基督教在罗马

Constantine was very convinced that the vision had been sent from God. That night, Constantine claimed he had a dream in which God told him to use he sign he had been given as a safeguard(防护, 保护) in all his battles. The following day, Constantine decreed(颁布) that the cross would be the symbol that represented his army in all their battles.
There was a pear tree close to our own vineyard[葡 萄园], heavily laden[载满货的] with fruit. Late one night, having prolonged our games in the streets until then, as our bad habit was, a group of young scoundrels[恶棍], and I among them, went to shake and rob this tree. We carried off a huge load of pears, not to eat ourselves, but to dump out to the hogs, after barely tasting some of them ourselves. Doing this pleased us all the more because it was forbidden.
Adam and Eve
Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden
the whole essence of human nature was contained in Adam, the first man. when Adam disobeyed God, the whole of human nature disobeyed God. thus the whole of human nature became sinful. thus the whole human race was damaged for all time.
It is a significant theological[神学的] work. In the work St. Augustine writes about how much he regrets having led a sinful and immoral life. He shows intense sorrow for his sexual sins, and writes on the importance of sexual morality. He also mentions that his favorite subject in school was mathematics.
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Constantine saw with his own eyes in the heavens a cross of light arising from the light of the sun, carrying the message, „Conquer By This‟. “靠这记号 就必得胜” “这是你克敌的迹象。”
political marriage 政治联姻
李锡尼与君士坦丁的同父异母姊妹君士坦 提娅结婚，以巩固两人的同盟。两位奥古 斯都同时签署了《米兰敕令》，给予基督 教在帝国境内的合法地位。
After gaining control over the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire，Licinius began another persecution of the Christians. It became a challenge to Constantine in the west, climaxing in the great civil war of 324.
靠近我们的葡萄园有一颗梨树，已经 长满了果实。一天晚间，在玩完之后， 我们一帮坏小子的坏水又犯了，我们 洗劫了那棵树，装了一大车梨子，并 没有自己没有吃完，而是尝过之后将 其倒入了猪圈。正因为这是不允许的， 我们才很得意。
For Augustine, the incident with the pear tree was consequential[随之发生的,有重要 性的]because the experience showed him that something was out of balance within the deep impulses of human nature. Here in his own behaviour he saw an example of sin being committed simply for the sake of doing evil.
St. Augustine
He is one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. (November 13, 354 – August 28, 430)
Confessions 《忏悔录》 The City of God 《上帝之城》 On the Trinity 《三位一体论》
Licinius surrendered to Constantine on the promise his life would be spared: he was sent to live as private citizens, but in 325 Constantine accused Licinius of plotting against him and had him arrested and hanged; Licinius’s son (the son of Constantine’s half-sister) was also eradicated(根除, 扑灭) .Thus Constantine became the sole emperor of the Roman Empire.
324年君士坦丁击溃李锡尼，后者在保住性 命的保证下投降。然而君士坦丁在325年以 阴谋叛变罪名将李锡尼绞死，从此成为罗马 世界唯一的统治者。
One aspect of Constantine’s life was his notorious cruelty: he executed his own wife and eldest son in 326. He also had Licinius, the East Roman emperor, strangled after his defeat, something he had publicly promised not to do. It should be noted, however, that Constantine’s wife attempted to seduce Constantine's son (her step-son) and when he refused her advances, she accused him of raping her. Later, St. Constantine discovered the truth and had his wife executed.
Augustine developed the following argument:
Augustine thought that humanity was originally perfect (“man‟s nature was created at first faultless and without any sin”), immortal and blessed with many talents, but that Adam and Eve disobeyed God, and introduced sin and death to the world.
Battle of the Milvian Bridge 米尔文桥战役
Maxentius attempted to cross the bridge of boats, but he was pushed by the mass of his fleeing soldiers into the Tiber, and drowned.
Consequence of original sin
People could only escape damnation（诅咒）through God‟s grace, and the sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross for their sins. God‟s grace was passed on through baptism [(基督教)洗 礼, 浸礼]
The Milvian Bridge (米尔文桥) over the Tiber(台伯 河), north of Rome
Constantine (君士坦丁)and Maxentius(马克森狄) fought in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge 312A.D.
Wars against Licinius李锡尼
Constantine gradually consolidated(巩固) his military superiority over his rivals. In 313, he met Licinius in Milan to secure their alliance by the marriage of Licinius and Constantine's halfsister Constantia. During this meeting, the emperors agreed on the so-called Edict(敕令) of Milan officially granting full tolerance to all religions in the Empire.
Confessions 《忏悔录》
The work outlines Augustine's sin as a young man and his conversion to Christianity. It is widely seen as the first Western autobiography ever written, and was an influential model for Christian writers throughout the following 1000 years of the Middle Ages.
Christianity
基督教在罗马
源自文库
Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) (Latin)
“The Senate and People of Rome”
Vexilloid of the Roman Empire 罗马帝国,正式名称元 老院与罗马人民
Constantine I, /Constantine the Great, 君士坦丁或君士坦丁 大帝