跨文化交际实用教程unit2
跨文化Unit 2
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Unit 2 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅰ)
01 Warm-up Cases 02 Form of Address 03 Greeting 04 Initiating Conversation
and Conversation Topic 05 Visiting 06 Parting 07 Exercises
01 Warm-up Cases 02 Form of Address 03 Greeting 04 Initiating Conversation
and Conversation Topic 05 Visiting 06 Parting 07 Exercises
Unit 2 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅰ)
Unit 2 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅰ)
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05 Visiting
Things to be minded
n Invite: advance notice (at least a week in advance) n Take off the out-door clothing immediately, if not, they would consider you
15
04 Initiating Conversation and Conversation Topic
Case Borrow Money and Lend Money (P21)
Americans don’t readily give money to others nor receive others’ readily. Americans keep reminding, but Chinese are shy of reminding.
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全) Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: E某cept for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1. Traditionally, individualism, independence andcollaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationshipsFive relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals.1. According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinalrelationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships beThat is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was e某plained as\There should be affectionbetween man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.\2. What is the difference between collectivism andindividualismFirstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually e某pect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personalbenefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.E某tended family: adult couples are e某pected to formtheir ownhousehold with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they e某pect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not e某isting for indefinitely long durations.Stable: resistant to change of position or condition Connection vs. contract: relationship。
Unit 2 跨文化交际
Unit 2Culture and CommunicationWhat is culture?“文化”是一个广泛的概念，它的内涵很丰富。
在英语中,“culture”一词是一个难以解释的词，它最早来源于古法语cultura, 拉丁语colere和德语“kultur”，原指土地的开垦及植物的栽培；后来随着人类生存空间和生存方式的改变逐渐扩延，转而意指人的身体、精神，特别是指艺术和道德能力和天赋的培养；进而泛指人类社会在征服自然和自我发展中创造的物质财富和精神财富，包括饮食、器具、舟车、房屋、社会组织、政治制度、风俗习惯、语言、学术思想等。
More than 500 definitions up to the present(Refer to p. 40 for some of the well-known ones)First definition: E. B. Tylor (1871) in Primitive Culture: “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.”文化是一种复合的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人们作为社会成员而获得的能力与习惯Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language.In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, and language. Define culture from different perspectivesFrom Intellectual PerspectiveFrom Anthropologic PerspectiveFrom Social PerspectiveFrom Psychological PerspectiveFrom Intercultural Communication PerspectiveFrom Intellectual PerspectiveAccording to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is "the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively".It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture.From Anthropologic PerspectiveCulture is "the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people." This is an anthropologist's definition.From Social PerspectiveCulture is what a society does and thinks.Culture covers everything of a society.From Psychological PerspectiveCulture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.From Intercultural Communication PerspectiveCulture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Culture Is LearnedWe learn culture from __parents__, ____teachers____ friends ___,_other familymembers_____,_ and even strangers who are part of the culture_.Culture Is a Set of Shared InterpretationsAll communications take place by means of symbolsCulture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Normsa. BeliefsBeliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false.b. ValuesValues involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.c. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of othersNorms in the army: SalutesNorms in different fields：Culture Affects BehaviorsCulture Involves Large Groups of PeopleThree Things Culture Doesp46-48 (self-study)Culture ranks what is importantCulture furnishes attitudesCulture dictates how to behaveCulture ranks what is importantDifferent cultures have their own value orientation and what is important in one culture may be virtually meaningless to another.Culture ranks what is important. In other words, cultures teach values or priorities.Values underlie attitudes. They also shape beliefs.Within a culture, values may be of greater or lesser importance.Culture furnishes attitudesAn attitude is learned, and it is a tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea.Attitudes can change, although change can be difficult. Attitudes are based on beliefs as well as values.Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas rather than on proof or facts. Belief systems or religions are powerful sources of values and attitudes in cultures.Culture dictates how to behaveBehavior comes directly from the attitudes about how significant something is --- how it is valued.Attitudes vary according to how important something is reckoned to be (value).Values drive actions.1.3 Classification of CultureOne of the most popular classification of culture:high culture: philosophy, literature, fine arts, music, religion etc.popular culture: customs and habits, rites and rituals, ways of living (housing, dressing, eating and drinking) and all interpersonal behavior.deep culture: the conception of beauty, definition of sin, notions of modesty, ordering of time, etc.Cultural iceberg: p. 44-50Conscious or subconscious?Deep culture—the out-of-awareness part of a cultureNine-tenth of an iceberg / culture is out of sight.Those that are above the “water” :what to eat and how to eat it;how to keep healthy;how to raise children;how to participate in ceremonies;how to introduce and greet people;Those that are below the “water” :what is good or bad;what is right or wrong;what is beautiful or ugly;what is clean or dirty;how is an individual related to others;Generally speaking, differences in those things that are usually outside of our conscious awareness, i.e. the so-called “ deep culture”, are more likely to cause problems in intercultural communication. The reason is that this part of culture is internalized in people’s mind and thus is hard to perceived.SummaryCulture is not anything that people in a group are born with, but something they learn either by being taught or by growing up in it.Different cultures have different ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying and dealing with death.Our own culture seems natural to us while other cultures may think it funny, strange or even disgusting. However, this has nothing to do with right or wrong.It follows that there is no “best” culture suitable for all people in the world. In comparing cultures, we can hardly say which culture is definitely better than the other, for each culture can be appropriate to certain group of people living in a particular geographic and social environment.A culture should therefore be judged and interpreted in its own context. Without considering the environment in which people of a particular culture live, it would be impossible for us to really understand and appreciate what is significant and meaningful in that culture. Perhaps, if we could examine the manners of different nations with impartiality, we should find no people so rude, nor any so polite.2. Instinctive Behavior andCultural BehaviorReading : p. 41Questions:---Do you know Maslow’s theory?---Do human beings realize all these needs at the same time?---Do people all over the world share the same basic needs described by Maslow?---Do people realize these needs in the same ways?---Is culture conscious or subconscious?2.1 Instinctive behavior—innate and universal2.2 Cultural behavior—learned and transmitted from generation to generation through the use of symbolsPeople in different cultures satisfy these needs in different ways.Examples:Different ways of eating p.43;Difference in treating visitors. p. 38 (Warm Up)Difference in ending the meals. p. 59 (Group Work)Case AnalysisCase 5 p. 60Difference in taking offersCase 7 p.62Difference in the view of giftsCase 8 p.62-63Difference in food for banquet, table mannersAnalysisIn China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he did not know the North American rules which firmly say that you do not pull alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic.Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alcohol. So the Americans didn’t make a second offer of beer to Heping, who probably thought North Americans not hospitable. However, there are always individual differences between people from even the same culture. Probably the young Chinese nurse had known something about the American culture and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 7 p.62What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?How would you feel if Keiko presented you with a gift for your help?AnalysisKeiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite.Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for shep robably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community.Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8 p.62-63Why did the girl consider the menu created by her mother a strange one?What cultural differences can you find in this case?AnalysisWhen the Chinese girl fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls. She did not like to see her boyfriend disappo inted at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food.How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and yo ur only shame is to have shame.3.1 Definition of Communication---A behavior-affecting process in which one person (a source) intentionally encodes and transmits a message through a channel to an intended audience (receivers) in order to induce a particular attitude or behavior.---Transmission and reception of meaning through the manipulation of symbols, language and context.---A process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.(p.58)It involves a sender who encodes a message and a receiver who decodes the message.3.3 Types of Communication(1)Interpersonal Communication (Dyad)Intrapersonal Communication (Within)Mass CommunicationGroup CommunicationPublic CommunicationBusiness CommunicationIntra-cultural CommunicationIntercultural/Cross-Cultural CommunicationInternational CommunicationIntracultural CommunicationShared communication between members of the same cultural group /communication between people from the same cultureIntercultural Communicationcommunication between people from different culturesIntercultural Communication…Requires an understanding of …Own cultureCultures of other groupsParent/Dominant culture (e.g. based on race or ethnicity)Co-cultures (e.g. based on gender, religion, age)Intercultural Communication…Requires an understanding of …..Knowledge systemBeliefsValuesCustomsBehaviorsIntercultural / Cross-cultural CommunicationAlthough the term cross-cultural is often used as a synonym for intercultural, it traditionally implies a comparison of some phenomena across cultures.For example, if we examine communication between two Chinese or between two Americans, we are looking at intra-cultural communication.If we observe communication between a Chinese and an American, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.If we compare the speech act of apology in the Chinese culture and in the American culture, for example, we are making a cross-cultural comparison.If we look at how an American or a Chinese is making an apology when communicating with each other, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.Cross-Cultural CommunicationInvolves highlighting similarities and differences across cultural groups to promote communicationInternational CommunicationInteractions among people from different nations. Certainly, communication among people from different countries is likely to be intercultural communication, but that is not always true.3.3 Types of Communication(2)human communication (人类交际）animal communication (动物交际）human-animal communication （人类与动物的交际）human-machine communication（人机交际）machine-to-machine communication（机器交际）3.4 Media of CommunicationFace-to-FaceTelephoneBroadcast MediaVerbalNon-verbalWhich other media of communication can you identify?3.6 The Communication ProcessMatching Task p.57One more example:1. A: Can you tell me the time?B: Well, the milkman has come.(No, I don’t know the exact time, but I can tell you that the milkman has come so that you may be able to tell what the approximate time it is now.)Case 6 p.61 ( assignment)Case AnalysisCase 6 p.61Why did the Chinese mother-in-law decide to leave the very afternoon?What was wrong with Litz asking her husband how long his mother was going to stay just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival?AnalysisWhen a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, the speaker’s meaning and the hearer’s meaning.In the dialogue, when Litz asked how long her mother-in-law was going to stay, she meant that if she knew how long she was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, hermother-in-law took Litz’s question to mean “ Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she has to ask the quest ion, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Another CaseSituation:A Chinese student had just arrived at the States. One day, when he was reading in his room, he heard someone shouting outside: “ Watch out!” So he went to the window and stretched out his head and tried to find out what’s going on outside. Just then, his head was right poured by the water from above…Question:What are the three meanings of “ Watch out” in communication?Key to the question:1.Utterance meaning: Be careful!2.Speaker’s meaning: Don’t pull out !3.Hearer’s meaning:Something is happening! Look out!3.9 Characteristics of Communication p.68-73DynamicSymbolicInteractiveInterpretiveContextualCommunication is a dynamic processCommunication is an ongoing, ever changing activity. It is not fixed.“You can’t stand in the same stream twice.”When people communicate, they are constantly affected by each other’s messages and as a consequence, people undergo continual change.Each time one is influenced, one changes in some way and people never stay frozen when in communication.Once a word or an action is employed, it cannot be retracted.Communication is symbolicCommunication involves the use of symbols.A symbol is a word, action, or object that strands for or presents a unit of meanings. Meaning, in turn, is a perception, thought, or feeling that a person experiences and might want to communicate to others.P eople’s behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.Communication is interactive/transactionalCommunication must take place between people.When two or more people communicate, their unique backgrounds and experiences serve as a backdrop for the communication interaction.Communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.There are no such entities as pure senders or pure receivers.Communication is systemic/contextualCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system.Setting and environment help determine the words and actions you generate and the meanings you give the symbols produced by other people.Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.People do not act the same way in every environment.Communication is contextual/systemicAll communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context.By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship.Thus, the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings within which messages are exchanged.The physical context includes the actual location of the interactants: indoors or outdoors, crowded or quiet, public or private, close together or far apart, warm or cold, bright or dark. The social context refers to the widely shared expectations people have about the kinds of interactions that normally should occur given different kinds of social events.The interpersonal context refers to the expectations about the behaviors of others as a result of differences in the relationships between them. (examples---p69-70)Communication is interpretiveWhenever people communicate, they must interpret the symbolic behaviors of others and assign significance to some of those behaviors in order to create a meaningful account of the other’s actions.There is no direct mind-to-mind contact between people, you cannot access the thoughts and feelings of other human beings but can only infer what they are experiencing.Communication is complexAlthough all cultures use symbols to share their realities, the specific realities and the symbols employed are often quite different.People are both alike and different.Cultural, as well as individual, differences keep people apart.Members of different cultures look differently at the world around them.A successful intercultural communicator appreciates similarities and accepts differences.4. Elements of Communication p.50-56ContextParticipantsMessagesChannelsNoiseFeedbackContextphysical settingthe formality of the conference roomthe seating arrangementslightingthe time of daythe distance between communicatorshistorical contextprevious communication eventspsychological contextthe manner of perceiving themselves and otherscultural contextcommunication normsParticipantsplay the roles of senders and receivers:senders form messages– encoders;receivers process the messages and react to them—decodersvariables affecting participants:---relationships: familiar or unfamiliar---gender: males or females---culture: from the same culture or from different culturesMessagesmeaningsthe meanings may not be transferred successfullysymbolswords chosenfacial expressions, gesturestone of voiceencoding and decodingmessage encoded may not be decoded as intendedculture and nonverbal factorsChannels---sound, sight, smell, taste, touch---the nature of the channel selected affects the way a message will be processed---the impact of a message changes as the channel used to transmit it changes---the more channels used, the more successful the communication will beNoise---any stimulus that interferes with the sharing of meaningexternal noisestimuli in the surrounding that distract attentioninternal noiseinterfering thoughts and feelings inside a communicatorsemantic noiseinappropriate choice of words---noise can function as a communication barrierFeedbackverbal responsenonverbal responseserves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.Cultural Noise–-- cultural variables that undermine the communication of intended meaningExamples of Semantic Noise一次性用品：A Time Sex Thing一次性筷子：One Sex Chopsticks平时禁止入内：No entry on peace time小心溺水：Careful Drowning童子鸡：Chicken without sexual life麻婆豆腐：Bean curd made by a pockmarked woman贵阳：Expensive Sun干果区：Fuck the fruit areaAssignments1. Find a misleading sign in Meizhou and point out what’s wrong and give a correct one.2. Further Reading I : Understanding Culture p.64-67。
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit2
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit2Unit 2Culture and CommunicationReading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall’s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try tosatisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve thesame ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this isuniversally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the culturalenvironment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in theireveryday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of theEnglish-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?One aspect of context is the physical setting, includinglocation, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological.A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you movefrom one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?One’s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations.3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everydaycommunication?For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one’s boss by his or her title and never to express one’s disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.6. Does the sender play a more important role than the receiver in communication? No, they are equally important forboth of them are essential in the process of communication.7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?The pure ideas and feelings that exist in a person’s mind represent meanings. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in this process?A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, which significantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.12. What examples can you find to show that one channel ismore effective than othersfor transmitting certain messages?For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people‘s attenti on away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating.15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.16. What will you usually do when you receive negativefeedback in communication?Open.Case StudyCase 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone.A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, sp eaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such astaking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she hasto ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know th at Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s whyshe cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for theChristmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be pr oud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.。
（完整版）Unit2跨文化交际课后题答案
（完整版）Unit2跨文化交际课后题答案Unit Two Culture ShockⅠ.Fill in blanksa. In a formal western meal, you’re offered a second helping but you have already had enough. You should say “______”. That was delicious but I’ve already had plenty, thanks.b. Taboos are words, expressions, etc. that are considered as being ______ or ______. unpleasant, disgustingc. ______ is a culture that scores high on individualism. Individual cultured. Social distance refers to the degree of ______ or ______ between two cultures. similarity, dissimilaritye. Because of their ______, individualists give little thought to the ______ of others. But collectivists care very much what others in their groups think and do not like to be the targets of ______ and _______. independence, evaluations, scrutiny, criticism Ⅱ. Key Termsa. culture shockb. collectivist culturec. hospitalityd. politenesse. privacyⅢ. Short Answera. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?b. Why is there a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy?c. What ‘s the difference on tendency for foreigners to treat strangers between Individualism and Collectivism Theories?Ⅳ. Case study(1) Analyze the case and try to find the misunderstanding between the girl and the westerner.A westerner invited a Chinese girl to have lunch and take a tour around the British Parliament. In fact, the girl didn't have the lunch just because when the westerner asked her "Are you hungry?" The girl answered no. Then they didn't have lunch together.(2) Can you find some differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons?An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to ear that too.A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? One one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.Key to Unit TwoⅠ.Fill in blanksa. That was delicious but I’ve already had plenty, thanks.b. unpleasant, disgustingc. Individual cultured. similarity, dissimilaritye. independence, evaluations, scrutiny, criticismⅡ.Key Termsa. culture shock: It is a psychological phenomenon that isexperienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.b. collectivist culture: It is a culture that places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity.c. hospitality: It means cordial and generous reception of or disposition toward guests.d. politeness: It refers to consideration for others, tact, and observance of accepted social usage.e. privacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.Ⅲ.Short Answera. 1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2 ) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.b. The reason might be that even the freedom with which foreigners express love and sexual desire can be seen as a valorization of the individual's pursuit of personal pleasure and happiness. That this is offensive tocollectivists is not surprising, as intense dyadic fusion is a kind of personal involvement that draws loyalty on attention from the group and focuses it on individual needs.c. Individualists tend to believe in equality; their communication norms stress equal treatment of subordinate and superior, friend and stranger. In contrast, collectivists’ communication norms often stress deference; a clear demarcation is made between one’s treatment of those above and below one in the social hierarchy. Clearly, to a collectivist, the way individualists treat strangers will seem unusual and unnecessarily polite.Ⅳ.Case studya. The mistake is that the westerner used his question as an invitation. The girl understood it only as a question. According to the Chinese tradition, the man should have invited her to lunch since their appointment was to have lunch first.b. Yes. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldn't imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldn't eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their different hospitality in different ways.。
跨文化交际上课内容unit2
✋Homework of Unit 1: What are stumbling blocks in intercultural communication? How to overcome these blocks?Unit Two Culture and CommunicationI.Warm UpPlease read the story on page 38, then answer the questions:1.Why was Tom considered a rude host by his visitors?2.How can you explain the fact that Tom is misunderstood when heactually wants to be kind and friendly to the visitors?II.Reading1.Read the article of ―What Is Culture‖. What can you learn about culturefrom it? Please answer the questions followed?Supplement:Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (p41)What is culture?Origins of culture in English and Chinese(1)―Culture‖ is a loan word from Latin meaning ―cultivating or tilling种田the land‖. It was originally associated with physical activities and production of food. Later, its meaning was extended to include mental, moral, aesthetic美学, educational and intellectual activities. In contemporary English its original meaning is still retained保留. (2)―文化‖ is a native word本族词in Chinese. ―文‖ and ―化‖ were usedtogether in the Warring States战国. ―人文‖ in ―观乎人文，以化成天下‖refers to the interwoven互相编织relationships between the monarch君主and his subjects, fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends, and ―化‖means ―changing and/or cultivating‖.When used together, ―文‖and ―化‖mean ―以文教化‖. They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning contrasted with ―nature‖ on one hand and ―primitiveness‖原始and ―savage‖未开化，野蛮on the other hand. So ―文化‖ was originally associated with mental activities.1.DefinitionThe term ―culture‖does not correspond 一致perfectly with ―文化‖. For examples:他没有文化(He is illiterate.)―What really binds 捆绑men together is their culture--- the ideas and the standards they have in common.‖— R. BenedictAccording to The Concise Oxford Dictionary,culture is ―the arts and other manifestations 表现of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively‖.Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective人类学观点:♦―Culture consists of patt erns, explicit明确and implicit含蓄, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting 组成the distinctive有特色的achievement of human groups, including their embodiments 体现in artifacts史前古器物; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values‖.-----Kroeber and Kluckhohn Defining Culture from the Psychological Perspective♦culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category 种类of people from another".----Geert HofstedeDefining Culture from the Sociological Perspective♦―Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception —including both verbal口头and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system信念系统, disbelief systems, and behavior‖. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective♦―Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behavioursand artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through l earning.‖----[Bates and Plog]There are altogether no less than 250 definitions of culture by scholars from several different fields. Despite so, almost all scholars agree that culture has two senses: the broad sense 广义and the narrow sense.A. Culture in its broad senseCulture is the attribute特质of man, or, whatever distinguishes man from the rest part of the world is culture. Based on this, Prof. Lin Dajin provides a Chinese counterpart副本definition: 文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征. It may include the following components:①Materials man has got to satisfy his needs, including science and technology, such as space shuttles航天飞机, airplanes, and cars;②Social institutions社会制度and organizations man has established, including socioeconomic社会经济学的institutions体系, politico-legal institutions, and religious organizations宗教组织;③Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development艺术发展, including various subjects such as mathematics数学and education, and artistic forms such as literature, painting, music and dance;④Language and other communication systems such as gestures and facial expressions;⑤Customs, habits and behavioral patterns;⑥Value systems, world views, national traits名族性, aesthetic standards 审美标准and thinking patterns.Culture in this sense is also called ―large C culture‖or academic culture or culture with a big C(大写字母的文化). It‘s culture in general, culture of all nationalities and ethnic groups族群. But we know there are specific cultures such as Chinese, American and British. According to this sense, specific culture can be defined (by Prof. Lin Dajin) as the comprehensive features that distinguish one group (be it a nation, a race or any section of people) of people from another (一个民族区别于另一个民族的综合特征).﹡Dominant culture and subculture亚文化群/co-culture共同培养♦Culture is subdivided 被再分成into dominant culture, mainstream culture, and subculture(s), which coexist 共存within each culture.♦ A subculture resembles似a culture in that it usually encompasses 包含围绕a relatively large number of people and represents the accumulation积累of generations of human striving努力奋斗.However, subcultures have some important differences: they exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity种族划分, race, or geographic region.Today the tendency is to say ‗co-culture‘ and sub-groups to avoid prejudice.B. Culture in its narrow senseIt's called ―small c culture‖ or anthropological culture or culture with a small c (小写字母的文化). It can be defined as life way of a population, Culture in this sense emphasizes what characterizes the way of life of a people, including components ②, ③, ④, ⑤ and ⑥, with components ②, ④, ⑤ and ⑥ as the central part.Some scholars are interested in ―large C culture‖ while others in ―small c culture‖, depending on the purpose of investigation. We shall focus on culture in its narrow sense.﹡Cultural Identity文化身份文化认同Cultural identity refers to one‘s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously 有意识地，自觉地identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.2.Properties 内容of culture(1)I t is human specific.(2)I t is a social phenomenon (contrast between society and nature). It is theembodiment体现of human knowledge, skill and cooperative labor.(3)I t is a national phenomenon for each nature has its own culture.(4)I t is a historical phenomenon. Each culture has some history and eachgeneration contributes to it. But culture won‘t necessarily remain the same.(5)I t is general and abstract.A. Overt CultureB. Covert Culture(公开文化层)Exposed Material Culture,Visible and Easily Described(隐蔽文化层)Hidden in the material culture,Soft or Spiritual culture2. Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out ofsight. The part of the cultural iceberg that is above the water is easy to be noticed. The other part that is hidden below the water and is outside of conscious awareness. It is sometimes called ―deep culture ‖. But what are the things in a culture that can be said to be above or below the water – within or out of our awareness?The Structure of Culture3.Read the article on page 45-48:From this article, we can learn there are three characteristics of culture –coherent, learned, the view of a group of people; and there are three things culture does – culture ranks what is important (or cultures teach values or priorities), culture furnishes attitudes, and culture dictates how to behave.4.Decide whether the following are examples of communications or not?Why?1)You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone.2) Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille盲文.3) A German businessman negotiates, through an interpreter口译, with his Chinese counterpart.4) A farmer gives instructions to his ploughing 耕种cow.5) A programmer issues commands to a computer.6) Tom talks to himself while flourishing his toy gun.7) You send an e-mail message to an American friend.8) Jane lies in bed reading a novel.The Basics of Communication:Communication occurs if: 1. two or more people; 2. contact; 3. a shared language; 4. an exchange of information.5.Read the article of ―Elements of Communication‖. What are theelements of communication?Context: four aspects (the physical setting, historical aspect, psychological aspect, culture aspect)Participants: three variables (relationship, gender, culture)Messages: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.Channels: the method used to deliver a message (sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these)Noise (干扰): a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise, internal noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.Feedback: t he response of a receiver to a sender‘s messagePlease answer the questions followed.Supplement:What Is Communication?There are altogether 126 definitions of communication. Among them the most accepted one defined by L. A. Samovar, et al.Definition:―Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue剩余of the behavior of another person.‖---- L. A. Samovar, et alA few key points about this definition:① The behavior includes verbal behavior语言行为and non-verbalbehavior. For example, you meet an acquaintance in the street. You smile and nod to each other without uttering发出a word. Then your behavior is non-verbal, and your communication is also non-verbal.So according to this, communication can be divided into verbal communication and non-verbal communication.②As to the meaning of ―behavior residue", here is an example. You leavea note before you go out, and your roommate sees it when coming back and will make certain response. Then this note is your behavior residue. In this case, whether your roommate does something about or just ignores the note, as long as he receives the note, communication happens, but it is non-simultaneous非同时发生的. Therefore, communication can also be divided into simultaneous communication同时通信and non-simultaneous communication.③A behavior, whether intentional故意的or unintentional, conscious or unconscious, once is received, communication occurs. For example, when you are giving a speech, you may blush (unintentional) or repeat the same movement (unconscious), which gives your audience a message that you are nervous.④Feedback is not a prerequisite必要条件of communication. So there may be one-way communication. Hu Wenzhong of Beijing Foreign Studies University once said translation is in fact a kind of (intercultural) communication, because when one is translating, one is in factcommunicating interculturally with the writer of the original work. In deed, written translation is in most cases one-way communication.2. Factors Affecting CommunicationEight specific ingredients of communication:①the source (行为源): a person who has a need to communicate②encoding (编码): an internal activity in which a source creates a message through the selection of verbal and non-verbal symbols (行为源组织信息的内心活动).③message (信息): the result of encoding, once spoken out and received, becomes a message.④channel (渠道): the physical means by which the message is transmitted.⑤the responder (反应者): the person who intercepts拦截the message and as a consequence becomes linked to the source.⑥decoding (译码): the internal activity of the receiver‘s information processing.⑦response (反应): what a receiver decides to do about the message.⑧feedback (反馈): feedback and response are clearly related. Response becomes feedback when received by the source.Of the eight ingredients, the source and the responder, encoding and decoding, are the most important because they are related to persons.Some personal factors may affect communication effectiveness:③sex ②age③temperament气质性格(e.g. introverted and extroverted)④occupation (e.g. businessman, officers, etc.) ⑤social status⑥knowledge structure ⑦life experienceUncertain factors, varying at different time:①intention: though disgusted, you nod or smile for politeness.②mood: someone tells you that it is useless to live in this world. You might have different responses.③status at that time: you, as a guest, can‘t ask the host to help himself to some dish.Objective factors:①time: you never say ―Good morning‖ in the evening.②place:③occasion: you never say ―节哀顺便‖ in a wedding ceremony.3. Communication Types①based on symbols used: verbal and non-verbal②based on media: direct and indirect③based on feedback: two-way and one-way④based on numbers of the sources and responders: one/group-to-one and one/group-to-group⑤based on set responder: directed and non-directed⑥based on the source‘s intention: intentional and unintentional⑦based on the responder‘s activeness: active and passive⑧based on time: simultaneous and non-simultaneous4. Characteristics of Communication (Essentials of Human Communication) p68-73①Communication is dynamic动态的. It is an on-going, ever-changing 千变万化activity. We are sure to be influenced by other‘s message, whether gradually or radically彻底的根本上的.②Communication is symbolic: Symbols are central to the communicationprocess because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning. People's behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.③Communication is systematic系统的: Communication does not occurin isolation or in a vacuum在真空中, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in a specific setting. Setting and environment help determine the words and actions we generate. Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.④It involves making inferences.⑤It has a consequence.⑥It is interactive (interpersonal communication).⑦It is irreversible.不可逆的不可取消⑧It is contextual.⑨Communication is self-reflective自我反思: Human beings have aunique ability to think about themselves, to watch how they define the world, and to reflect on their past, present, and future.6.Match each of what the first speaker says on the left with what thesecond speaker says on the right to form a dialogue that will make sense, and then decide what is possibly meant by the second speaker in the dialogue. (p57)1)J 2)F 3)A 4)G 5)I 6)H 7)B 8)C 8)D 9)E7.Read the passage of ―Communicating or Communicating Effectively‖on p58 and try to explain why we sometimes find it very difficult to communicate effectively with others, and then suggest what we can do about it.III.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
跨文化交际unit 2 课件
Unit parison of Chinese and Western cultural values Section 1. Definition of values▪What are values？▪V alues are broad, abstract concepts which provide the foundation that underlies a people‘s entire way of life.▪V alues are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. These "rules" and guideposts are normative and teach us what is useful, good, right, wrong, what to strive for, how to live our life, and even what to die for.Types of values▪1. Universal values▪2. culture-specific values▪3. individual valuesExercise: point out the values reflected in the following proverbs▪1. Blood is thicker than water. (origin: Scotland)▪(the bonds of family and common ancestry are stronger than those bonds between unrelated people ,such as friendship) family, loyalty▪2. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. (origin: England)▪(if a particular type of behavior is acceptable for one person, it should also be acceptable for another person ) fairness▪3. Too many cooks spoil the broth. (origin: England)▪(The combined efforts of the group end up with something that is not so pleasant to eat) the individual4. The early bird catches the worm. (origin: England)▪(Success comes to those who prepare well and put in effort.) action▪5. God helps those who help themselves. (origin: Greece)▪(We can rely on nobody but ourselves) self-helpCautionTwo noteworthy features of values▪1. Contradictory values are found in a particular cultue.▪E.g.All people are created equal.▪E.g Sweep the snow in front of his door, and not bother about the frost on his neighbor‘s roof.▪A gulf between the values that are articulated (idealism) and the values that are acted out (reality)▪2. V alues of a culture change with time.V alues▪Five orientations proposed by American anthropologist, Florence Kluckhohn▪Human NatureChinese value on human nature▪Man, by nature, is good; people‘s inborn characters are similar, but learning makes them different;▪The story of Mencius‘ mother moving three tim es in order that her son could be in a good neighborhood;▪Y our character will be tinted ―red‖ if you are in the company of redness, but ―black‖ if you are in close contact with ink.▪安于现状，知足常乐，仁者爱人，仁至义尽▪Relationship of human to natureChinese traditional medicine shows the cultural value of harmony with nature▪Westerners: A minor illness like cold - work as usual; human body is an object that can be studied and then controlled---leading to the invention of powerful medicines, but the medicines may have unpleasant or even dangerous died effects.▪Chinese: cold- stayed home to give body a chance to recover. The human body is part of nature and needs to be brought back into balance. Medi cine should work with the body‘s own resources. It should be integrated with the body, so it will take longer to work.▪Sense of timeActivity---case study▪When a middle age American couple showed up to help a young Chinese couple move into their new apartment, they were surprised that the Chinese couple would not allow them to do any work. Instead they found a place for them to sit and gave them tea.▪Why?▪Activityconflict▪Westerners: experience the talk and behavior of Chinese people as performance, as dramatization of the self and as not very relevant to what is important; their conversation is lacking in information.▪Chinese: showing that they are friendly, virtuous, or sufficiently important; they are educated, polite, humble, high-ranking or hospitable.▪―我爸是李刚。
跨文化交际实用教程
6
II. Compliments
pliment and compliment responses
B. Social functions of compliments
C. Differences between Chinese compliments and English compliments (semantic formula and syntactic formula)
“ I really know little about the subject.”----
“Well, I certainly don’t know anybody who knows more than you do!”
9
Social functions of compliments
Learn expressions of gratitude and apology in English and Chinese
2
CONTENTS
I. Warm-up cases II. Detailed Study:
★Compliments and compliment responses ★Social functions of compliments ★Differences between Chinese and English
2.In Philippines, a person cannot be a friend and a critic at the same time , or at least not in public. Stan should find some other way (acceptable to the Filipinos) to voice his comments.
跨文化交际Unit 2 Daily verbal communication 1
A 46
B 10 12.2 34 41.46
C 22 26.83 28 34.15
D 4 4.88 16 19.51
Total 82 100 82 100
36
32
10
82
43.9
39.02
12.2
100
－Title + last name B－Full name C－First name D－Nickname
“My name is Margaret Wilkinson, but please call me Margaret,” my grammar teach tells in front blackboard. But I must give respect, not just call Margaret. I will call Mrs Margaret.” (A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers, Xiaolu Guo)
HIGH-CONTEXT 内隐，含蓄 暗码信息 较多非语言编码 反应很少外露 人际关系紧密 内外有别 高承诺 时间处理高度灵活
LOW-CONTEXT 外显，明了 明码信息 较多语言编码 反应外露 人际关系不密切 内外灵活 低承诺 时间高度组织化
Three cousins of the French President were also to receive presents.
Questions
1. What are the differences in addressing people between English and Chinese cultures? 2. How do you address your teacher’s husband or wife? 3. What’s your attitude towards “同志” or “Comrade”? 4. How to translate “师傅” “解放军叔叔” into English?
跨文化交际实用教程unit2课件ppt共30页
1
CONTENTS
I. Warm-up cases II. Detailed Study:
★Addressing People ★Greetings ★Initiating Conversations ★Visiting Someone ★Partings
■学术头衔
学术头衔的“副”职称，常用 associate 表示。如：
➢ 副教授 associate professor ➢ 副研究员 associate research fellow ➢ 副审判长 associate judge ➢ 副主任医师 associate doctor
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2. Greetings
Please match the following two groups.
vice
director
associate
professor
assistant
manager
deputy
president
9
Tips:
■行政头衔
以“副”字的表示副职的行政职务头衔，可用 vice、 deputy 表达。在实际使用时究竟选用哪个，纯属搭配 习惯。一般来说，vice与president、 premier、 chairman、 minister、 governor搭配；deputy与 director、 chief、head 、secretary、dean、mayor 搭配。似乎可以认为，Vice比Deputy的搭配级别要高。
Close Relationship/ Informal Situation
Surname+Title Surname+Title
跨文化交际_Unit_2_参考翻译
Unit Two Task 11)A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。
/花盆里生长不出参天大树。
/温室里长不出栋梁之才。
2)He who would search for pearls must dive below.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
/ 欲寻珍珠就要潜到水里。
/ 欲寻珍珠欲潜入水。
3)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标如同航行没有罗盘。
/没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
4)To have another fish to fry另有要事/ 另有事情得做5)The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
(The same knife cuts bread and fingers.)6)前人栽树，后人乘凉。
One sows and another reaps. / One man sows and another reaps. / One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. / The precedence planted, the later generations enjoy its cool.7)斩草不除根，逢春又发青。
If the grass is only cut, then the next spring it will revive. / Cut weeds and dig up the roots.8)种田不用问，深耕多上粪。
Planting has no better measures but ploughing deeply and fertilizing much more.9)生米煮成熟饭。
跨文化交际unit 2练习 and key
Unit 2 Comparison of valuesPart I Blank FillingDirections: Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression.1.The English proverb “Look before you leap.” stresses the same value of caution as theChinese proverb __________. 三思而后行2.According to the present western value of human nature, men are basically a mixture of__________. good and evil3.Chinese people are usually encouraged to be good by the people around them and are likely tofeel ashamed if they fail to live up to other s’ expectations that they should be virtuous. In this case, Chinese culture is called a kind of __________. shame culture.4.When it comes to the relationship of human to nature, Chinese culture emphasizes thathumans are a part of nature and they should live in __________ with nature. Harmony5.In Chinese culture, people’s behaviors should be suitable to their __________ and characters.social status or roles6.Quite a lot westerners hold such a belief that Chinese people often make their talk with othersa performance to show off themselves and their conversation is often lacking in __________.information.7.“Every man is the architect for his own fortune.”vividly indicates American value of__________. individualism8.__________ and __________ are the typical two features of Chinese features of collectivism. Group interest, duty and loyalty, harmony, hierarchy, or modesty任选其二Part II T or FDirections:Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false.1. ____ V alues people hold exert a strong influence on people’s daily life by teaching people how to behave properly. T2. ____ The value that every person desires to live a happy life is typically a universal value rather than an individual value. T3. ____ The proverb “The early bird catches the worm.” reflects the value of efficiency. F4. ____ Western people are mainly future-oriented so that they are good at making plans for the future and are likely to ignore their history. F5. ____ In many instances contradictory values are found in a particular culture. That is, there is often a gulf between the values that are articulated (idealism) and the values that are acted out (reality).T6. ____ American people take actions very seriously and emphasize their goals. When they accomplish achievements, the outcome is usually measured qualitatively. F7. ____ We Chinese value hard work, honesty, kindness, and so do Americans. TPart III Multiple ChoiceDirections:There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. The following all can reflect Chinese values about human nature except _____. AA. 人人为我B. 知足常乐C. 近朱者赤D. 仁者爱人2. All the following things are valued in western individualist culture except _____. DA. self-relianceB. equality of opportunityC. separatenessD. family duty3. Which of the following proverbs was originated from Greece? CA. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.B. Too many cooks spoil the broth.C. God helps those who help themselves.D. Blood is thicker than water.4. After making an appointment, if is _____ people who are usually late. DA. ChineseB. EnglishC. GermanD. French5. In western culture, land is just like _____.CA. motherB. hometownC. powerD. rootPart IV Short Answer Questions. (15%)Directions:Choose three questions from the following five questions and answer them briefly. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET1. What are the main features of Western values in your opinion?2. Can you list out some of negative features of Chinese values and explain them?3. Can you list out some of negative features of American values and explain them?4. "Face" is a very important concept in China. See how many phrases i you can think of that contain the term "face". How important is "face" to you? Give some situations in which "face" is concerned. What do you think "face" means? Why is "face" important in China?"Face" is not new to Chinese and other Asians. It carries a range of meanings based upon a core concept of "honor". Within sociological and sociolinguistic studies it is generally defined as "the negotiated public image, mutually granted each other by participants in a communicative events. (Scollon & Scollon, 2000) It refers roughly to a set of claims one makes regarding his/her characteristics and traits. These characteristics and traits are usually what a society thinks are good and desirable. Having some of these characteristics of a certain person called into question would mean that that person was likely to be looked down upon by others. He/She thus loses face, feeling embarrassed, upset, and angry. If that happens, there is little harmony.We have to know, however, that the face-concept is not unique in China and other parts of Asia. Sociologists hold that this concept exists among Americans too (and in fact among allother peoples). The difference is that face simply has greater social significanc e for the Chinese than for the Americans. In China, everyone is conscious of face all the time. An oft-repeated Chinese proverb puts it thus: "A person needs face as a tree needs bark. " In the United States, concern for face exists but remains largely out of most people’s awareness.5. What Chinese basic values are most impressive in your mind. List out two of them and explain.One of the characteristics of the Chinese culture is hierarchy. Every person is supposed to have a set position in family and society in order to achieve harmony between the people. One of the famous saying of Confucius is "Let the emperor be an emperor, the subject a subject, the father a father, and the son a son", the implication being that within the family as within the nation, persons are not equal; each has to mind his/her own position and role and act accordingly; and personal desires are best subjugated to the will of the patriarch (the male head of a family and a tribe). Confucius found there was nothing wrong with inequality because, in his view, the obligations between senior and junior ran in both directions. The senior party had his duties for the junior, and vice versa. These reciprocal obligations were expressed in the Chinese virtue known as li, which means " right conduct in maintaining one' s place in the hierarchical order.Large power distance characterizes a hierarchical culture in which people are comfortable with an unequal distribution of power and thus do not try to bring about a more nearly equal distribution. Throughout the Chinese history, people have shown respect for age, seniority, rank, maleness, and family background, from which hierarchy is clearly seen. Of course, as we all know, in the past decades, this way of thinking has noticeably eroded. In spite of the change, the basic assumptions are still there.So it s not difficult to see that humility is an important value in China, and the concern for humility is apparent everywhere, though often without our awareness. The way of showing humility is usually by self-disparaging. For example, when the Chinese entertain a guest or some guests with a sumptuous dinner with the table overflowing with six or eight beautifully presented, mouth-watering dishes, the comment of the host/hostess is likely to be (in a suitably apologetic tone of voice) " We hope you won' t mind joining our simple home meal. We' re not very good at cooking, so we ve only prepared a few dishes for this evening." Or a very renowned artist usually writes in the corner of his/her exquisite painting something that means "trying one's hand" or "daubing".There is another example where modesty and humility is displayed. When a large number of people are preparing themselves for a group photograph, they usually begin by crowding into the back row ( s) , because they understand that the front row, especially the center-front location, is the place of honor and recognize that proper humility requires them to not willingly place themselves in the front. Only after some good-natured scuffling and earnest appeals from the junior members and the photographer to the senior ones, the situation resolves itself properly, with the most important seniors at the center-front, which also reflects the hierarchical conception.As harmony is the goal in a hierarchical society, courtesy or good manners has always been stressed by the Chinese tradition when interacting with other people. One important way to achieve this harmony is to accept and respect each person' s need to preserve face.Part V Case studies.Directions: S tudy the following cases and answer the questions. Choose two from the three cases.Case 1When a middle aged American couple who were both professors showed up to help a young Chinese couple move into their new apartment, they were surprised that the Chinese couple would not allow them to do any work. Instead they found a place for them to sit and gave them tea. Question:Why were the American couple surprised? What kind of values are reflected in this case?Key: The Chinese couple thought it was inappropriate for an older distinguished professor t move furniture and carry boxes for them. It would not be dignified. In US when someone moves into a new house, it is a custom for friends to help clean and carry, so the Americans were eager to help and were upset that their presence only created more worked for their young friends.Note:Read Chapter 9 and finish the attached exercises《跨文化交际实用教程》（by 胡超）。
跨文化交际Unit 2第二讲
Chapter 2
Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
1
Letter to Fran
• 1. Read the Letter to Fran quickly and finish the following tasks: • (1) Retell the story in your group. • (2) Why do you think the professor became annoyed? Use the “possibility” words of “very likely”, “likely”, “almost certainly”, “virtually certain”, “possible” and “may” etc. in your expression.
Chapter 2
Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
7
(3) What conflicts does this case show? • This case shows the conflicts of Host Guest
Man
Yong Chinese
https:///wiki/Geert_ Hofstede
• G· 霍夫斯坦德教授，是社会人文学博士，曾主管过IBM 欧洲分公司的人事调查工作，荷兰马城（Maastricht） 大学国际管理系名誉教授,在欧洲多所大学任教，并担任 香港大学荣誉教授，从事组织机构人类学和国际管理 (Organizational Anthropology and Internataional Management)。
跨文化交际(UNIT-2)
Reading I
▪ Read the article of “What Is Culture” (p3943). What can you learn about culture from it? Please answer the questions followed:
1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?
Review of Unit 1
▪ What are stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?
▪ How to overcome these blocks?
Case analysis
A British tourist got lost in a small town in China. A Chinese couple volunteered to offer their help . And now they are introducing themselves.
➢ “Culture” is a loan word from Latin meaning “cultivating or tilling the land”. It was originally associated with physical activities and production of food. Later, its meaning was extended to include mental, moral, aesthetic, educational and intellectual activities. In contemporary English its original meaning is still retained.
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1. Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be verycom partmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time. Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture What is polychronic cultureMonochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system? Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive.Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.. Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture What is Low-context cultureHigh context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures What is the function of silence in high-context cultures It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different culturesDifferent in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process Does everyone have the same experienceThe five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, depending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。
跨文化交际UNIT 2
Supplement: What is culture?
❊ Origins of Culture in English and Chinese
“文化” is a native word in Chinese. “文” and “化” were used together in the Warring States. “人文” in “观乎人文，以化成天下” refers to the interwoven relationships between the monarch and his subjects, fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends, and “化” means “changing and/or cultivating”. When used together, “文” and “化” mean “以文教化”. They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning contrasted with “nature” on one hand and “primitiveness” and “savage” on the other hand. So “文化” was originally associated with mental activities.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (p41)
Reading I
4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads?
跨文化交际实用教程unit2
8
Summary of addressing people
Chinese
Formal Relationship/ Situation Neutral Relationship/ Situation Close Relationship/ Informal Situation
English
Surname+Title
Hey. /Hi.
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Chinese expressions
Where are you going?你上哪去？ Where have you been?你去哪里啦？
Have you had your meal?吃过了吗？
It’s none of your business.
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3. Initiating Conversations and Conversation Topic What topics should be avoided in initiating conversation?
Unit 2
Daily Communication (I)
Objectives
Learn the differences of addressing
people and greeting between Chinese and western culture. Learn what are the topics at the beginning of the conversation. Learn how to visit someone and how to leave.
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5. Partings
Question:
What are the differences in parting between Chinese and English cultures?
跨文化交际实用教程Unit
III. Case Study IV. Summary V. Assignments
3
I. Warm-up cases
Case 1. An Invitation to Dinner
Question : If you were the director and chosen to mediate this situation, what would you do to ensure not to offend either party? How would you explain Bart’s behavior to Manual? How would you explain Manual’s to Bart?
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II. Compliments
pliment and compliment responses B. Social functions of compliments C. Differences between Chinese compliments and English compliments (semantic formula and syntactic formula) D. Common response formulas in English and Chinese
“But these flowers are beautiful” “ I wish I could do as well!”
8ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Fishing for compliments
“ I really know little about the subject.”---“Well, I certainly don’t know anybody who knows more than you do!”
北京大学出版社《跨文化交际》unit 2 Understanding of communication
feedback
Communication is a two-way affair. The verbal or nonverbal response receivers are likely to give as they attempt to decode the meaning of messages nonverbal—smiles, sighs oral— questions or comments. Written— respond to a coworker’s memo. no message can be a kind of feedback.
Context
physical setting the formality of the conference room or lunch room the seating arrangements lighting the time of day the distance between speakers
Noise
Factors that interfere with the exchange of messages; one of the greatest sources of communication failure Noise is inevitable. All communication contains noise of some kind. Although we cannot eliminate it completely, we can reduce noise and its effects as much as possible.