言语社区知识点

Community Membership
Observing a set of shared norms, linguistically or socially Community identity achieved through social interaction
Language
Conventionalized product of a speech community Using linguistic characteristics to achieve group identity with, and group differentiation from , other speakers.
Definition
——Noam Chomsky's
concerned primarily with an ideal speakerlistener, in a completely homogeneous speech-community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance.
※ rates of crime and poverty is relatively high
Harlem speech community
Tsinghua VS Peking Tsinghua speech community ※ Tsinghua university is particularly noted for its strength in science and engineering, so its students are characterized by their high intelligence in terms of logic thinking while they are relatively inadequate when it comes to humanistic spirit. Peking speech community ※ Peking university is home to a strong sense of humanism which can be reflected from the high emotional intelligence among its students
Speech repertoire
No two individuals are exactly alike, people are separated from one another by: Fine gradations of social class, regional origin, and occupation Factors such as religion, sex, nationality, and ethnicity Psychological differences such as particular kinds of linguistic skills: verbally or literacy Characteristics of personality
Case study of several typical speech communities
1.Upper East Side speech community VS Harlem speech community in Manhattan, New York City 2.Tsinghua speech community VS Peking speech community 3. English speech community VS Chinese speech community
Definition
——William Labov
The speech community is not defined by any marked agreement in the use of language elements, so much as by participation in a set of shared norms: these norms may be observed in overt types of evaluative behavior, and by the uniformity of abstract patterns of variation which are invariant in respect to particular levels of usage.
Upper East Side speech community
Upper East Side VS Harlem in Manhattan Harlem speech community
※ a large neighborhood within the northern section of the NYC borough of Manhattan. ※ since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural and business center, which has an African-American community comprising 81% of the population
Speech repertoire
Any individual has a speech repertoire; that is, he or she controls a number of varieties of a language or of two or more languages. A speech repertoire is the range of linguistic varieties which the speaker has at his disposal and which he may appropriately use as a member of his speech community.
Wherever the relationships between language choice and rules of social appropriateness can be formalized, they allow us group relevant linguistic forms into distinct dialects, styles, and occupational or other special parlances. The sociolinguistic study of speech communities deals with the linguistics similarities and differences among these speech varieties. --- members of the speech community share a set of grammatical rules --- a regular relationships between language use and social structure
Upper East Side VS Harlem in Manhattan
Upper East Side speech community
※ a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in NYC between Central Park and the East River ※ one of the most affluent neighborhoods in NYC, center for fashion, luxurious hotels and restaurants and arts museums, thus maintaining the highest pricing per square foot in the US ※ the majority of residents are extraordinary rich people (mostly are white) i.e. bankers, lawyers, film stars
A group or community is defined not only by --- what it is --- what it is not: the “cut-off” criterion.
——Gumeperz（1971）linguistic


community : A social group held together by frequency of social interaction patterns and set off from the surrounding areas by weakness in the lines of communication. internally--- cohesion externally--- differentiation Linguistic communities may consist of small groups bound together by face-toface contact or may cover large regions, depending on the level of abstraction we wish to achieve.
Speech Communities
Definitions Components Speech Repertoire Examples
Definition
——Gumperz:Any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interac源自文库ion by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language usage.
Social Group or Unit Since group is a relative concept, speech community is essentially relative. An individual can belong to various speech communities at the same time, but on any particular occasion will identify with only one of them. A speech community is a composite of some small sub-communities.
What Makes up a Speech Community?
1.A Recognizably Social Group or Unit 2.Members Linked Together by Different Bonding (geographical, social, occupational, religious…) 3.A Shared Body of Verbal Signs or Language