语法复习：定语从句

语法复习：定语从句

所谓从句，就是一个主谓结构相当于整个句子(这样的句子叫复合句)的一个成分，因此，从句不能单独使用。在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。

定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。

引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词：

who，which，that作从句的主语

whom，which，that作从句的宾语(可省略)

whose从句中作定语

关系副词：

when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语

where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语

why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，只修饰reason。

其实定语从句很有规律，总结如下:在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主语又可作宾语，因此，除了在非限定性定语从句中，用that一般不会出问题。

关系副词的用法比较单一，它们在从句中只起状语的作用，表示时间的就用when，表示地点的就用where，而why只修饰一个词，即reason。

如何用定语从句把两个句子合二为一?

Eg. Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.

---“Have you found the book (that/which) you were looking for yesterday?”

关系副词与此同理。只是关系副词代替的是原句中的状语。在被代替之前，这个状语中一定要含有一个与另一句相同的成分。

例如:This is the house. I was born and brought up in the house.

--- "This is the house where I was bo rn and brought up.”

“介词+关系代词”

原来上面这个例句，还有一种做法：

This is the house. I was born and brought up in the house.

---“This is the house in which I was born and brought up.”

定语从句又分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

限定性定语从句把它的先行词限定在特定的意义之内，对先行词起限定的作用、是先行词必不可少的修饰语，没有它，整个句子的意思就会受到影响、就不完整。

非限定性定语从句不对先行词起限定的作用，不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，只对先行词起补充说明的作用，没有它，整个句子的意思不会受到影响、仍然完整。非限定性定语从句相当于一个分句，翻

译时也是把它当作分句处理的。

非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间要用逗号隔开；而限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间不能用逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句中除了不用that以外，其它关系词都可使用，使用方法与限定性定语从句一样。

Eg. The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down.

The supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is now closed down.

The book(which) you’re reading is mine .

The book, which you’re reading, is mine.

如果以上例子的差别不十分明显，再看下面的例句：

I’ve been to London , which is a beautiful city。

Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.

Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.

在以上三例当中，定语从句不能是限定性的。

通过这几个例子我们可以看出，专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。

另外，非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。

Eg. He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.

He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.

I said nothing, which made her angry.

Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.

下面看看各个关系词的用法：

1．指人的关系代词：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：

（1）作主语（who, that ）

Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.

The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor.

这个复合句可以还原成两个句子：

The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.

（2）作宾语包括作介词宾语（whom, that ）。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略；

This is just the man (whom/that) I want for the job.

Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?

2．指物的关系代词which和that的用法：

（１）作主语

This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer.

（２）作宾语, 此种情况下的关系代词可以省略：

The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.

The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier who fought in