extend to Scotland, where a separate kingdom was forged by the Picts and the Scots. Although the Anglo-Saxons were a ferocious bunch, constantly squabbling, they laid the foundations of the English state, dividing the country into shires and devising an effective farming system. Their Teutonic religion, worshipping gods such as Woden and Thor, eclipsed Christianity until, at the end of the 6th century, the monk Augustine (once heard to remark “O Lord, make me chaste, but not yet”) converted the kings and the nobles. Monasteries sprang up, becoming places of learning. Treasures contained in the monasteries were a lure for the Vikings, whose ruthless raids from across the North Sea began in the 9th century. Initially they were defeated at sea by Alfred the Great, founder of the British Navy, but eventually they too were assimilated. Canute, the Danish leader, became king of Britain.The Norman Conquest: Links with Normandy, the part of France settled by the Vikings, were strong, and in 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne. His triumph at the battle of Hastings decisively changed English history. As W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman put it in their classic humorous history 1066 And All That: “The Norman Conquest was a Good Thing, as from this time onwards England stopped being conquered and thus was able to become top nation.”William parceled out the land to barons in return for their loyalty, and the barons parceled out land in turn to lesser nobles in return for goods and services. At the bottom were the peasants, whose feudal status resembled slavery – hence the potency of the Robin Hood legend, celebrating the Nottingham outlaw who s tole from the rich to give to the poor. Although much of the Norman kings’ energies were devoted to protecting their borders, there was a great flowering of Norman culture, producing many erudite historians and scholars. In 1167 Oxford University was founded.Thanks to the influence of William Shakespeare’s history plays, much of the next period of Englishhistory is popularly remembered through his view of the shifting alliances of the Plantagenet and Tudor kings who ruled from 1154 to 1547. During this period of conflict and disease –the Black Death alone killed nearly half the population in 1348-49 –the royal succession was by no means assured. Power struggles propelled to the throne those who could command the greatest military backing from the majority of the rival barons, a process vividly illustrated by the Wars of Roses, the tussles between the House of Lancaster and York between 1455 and 1485.Frequent strife with France (including the intermittent Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453) dominated international relationships. Internally, Wales was subjugated by 1288, though Scottish independence was recognized when Robert Bruce defeated English forces at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.Britain’s most famous king, Henry VIII, is remembered not only for his six wives (two of whom he had beheaded) but also for bringing about the Reformation, making England a Protestant rather than a Catholic country. His quarrel centred on the Pope’s refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who could not oblige him with a male heir. Doctrinal differences aside, however, Henry capitalized on a growing distaste for the church’s excessive privilege and wealth, and was thus able to get away with seizing enough monastic lands and property to finance his rule. Under Henry, Wales was formally united with England in 1536.The Age of Elizabeth:England entered its Golden Age under Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter by Anne Boleyn. The Elizabethan Age has a swashbuckling ring to it: the Virgin Queen and her dashing courtiers; the defeat of the Spanish Armada; Sir Walter Raleigh’s discovery of tobacco in Virginia; Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the world. Poetry, plays and pageantry flourished during her 45-year reign.When Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”, died without an heir, the throne passed to James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England, inaugurating the Stuart dynasty and effectively joining together the two kingdoms. The Stuart period was one of conflict between Crown and Parliament. James I, a staunch believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred no Parliament at all, and Charles I dissolved Parliament and initiated an 11-year period of absolute rule. The upshot was a civil war from 1622 to 1649; Charles lost and was beheaded. A period of republicanism followed, under the rule of Oliver Cromwell, but after his death the monarchy was restored and prospered under Charles II.His brother, who succeeded him as James II, was less circumspect and tried to restore absolute monarchy and the Catholic religion. The newly emerging political parties, growing in confidence, forced him to flee and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orange, to take the throne. This “Glorious Revolution”, although bloodless, was nonetheless a revolution and paved the way for Parliament’s permanent dominance over the Crown.In 1707 an Act of Union united England and Scotland, although Scotland was allowed to retain its own Church and legislature. Many Scots felt that the union was bulldozed through by English politicians’intent on improving their international trade prospects, and Scottish pressure to unravel the union is still a political issue.Political pragmatism triumphed again in 1714 when, a reliable Protestant monarch being needed in a hurry, a search through the family tree came up with George I of Hanover in Germany. Although he spoke no English and had little interest in his subjects, he founded a dynasty which was to span 115 years and encompass an expanding empire and an industrial revolution.The age of empire:Despite the loss of its American colonies in 1783, Britain’s trade-driven adventurism was undiminished, giving it control of West Africa and India, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, some Caribbean island, and Australia and New Zealand. At home, farmers embraced more efficient andprofitable methods, which led to the eviction of many peasant farmers who either emigrated to the New World, carrying with them a resentment that would bequeathed to future generations, or left the land to find work in the towns, which rapidly became overcrowded.This combination of landowners with surplus capital to invest and laborers in search of a living was one reason why British became the first country to industrialize. Political stability helped too, as did the security of being an island, natural resources, good trade arrangements and a native genius for inventing things. The Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the steam engine in the 1770s, opening the way for the efficient powering of trains, ships and factory machinery. The invention of the Spinning Jenny and the power loom created mass production in textiles. The smelting of iron with coke, instead of charcoal, hugely increased the production of iron.A massive building program of railways, roads and canals created a new class of industrialist, whose fortunes rivaled those of the aristocracy. But it also created abominable working conditions in mines and factories, conditions which led to the slow and painful development of trade unionism.Political reforms, seized elsewhere in Europe by revolution, came gradually in Britain. Parliamentary seats were distributed more fairly among the growing new towns, but voting was still based on property ownership and universal suffrage didn’t come until 1918 (and even then was scarcely universal since it excluded women under 30).The problem that dominated parliamentary debate during this period was the intractable Irish Question. The resentment over centuries of British rule in Ireland bubbled to the surface after the potato famines of the mid-1840s, when about 20 percent of Ireland’s population died of starvation and more than a million people emigrated to escape a similar fate. Demands for Irish independence grew but they were demands which many English politicians, conscious of the security problems of having an independent and possibly none-too-friendly neighbor to their west, were reluctant to grant. As with today’s IRA campaign, the debate had a backdrop of violence.Today, however, the Victorian Age is remembered as a time of exuberant self-confidence, symbolized by the building in London of the Crystal Palace to showcase Britain’s industrial and technical achievements in the Great Exhibition of 1851. But many of London’s inhabitants might well have wondered when they would benefit from all these accomplishments. For them, the squalor and crime which Charles Dickens portrayed so evocatively in his novels were all too real.Working-class life improved considerably during the last quarter of the 19th century. Many homes had gas lighting and streets were cleaned by the new municipal councils. A new police force contained crime. The music hall provided inexpensive entertainment in towns. Bicycles became a common method of transport, and a trip by train to seaside resorts was for many a highlight of summer. In London, trains in the world’s first underground railway began puffing their way through smoke-filled tunnels between Paddington and Farrington in 1863. Art and drama flourished. By the time of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897, the country was feeling quite pleased with itself. Britannia ruled the waves, and anything seemed possible.The 20th century: But all good things come to an end. The Boer War of 1900 ended in victory for the British in South Africa but damaged its international reputation. France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets. The newly united German state was flexing its military muscles. The Edwardian era of the early 20th century, seemingly an idyllic time, was built on shifting sands.Dragged into World War I by a complex web of international alliances, Britain faced unimaginable carnage in which more than a million of its young men died. Social unrest at the end of the war, though less devastating than in the defeated Germany, gave more power to women (who had shouldered a heavyburden while the men were at war) and led to a General Strike by dissatisfied workers in 1926.The Irish Question was partly answered with the creation of an independent Irish free State, but six Protestant-dominated counties in the north stayed under UK rule – a time bomb which exploded in 1969.The shock waves from the 1929 New York Stock Market crash plunged Britain into depression, throwing millions out of work, especially in the industrial areas of northern England, south Wales and Clydeside in Scotland. The monarchy was rocked by crisis in 1936 when Edward VIII, who had just become king, decided to marry the twice-divorced Mrs Wallis Simpson.His family, the church and the government opposed the match, forcing him to abdicate. His brother, a reluctant George VI, restored the monarchy’s popularity, not least through the support which he and his wife Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother) gave to their subjects during the German air raids of World War II.Although Britain’s island status saved it from invasion, this war involved civilians in an unprecedented way. Cities like Coventry were devastated by bombing and the Blitz radically changed the face of London for the first time since the Great Fire of 1666. Many children were sent to live in the countryside. Most social inequalities were set aside during the war and, when peace returned in 1945, voters turned to the Labour party in hope that it could develop an even greater egalitarianism. It laid the basis of a welfare state, providing free medical care for everyone as well as financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed.But the war had left Britain broke. While Germany and Japan rebuilt their industries almost from scratch, helped by international aid, Britain was left to patch together a severely damaged economy. It could no longer sustain an empire, and gradually its colonies became independent. Many former subjects, especially from the Caribbean and the Indian sub-continent, settled in Britain, raising fears of racial conflict that, despite some serious tensions, were never (quite) fulfilled.As the austere 1950s gave way to the ’60s, things started to look up. New universities were built, a motorway network launched, and a reinvigorated culture promoted by a group of writers dubbed “the angry young men”. Much of the explosion of new talent came from the north of England: actors like Albert Finney, playwrights like Alan Sillitoe, and pop groups galore, led by the Beatles. The swinging Sixties, powered by a newly affluent youth, had arrived. Britain’s heavy industry might be in trouble, but in fashion and pop music it led the world.The good times died in the 1970s as inflation and unemployment soared and labour unrest led to endless strikes. Joining the European Community in 1973 seemed to produce few obvious economic benefits and revenues from North Sea oil were quickly spent rather than invested. Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 promising tough new policies. Her popularity quickly faded, but was revived in 1982 by the Falklands War when an invading Argentinean force was beaten off the South Atlantic islands, remnants of the old empire. Although she went on to win two further elections convincingly, by 1990 her popularity, always firmer abroad than at home, was so shaky that her party, fearing that she would not win them the next election, replaced her with a less combative leader, John Major. He duly won the 1992 election, but a reinvigorated Labour Party under Tony Blair won in 1997.The overall problems did not change, though. The economy remained weak, distrust of the European Community did not abate, nationalism simmered in Wales and Scotland, the conflict in Northern Ireland dragged on, and the Royal Family’s private life continued to obsess the tabloid press. It was business as usual, in fact – which, in a country obsessed by continuity, was immensely reassuring.。
英国历史翻译
英国历史翻译英国历史目录一英格兰历史1古代英国2盎格鲁——萨克逊时期的英格兰3诺曼底和安茹王朝统治下的英格兰4都铎斯图亚特时期的英格兰二．大英帝国的历史1 17世纪的英格兰和苏格兰2 统一运动3 岛国的发展4 大英帝国的崛起5 18世纪的英国6 英国的殖民扩张7 工业革命及其成就8 维多利亚时代9 20世纪早期的英国10 第二次世界大战及其后果一英格兰历史英格兰的历史是从盎格鲁——萨克逊时代开始的，他们在大约公元449年入侵了英国。
随后他们取代了原来的来自大不列颠岛东南部的占领者，并把那些占领地叫做盎格鲁人的土地，别名就是英格兰。
先前，大不列颠岛，也像其他的欧洲岛屿一样，是一系列从旧石器初期一直延续至今的人种的家。
（一）公元前8300年左右大冰川时期突然结束了，在此期间尼安德特人和之后的克罗马侬人都曾定居在英国。
此后，上升的海面缔造了英吉利海峡并使英国成为了一个岛屿。
在新的森林和沼泽的环境下中石器时代出现又消失了，随即新石器时代到来了，在农业实践开始的时期。
这段时期给英国带来了一大拨新定居者。
在公元前3000年，伊比利亚人和大杯人已经开始在英格兰南部的白垩土上开垦了，随后在公元2500年，索尔兹伯里人就建立了他们自己的政权。
后者，以他们特有的陶器命名，并因他们的石器工具和巨石碑群著名，特别是巨石阵。
这些石碑证实了他们的社会和经济组织以及他们的技术能力和智力能力。
在公元前第一个一千年，凯尔特人横行于大不列颠群岛，事实上是横行于整个欧洲西部。
随着铁犁翻土的推行他们逐渐开垦了位于河谷的厚重土壤，随着铁制武器和两轮马拉车的应用，他们征服并吸纳了大不列颠岛的原有土著居民。
他们的神职人员，杜伊德，控制了他们的社会。
1.罗马统治下的不列颠尽管很久以前就已被地中海人民熟知作为一个锡的来源，英国却直到公元前55年朱利叶斯凯撒到来之时才进入罗马世界——一种对他的山北征服的再三考虑。
然而，凯撒的统治，只是暂时性的；永久的占据不得不等待直到罗马解决了更为紧迫的国内问题。
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英国历史目录一英格兰历史1古代英国2盎格鲁——萨克逊时期的英格兰3诺曼底和安茹王朝统治下的英格兰4都铎斯图亚特时期的英格兰二．大英帝国的历史1 17世纪的英格兰和苏格兰2 统一运动3 岛国的发展4 大英帝国的崛起5 18世纪的英国6 英国的殖民扩张7 工业革命及其成就8 维多利亚时代9 20世纪早期的英国10 第二次世界大战及其后果一英格兰历史英格兰的历史是从盎格鲁——萨克逊时代开始的，他们在大约公元449年入侵了英国。
随后他们取代了原来的来自大不列颠岛东南部的占领者，并把那些占领地叫做盎格鲁人的土地，别名就是英格兰。
先前，大不列颠岛，也像其他的欧洲岛屿一样，是一系列从旧石器初期一直延续至今的人种的家。
（一）公元前8300年左右大冰川时期突然结束了，在此期间尼安德特人和之后的克罗马侬人都曾定居在英国。
此后，上升的海面缔造了英吉利海峡并使英国成为了一个岛屿。
在新的森林和沼泽的环境下中石器时代出现又消失了，随即新石器时代到来了，在农业实践开始的时期。
这段时期给英国带来了一大拨新定居者。
在公元前3000年，伊比利亚人和大杯人已经开始在英格兰南部的白垩土上开垦了，随后在公元2500年，索尔兹伯里人就建立了他们自己的政权。
后者，以他们特有的陶器命名，并因他们的石器工具和巨石碑群著名，特别是巨石阵。
这些石碑证实了他们的社会和经济组织以及他们的技术能力和智力能力。
在公元前第一个一千年，凯尔特人横行于大不列颠群岛，事实上是横行于整个欧洲西部。
随着铁犁翻土的推行他们逐渐开垦了位于河谷的厚重土壤，随着铁制武器和两轮马拉车的应用，他们征服并吸纳了大不列颠岛的原有土著居民。
他们的神职人员，杜伊德，控制了他们的社会。
1.罗马统治下的不列颠尽管很久以前就已被地中海人民熟知作为一个锡的来源，英国却直到公元前55年朱利叶斯凯撒到来之时才进入罗马世界——一种对他的山北征服的再三考虑。
然而，凯撒的统治，只是暂时性的；永久的占据不得不等待直到罗马解决了更为紧迫的国内问题。
在公元43年喀劳狄一世皇帝以武力侵占了英国，但是将近二十年过去了在罗马人占领了安格尔西城之前，可怕的杜伊德总部，镇压了古狄卡起义，爱西尼人的女王。
罗马政府人员朱利叶斯赢得了这场战役，在苏格兰的一些地方，但是那些北部部落证明了很难去镇压。
在123年，哈德良墙从索尔维湾到泰恩河口总共扩大了117千米，变成了北方的前沿。
英国式一个军事前哨，需要大量的罗马军队去防守。
几个英国小镇还达到了罗马都市的水平，拥有公共浴池和圆形竞技场。
大量的别墅——有奴隶工作着的巨大的庄园和有特色的奢侈的贵族住宅——也被建立了。
除了这些，乡村仍然是凯尔特人的模式，也能看见英国人的风格。
2 罗马人撤离英国在第三和第四世纪感觉到了罗马帝国的衰落。
一个被认为是萨克逊伯爵的官员视察了北海岸的防御系统。
即将登位的皇帝剥夺了英国驻军兵力。
在410年罗马遗弃了英国。
在几近四个世纪的占领中，它留下了很多永久性的东西：极好的道路网络，最好的那条英国延续了1400年。
盎格鲁——萨克逊，在罗马人离开后征服了这个国家，忽视了那些城镇，为威尔士引入了基督教，并给了他们自己的名字，像瓦特林街，给那些罗马道路。
（二）盎格鲁——萨克逊时期的英格兰断断续续的关于英格兰5世纪和6世纪的知识；来自于英国作家吉尔达，盎格鲁——萨克逊编年史，圣人的生活，诗歌，考古学的发现和地名研究。
没有罗马管理者的时候，英国战神，有名无实的基督徒，管理着小的不稳定的王国，并延续了一些罗马的管理传统。
1 基督教的再引入下两个世纪的主导的主题是基督教的成功和英格兰的政治统一。
基督教来自于两个方向，罗马和爱尔兰。
在596年，教宗额我略一世派出了一组传教士，在一个叫做奥古斯丁的和尚的带领下去了肯特。
那里的国王埃塞尔伯特已经娶了伯莎，一位基督教的法兰克公主。
不就之后，埃塞尔博客国王接受了施礼，奥古斯丁成为了第一位坎特伯雷的大总教，这个南部的王国也变成了信基督教的国家。
2 统一进程日耳曼王国趋向于以战争的方式合并。
在肯特的埃塞尔伯特早期，一个国王可以被认为是不列颠共主，或者是英国的统治者。
大体来说，这些特权瓦解于7世纪诺森布里亚国王时期，然后8世纪在麦西亚，9世纪在在韦塞克斯的埃格伯特，一个于825年在艾兰敦打败了麦西亚人。
在接下来的一个世纪，他的家族开始统治整个英格兰。
3 大英帝国对丹麦律法施行地区的征服意味着一个统一的英格兰政府的诞生以及这个领土国家的进化，进而替代了早些时期的亲属关系结构。
国王在国会的帮助下统治国家，一个由聪明人构成的委员会，委员们都参与问题的裁判和视察国王的选举。
大约有40个郡缔造出了前任国王，其它则来自重要的军事或行政部门。
每一个都有一个民众大会，或是法庭，由完全自由的男性组成，两年举行一次。
起初是由叫做总督的皇家官员主持，随后则变成由郡长或州长主持。
小一点儿的管理的税收的或军事的单位，被称为上百的，由法庭大致等同于旧时的民间大会，每四周见一次面，处理大多数的普通裁判生意。
在欧洲西部英格兰有最先进的政府，特别是在地方层面的州长办公室，这把国王和地方政府连接的钥匙。
在991年之后，这个政府被证明了是能干的，在征收丹麦税赋，土地征税等方面，最初作为礼物给丹麦但随后变成了皇家税收的通常来源。
在欧洲西部没有其它的国家有这样的能力去征纳和收集这样的税赋。
三诺曼底和安茹王朝统治下的英格兰1066年是英国历史上一个重要的转折点。
威廉姆，这个征服者，和他的儿子一起给英格兰带来了生机勃勃的新领导。
日耳曼人的封建主义成为了在征服者中重新分配土地的基础，给了英格兰一个新的法国贵族和一套新的社会和政治结构。
英格兰厌恶了斯堪的纳维亚朝着法国，一个持续了400年的方向。
威廉姆是一个强硬的统治者，处罚英格兰。
特别是北部，当它挑战他的权威的时候。
他的权力和效率可以在最后审判日调查中看到，一个以征税为目的的人口普查，并且在索尔兹伯里的忠诚誓约中，他对所有的租房者都进行了要求。
他任命了赖川，一个意大利牧师，作为坎特伯雷的大主教。
他也推进了教堂改革，特别是进行了分离教堂法庭的创举，但是却仍保留了皇家控制。
当威廉姆在1087年去世后，他把英格兰给了他的二儿子，威廉姆二世，把诺曼底给了他的大儿子。
而罗伯特，亨利，他的三儿子，适时的得到了二者——在英格兰1100年，当威廉姆二世死于一次打猎事故时，并且在1106通过征服得到了诺曼底。
亨利一世使用他的封建法庭和亲属去组建了一个政府。
而国库也在这时被建立了起来。
亨利想要他的女儿，马蒂尔达去继承他的王位，但是在1135年他的侄子，布洛瓦的史蒂芬，抓住了这个王位。
从1135年开始直到1154年英格兰一直被内战和冲突笼罩着。
亨利所构建的皇家政府也已土崩瓦解，封建男爵们也一直坚持着他们的独立。
而教堂，却此消彼长，拓展了他的权威。
马蒂尔达的儿子，金雀花亨利，继承了王位，作为亨利二世，在1154奶奶。
安茹省人，特别是亨利二世和他的儿子，理查德和约翰，膨胀了皇室权威。
亨利结束了史蒂芬政权的无政府状态，驱逐了雇佣兵并摧毁了私人城堡。
他还延展了被亨利一世创造的政府。
最重要的是，他发展了普通法，这不法律是被皇家法庭执行并使用于全英格兰的。
他取替了封建法庭对土地的管辖权并创造了大陪审团。
他成功的证明它的效率以及不断增长的国王的权力。
亨利试图去减少教堂法庭的行政辖区，特别是通过判一些神职人员有罪的方式，但是却被他的前任总理，亨利任命的坎特伯雷的大主教，圣托马斯反对。
他对贝克特不妥协的愤怒最终导致了贝克特在1170年的死亡。
亨利的帝国包括不止一半的法国和全部爱尔兰和苏格兰的统治。
然而，他的管理才能，并不包括他和他儿子和解的能力，那个在法国国王和他的母亲艾丽塔——阿基坦的支持下反叛他好几次的儿子。
2 勇气十足的理查德一世，统治英格兰的时间却是很短暂的。
他一直忙于十字军东征的和后来因他缺席而失去的在法国的领土的战斗，特别是当他成为一个德国的俘虏的时候。
然而，即使在理查德缺席期间，那个被亨利二世建立的政府也仍继续发挥作用，征收赋税去支持他的战争和偿还他的赎金。
约翰，继承了从他父亲和哥哥那里产生的对安如省人的憎恨，并由于他的过度情感增加了他的烦恼。
在1204年他失去了诺曼底。
在1213年，在一次漫长的和教皇应诺森三世关于像坎特伯雷的大主教一样的史蒂芬蓝盾的命名的战役后，约翰被抓住了并且被迫承认了英格兰是罗马教皇的一个封地。
所有的这些不断沉积最终演化成了一次和他的男爵们的激烈争吵，关于他的专横统治和男爵们拒绝参与诺曼底战争的争吵。
由兰顿领导的男爵们，在1215年迫使约翰去接受大宪章，从而是他承认自己的错误并并尊重英国法律和封建习俗。
约翰在大宪章签署后的第二年去世了，在与男爵，们的战争中去世的。
尽管诺曼底的失去似乎是那时的一个耻辱，但他给英格兰留下了自由从而使它可以在没有外界干扰的情况下去发展它独一无二的整体。
3 经济繁荣和男爵的反抗当约翰在1216年去世后，男爵们接受了他九岁的儿子作为亨利三世。
他们控制了政府并在1225年确立了大宪章，在亨利两岁之后。
因此开始了皇家批准大宪章的传统，这也是后来英国法律和受限政府的基本陈词。
英格兰在12和13世纪是很繁荣的。
被开垦的土地逐渐增加；绵羊饲养和羊毛售卖变得极度重要。
伦敦和其他城镇变成了至关重要的贸易和财富中心，并且他们还经过了皇家的特许得到了本地自治的权力。
牛津和哈佛大学也被建立了。
人口可能翻了两倍由原来的150万增加到了300万。
僧侣们，特别是那些修女，导致了乡村的膨胀并在进程村变得富裕了。
有超过12个大教堂被建立了起来，以及那些大修道院和教区教堂。
所有的这些都证明了英格兰的富裕。
在1220年那些男修道士，万济会和多明尼加人，都到达了伦敦，改变了那里的传教的质量并变成了大学里的领导学者们。
然而，亨利三世不是一个有能力的国王。
他和男爵们争吵，那些人认为他们不是他的支持者，应该有主要的办公室。
在1258年牛津大学的规定尝试去通过男爵委员会控制政府。
1264年内战爆发了，男爵领袖西门德蒙特福德迅速的掌控了权力。
然而，蒙特福德，却在1265年的伊夫舍姆战斗中被杀了，权力也被转移给了亨利和他的有能力的儿子，爱德华。
4改革和英国议会爱德华一世恢复了皇家权力并进行了几次改革：他限制了男爵们的去维持他们自己的法律法庭的权力；他剥夺了那些男爵们的去处置土地的权力和去伤害他们的封建贵族的权力，他给了被期待了几世纪的英国普通法的方向。
更重要的是，他使用和发展了议会，这是国王的封建委员会必不可少的，如今变得有了一个新名字并扩大了它的成员。
这个1295年的议会模型，遵循了模特福德1265年的模式，由大男爵，大主教，男修道院院长和郡县以及乡镇的代表们。
在1297年，为了给他的战争筹钱，爱德华接受了那些宪章，同意征税必须获得整个王国的应允。