英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
英美文学讲义Chapter 4
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period一．学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。
并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
二．考核要求（一）维多利亚时期概述1．识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景2．领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响3．应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1．一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯2．识记: 重要作品及主要内容3．领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等4．应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造（3）"我逝去的公爵夫人”中的戏剧独白（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示The Victorian Period （P233）Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.Its Political, Economical & Cultural Background（P233）The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement宪章运动(1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species《物种起源》(1859) & The Descent of Man《人类的起源》(1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism功利主义was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. （P235）Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Greatwriters & great works abounded. （P235）Features of Victorian novels（P236）In this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.（P236）Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest. （P237）名词解释（Definitions of several terms）The Chartist Movement (1836-1848) (P233)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppress-ed people.Utilitarianism (P235)Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess"《我的已故公爵夫人》is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens (P238)His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentaryreporter for newspapers.From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz《博兹札记》(1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club《匹克威克外传》(1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished. (P238)His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》(1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》(1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》(1840-1841); 《巴纳比·拉奇》Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Note s《美国札记》(1842); Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁·翟述伟》(1843-1845); A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》(1843); Dombey & Son《董贝父子》(1846-1848); David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》(1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House《荒凉山庄》(1852-1853); Hard Times《艰难时世》(1854); Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》(1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(1859); Great Expectations 《远大前程》(1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》(1864-1865); EdwinDrood《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》(unfinished)(1870)Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist,DavidCopperfield & so on. (P239)His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos. (P241)Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver Twist(P238)The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure. (P243)This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that " impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, itwas the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.A Tale of Two Cities这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是智慧的年代，也是愚蠢的年代；这是信仰的时期，也是怀疑的时期；这是光明的季节，也是黑暗的季节；这是希望的春天，也是失望的冬天；大伙儿面前应有尽有，大伙儿面前一无所有；大伙儿正在直登天堂；大伙儿正在直落地狱。
维多利亚时期讲解
维多利亚时期从时间上讲,维多利亚文学时期恰好与维多利亚女王1836年至1901年执政期相吻合,这一时段是英国历史上最光辉灿烂的时段。
维多利亚执行初期,英国面临着飞速的经济发展及严重的社会问题。
1832年改革法案通过后,国家政权从腐朽没落的贵族手中移向新兴的中产阶级工业资本家,不久,大工业革命高潮迭起,各种科技发明与技术创新为国家经济带来新生力量,如火车、蒸汽船、纺织机器、印刷机器等。
英国一度成为"世界工厂",通过向海外发展市场与剥削殖民地的各种资源积累了大量财富。
19世纪中期英国成为全世界的经济第一强国。
但在这繁荣与财富下掩盖的是工人阶级的贫困与不幸,为了谋生连妇女和儿童都要受雇到艰险肮脏的工厂矿山去卖苦力。
日趋尖锐的阶级矛盾终于引发了1836至1848年著名的英国宪章运动。
工人阶级团结一致推出《人民宪章》,要求政府保障人权,改善生活与工作环境。
运动席卷了几乎所有城市。
这次运动尽管在1848年衰落下去,但却取得了一定成就,同时也标志着工人阶级的觉醒。
接下来的20年,英国相对繁荣稳定。
中产阶级的生活显示出有前途、受尊敬、很富有的特点。
人民整体也追求一种热情、自尊、谦逊、爱国的民族精神,而维多利亚女王也正是这些品格的榜样。
这时道德与常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题,又回到了文学主流中来。
但19世纪最后三十年中,大英帝国与维多利亚价值观都逐渐走向衰落。
在海外英国虽然还是最大的殖民者,有着不可敌胜的经济、军事实力,但它的领袖地位已经开始面临正在崛起的德国的挑战,与美国的竞争也伤害了英国的经贸垄断地位。
国内的爱尔兰民族问题悬而未决,日益壮大的无产阶级打破了辉格党与托利党之间的政治制衡。
维多利亚价值观在世纪末失去了光彩,原先谦和、体面的生活方式也被放纵与挥霍所取代。
这种世纪末伤感在唯美主义者奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900)与沃尔特·培特(1839-1894)的作品中有很好的体现。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点 ppt课件
PPT课件
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• Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
PPT课件
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the first fourteen years were filled with unrest, alarm and misery, and they contrasted with the growing prosperity and general good feeling of the succeeding twenty-two years when England, having committed herself to industrialism and free trade, because for a theme 'the workshop of the world'
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
PPT课件
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Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
《维多利亚时代的文学特点分析》
维多利亚时代的文学特点分析一、引言维多利亚时代（1837年-1901年）是指英国女王维多利亚统治下的时期，也是英国历史上一个重要的文学时期。
在这段时间里，英国经历了巨大的社会、政治和经济变革，这些变化也影响到了文学创作。
本文将详细分析维多利亚时代的文学特点。
二、现实主义与道德意义1.现实主义：维多利亚时代的文学以现实主义为主要风格，着重描绘社会生活中的真实场景，呈现细致入微且具有客观立场的描写。
2.道德意义：由于当时社会价值观念深受宗教影响，维多利亚时代的文学作品普遍带有强烈的道德意义，强调个人和社会责任。
三、对抗社会问题与揭示阶级冲突1.对抗社会问题：以小说为主要形式的文学作品常常通过揭示社会问题来提醒读者关注社会不公及贫困等问题，并试图促使社会变革。
2.揭示阶级冲突：工业化带来了巨大的经济分化，维多利亚时代文学充满了对阶级冲突、社会不公以及资本主义压迫的揭露。
四、女性权益与家庭观念改变1.女性权益：维多利亚时代见证了妇女运动的兴起，文学作品中开始出现更多关注女性权益、平等和独立的主题，反映了当时妇女社会地位的提高和复杂的家庭关系。
2.家庭观念改变：传统家庭观念受到挑战，作品中有更多描写复杂家庭关系、离婚和自由选择爱情的情节。
五、哲学思考与科技进步1.响应哲学思考：维多利亚时代文学作品经常表达对人类存在意义和道德价值的深刻思考，并探索宗教信仰与科学理论之间的冲突。
2.科技进步背后：工业革命带来了蓬勃发展的科技进步，在文学中也可以看到对机械化、工业化及其带来的人类困境的思考。
六、文学风格和代表作品1.文学风格：维多利亚时代文学作品的语言风格通常正式、精细，注重细节描写，同时使用丰富多样的修辞手法。
2.代表作品：《雾都孤儿》（Charles Dickens）、《简·爱》（CharlotteBrontë）、《怪医杜立德》（Robert Louis Stevenson）等作品被广泛认为是维多利亚时代的经典之作。
维多利亚时代的小说
维多利亚时代的英国小说以现实主义为特征。
作为整个欧洲现实主义文艺思潮的一部分维多利亚时代的现实主义小说表现的是普世意义上的生活经验。
道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。
此时期文学，真实地反映了时代的现实与精神，其中体现出的高度的活力，脚踏实地的精神，善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。
特别的是艾米莉’勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》，是那个时代的变徵之音。
《呼啸山庄》是一部有丰富象征意义的小说，在艺术手法上，结合了现实主义，浪漫主义，象征主义的边县手法。
一方面通过曲折生动的故事情节，典型的任务形象塑造，表象了英国乡村庄园的日常生活，爱情婚姻，反映19世纪特殊的历背景下，远离都市的庄园生活所受到的外来影响。
同时，小说通过一系列的象征手法，曲折地表达了一种隐蔽的“反家庭”倾向，如画眉山庄的排外与封闭，呼啸山庄的混乱无序。
另一方面，小说采用了大量的象征手法，梦境的运用，超自然力的表现等等。
在小说中，对大自然的描绘占有重要地位，作者通过人物的性格特征，人内心的风暴与大自然的风暴对应描写，表现了人与自然的密切联系。
小说中对于自然充满浪漫主义的激情描写，传达了鲜明的地方色彩。
寂寞的沼泽峡谷，荒凉的山顶上，被风雨摧残的荒野，寒冷的空气，坚硬的土地，形象地传达了苍凉荒凉所特有的那种惊心动魄的狂野。
在小说中，大自然作为男女主人公逃避家庭带来的痛苦的避难所，与家庭封闭，压抑的空间形成了鲜明的对照。
读完了艾米莉·勃朗特的呼啸山庄，有一种难以言表的复杂感受，或许出自于对艾米莉的深佩、或许也就是如同小说本身的主题，思想和艺术结构一般多元而耐人寻味，由此的一些感慨。
应该是在大约1847年左右，至今家喻户晓，世界文坛著名的勃朗特三姐妹中，年长的夏洛蒂·勃朗特和二姐艾米莉·勃朗特同时推出了各自不同寻常的小说。
当时谁也没有想到，亲姐妹的杰作问世之后，命运却大相径庭。
《简·爱》立刻受到热情地欢呼，是作者在一夜间留名于发展迅速的英国文坛，而《呼啸山庄》一开始就遭到评论界猛烈谴责。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点概要
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901).
• The English people were proud of two queens in their history: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901). There are similarities between the two queens. First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years (1558-1603) and Queen Victoria more than 60 years (1837-1901).
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English history. The period has been
generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period. 2. To know something about the critical realist 3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
英国文学简史第6章_Victorian_period_re_s
塞缪尔·勃特勒（Samuel Butler, 1835-1902） 的《埃瑞璜》是一部讽刺小说，“埃瑞璜”是英 文nowhere的倒写，通过一个游客在埃瑞璜的所 见所闻，记述了这个乌托邦国家的生活，以此抨 击和讽刺英国社会。他去世后出版的《众生之路》 （The Way of All Life）批评英国中产阶级的 价值观，矛头直指维多利亚时代的家庭、宗教、 道德。 19世纪末、20世纪初，英国不少小说家 创作出以“幻灭”为主题的小说，最为典型的是 托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy, 1840-1928）。
喜剧天才奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900）的风俗喜剧对上层社会进行揶揄讽 刺，妙语连珠，充满似非而是的怪论、机智诙 谐的俏皮话。 萧伯纳（George Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950）以易卜生为榜样，倡导一种有思想 的“问题剧”，将社会问题引入剧坛，使戏剧 走向现实。萧伯纳一生写了许多优秀的剧本， 如《皮格马利翁》（Pygmalion）、《圣女贞德》 （Saint Joan ）等。他擅长表现舞台对话，人 物语言锐利、简洁、风趣。 王尔德和萧伯纳是 戏剧复兴的里程碑，他们的戏剧创作活动使英 国剧坛发生根本的变化，一改英国戏剧百年不 振的局面。
哈代的小说一直以故乡多塞特郡和该郡附近的 农村地区作为背景，早期作品描写的是英国农 村的恬静景象和明朗的田园生活，后期作品明 显变得阴郁低沉，其主题思想是无法控制的外 部力量和内心冲动决定着个人命运，并造成悲 剧。他的《德伯家的苔丝》（Tess of the D’Urbervilles）和《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure）讲述了英格兰南部农村青年男女 走投无路、陷于绝望的悲剧故事。 与此相对照， 以海外为题材的小说作为英国当时海外扩张的 折射，基调并不那样灰暗，如拉迪亚德·吉卜 林（Rudyard Kipling, 1865-1936）的《吉姆》 （Jim）宣扬了英雄主义的可能性，带有帝国主 义色彩。
英国文学7个时期各自特点介绍（范文）
英国文学7个时期各自特点介绍（范文）第一篇：英国文学7个时期各自特点介绍（范文）英国文学7个时期英国文学发端于中世纪，经历了古英语、中古英语、文艺复兴、17世纪、18世纪、19世纪、20 世纪文学 7 个时期，取得了举世瞩目的成就。
古英语文学英国在10世纪以前属于古英语时期，早期的凯尔特等部族及5 世纪入侵的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特人，起初都没有留下书面文学。
6世纪末到7世纪末，由于肯特国王阿瑟尔伯特皈依基督教，该教僧侣开始以拉丁文著书写诗，其中以比德所著《英国人民宗教史》最有历史和文学价值。
9世纪，威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德为振兴文化，组织人力将各种拉丁文著作译成英语，并倡导以英语撰写《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》，其中包括有关盎格鲁-撒克逊和朱特人的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》和《朱迪斯》，以及一些抒情诗、方言诗、谜语和宗教诗、宗教记述文、布道词。
中古英语文学 11世纪，随着诺曼人入侵，古英语渐渐演化为中古英语，文学上开始流行模仿法国的韵文体骑士传奇，其中以《高文骑士与绿衣骑士》最有艺术价值。
14世纪后半叶是中古英语发展的高峰，出现了似受古英语诗影响的口头韵体诗，最有名的长诗《农夫彼尔斯的幻想》，一般认为是教会人员朗兰德所写，以中世纪梦幻故事的形式探讨人间善恶，讽刺社会丑行，表达对贫苦农民的深切同情。
此时期国王查理第二当政，宫廷开始用盎格鲁-诺曼法语，王室贵族兴起赞助文人之风。
英国文学史上出现的第一位大诗人乔叟以其诗体短篇小说集《坎特伯雷故事集》和其他长短诗集成为英国文学的重要奠基人。
15世纪，有民间歌谣抄本流传至今，最有名的是关于绿林好汉罗宾汉的传说；马洛礼的散文小说《亚瑟王之死》为英国小说的雏形。
文艺复兴时期文学16世纪中叶至17世纪初主要是伊丽莎白女王时代，英国开始文艺复兴运动。
学者纷纷翻译意大利和法国学术、文学名著并自行著述，以托马斯· 莫尔（1477～1535)的《乌托邦》最有价值。
英国文艺复兴文学最突出的是诗歌和戏剧。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点(课堂PPT)
英国文学史维多利亚时期 文学背景及特点
Victoria age:
-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
the first fourteen years were filled with unrest, alarm and misery, and they contrasted with the growing prosperity and general good feeling of the succeeding twenty-two years when England, having committed herself to industrialism and free trade, because for a theme 'the workshop of the world'
• the last period 1880-ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ901, a period of decay of Victorian values.
• It can be divided into 2 periods:
– - Early Victoria Period （1832-1868）
– - Late Victoria Period （1869-1902）
英国文学史维多利 亚时期文学背景及
英国维多利亚时期
换言之，自从狄更斯在维多利亚女王即位的同年发表第一部小说起，小说领域就新人辈出，争奇斗艳。19世纪40年代出现了勃朗特姐妹的《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》(Wuthering Heights,1847)50年代萨克雷以其《名利场》向魅力加经久不衰的狄更斯提出挑战，60年代特罗洛普成描绘维多利亚中期的社会现实的“肖像画大师”，70年代艾略特发表了他的传世之作《米德尔马奇》(Middlemarch,1872)80年代《唯我主义者》(The Egoist,1879)的作者梅瑞狄斯和巴特勒开始受到广泛关注，90年代哈代的一系列富有悲剧色彩的“威塞克斯”小说为维多利亚时期的小说划上一个圆满的句号。当然，梅瑞狄斯，哈代和巴特勒生活在心就相替的转折时期，他们的创作内容和风格上与维多利亚的小说家们相比，有很大不同，也有很大创新。梅瑞狄斯的小说以喜剧讽刺手法见长，是最先涉及婚外恋和妇女解放问题的作家之一。他还善于使用殿玉和隐喻，善于对于人物进行心理分析。巴特勒的小说偏重对维多利亚时期的宗教和家庭进行犀利的批评，他的《艾瑞璜》是一部讽刺社会传统的乌托邦小说，采取颠倒和夸张的讽刺手法，艾瑞璜这一名字就来自于“乌有乡”(NOWHERE)一次地倒写。哈代的小说带有浓厚的“乡土气息”和“宿命色彩”，实际上则表达了作家对工业化所造成喧嚣和丑恶的都市生活的一种反抗。他善于使用象征手法和心理描写，既继承了现实主义小说的优良传统，又表现了一个现代作家的艺术创新。他的小说揭露社会的伪善和不公，为小人物的灾难和不辛鸣冤，然而又透射出某种无奈和迷茫。
维多利亚时期的散文也成就斐然.仅一长串散文家的名字就令刮目相看：卡莱尔,纽曼(John Henry Cardinal Newman ,1801-1890),穆勒(John Start Mill,1806-1873),罗斯金，阿诺德,赫胥黎(Thomas Henry Huxley ,1825-1895)和佩特等等.他们主要的作品,如卡莱尔的《法国革命》,《过去与现在》,纽曼的《自辩》(Apologia pro Vita sua ,1864)穆勒的《论自由》(On Liberty,1859),罗斯金《威尼斯之石》,阿诺德的《文化与无政府》,《批评文集》(Esasays in Criticism,1865-1888),赫胥黎的《人在自然界的位置》（Evidenceas as to Man’s Place inn Nature ,1863）,佩特的《文艺复兴历史研究》(Studies IN The History Renaissance ,1873)等，都应其独具的风格与魅力被载入英国文学史册。佩特在《风格》(Style)一文中指出散文是一门特殊的，恰好适合现代世界的艺术，它更适于表现现代生活“混乱的多样性和复杂性”。散文家对这一世界做出各种各样的反应，以不同风格在混乱中寻求秩序。卡莱尔在《论英雄》(On Heroes )中非常强调作家的责任，他的写作追求一种预言家的效果，而罗斯金更是事事都发表独到的见解，散文的内容涉及宗教，政治，经济，美学及现实生活的各个方面，说理方式也各不相同。穆勒和赫胥黎依靠思路清晰的逻辑推理，模仿18世纪散文家崇尚的理智，明快当文风，不带浪漫主义感情色彩。卡莱额外任何罗斯金则更靠近17世纪的文风，他们的所谓的“复调风格”对读者的耳朵和眼睛都有一种感染力，以生动的综合效果打动读者的心弦。
维多利亚时期的英国文学（考研资料）
维多利亚时期的英国文学（考研资料）English literature in the 20th century20世纪的英国文学1. Historical BackgroundHistorically：Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The First World War and the Second World War had greatly influenced the English literature.Economically:The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. People were in economic, cultural, and belief crisis. Frequent economic depressions and mass unemployment sharpened the contradictions between the rich and the poor.Ideologically:The rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. (Scientific Socialism, Social Darwinism)2. Artistic features of modern periodRealismRealism was, to a certain extent, eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s.In the 1930s, novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some modernist techniques. However, the realist novels of this period were more or less touched by apessimistic mood, preoccupied with the theme of man’s loneliness, and shaped in different forms: social satires by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell, comic satires on the English upper class by Evelyn Waugh; and Catholic novels by Graham Greene.The Angry Young Man: A group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s.They demonstrated a particular disillusion幻灭over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded过时的social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis was the first to start the attack on the middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim (1954). The term “The Angry Young Man” came to be widely used. Having been merged and interpenetrated with modernism in the past several decades, the realistic novels of the 1960s and 1970s appeared in a new face with a richer, more vigorous and more diversified style.二十世纪英国现实主义文学改变了维多利亚时代那种高雅温和的倾向，加强了对英国社会的保守性和虚伪性的批判，具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点。
19世纪英国的文学和维多利亚女王时代
19世纪英国的文学和维多利亚女王时代19世纪英国文学与维多利亚女王时代19世纪英国文学，是一个承载了丰富历史和文化背景的时期，其中的维多利亚女王时代更是历史文化发展的一个高峰。
作为一个资本主义经济体系成型的时期，19世纪英国社会发生了巨大的变革，这也反映在了文学创作上。
尤其是维多利亚女王时期，其在产业、科技、文化等方面的成就，更是使得其文学创作领域获得了前所未有的发展。
一、社会历史背景19世纪前半叶的英国，正处于资本主义经济体系的形成和发展时期。
工业革命的推进，为英国带来了以规模生产和大量生产为基础的新时代，这一时期不仅代表了经济的大发展，同时也为社会带来了巨变。
而在这一社会变革的背景下，文学也不可避免的发生了变化。
二、文学的变革与18世纪强调感性和自由的启蒙运动时期不同，19世纪英国文学更加注重现实与理性。
由此产生了现实主义这一文学思潮，表现了对社会现实和世俗生活的关注。
其中最为代表性的文学大师是狄更斯、莎士比亚、格里斯沃尔德、托马斯·哈代、艾略特等人。
1. 狄更斯狄更斯的小说创作，主要描写了社会下层人民的生活情况，并批评了当时社会的种种不公和罪恶。
他的小说中充满了细致入微的描写，但又不失对社会现实的抨击。
比如《雾都孤儿》、《霍乱时期的爱情》张扬了现实主义的思潮，揭露了社会的种种弊病，而作品《大卫·科波菲尔》则是直面个人的成长过程，吐露着对人性的关注和信仰。
2. 莎士比亚莎士比亚是英国文学璀璨历史的代表人物，在19世纪依旧保持着重要地位。
早期作品如《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《奥赛罗》等，刻画了豪侠、叛逆、苦恼等人物形象，体现了个人情感和精神境界。
而后期作品如《暴风雨》、《麦克白》、《雷欧尼达斯》等，则更多地揭示了人性本质的复杂和矛盾。
这些描写与再现，使得莎士比亚的文学功底在19世纪得到了广泛的赞誉。
3. 托马斯·哈代托马斯·哈代又是维多利亚女王时代的文学才子，他的小说大多关注人物的内在情感和精神状态。
维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学研究
综上所述，英国维多利亚时期女性小说文学伦理学批评具有重要的历史意义 和现实价值。通过对这一时期女性小说家及其作品的深入探讨，我们可以更好地 理解那个时代的伦理观念和社会价值观念，同时也能对我们的现代社会产生积极 的影响和启示。
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3、民族文化的传承
维多利亚时期的英国儿童幻想文学还具有民族文化的传承性。许多作品都将 英国的历史、文化和传统融入其中，使得孩子们在享受奇幻世界的同时，能够更 好地了解和传承本民族的优秀文化。
二、维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想 文学的发展历程
1、起步阶段
维多利亚时期的英国儿童幻想文学起步于19世纪初期，此时的作品主要以传 统的寓言和神话为主。这一阶段的代表作家包括约翰·班扬和乔治·麦克唐纳等。
3、弗朗西斯·霍奇森·伯内特
弗朗西斯·霍奇森·伯内特是维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学的代表作家之 一，她的作品《秘密花园》是一部描绘了奇幻花园世界的经典之作。这部作品以 其浓厚的情感色彩和深刻的哲理，成为了孩子们的挚爱。
四、总结与启示
维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学作为世界文学宝库中的一朵瑰宝，具有独特 的艺术魅力和教育价值。这一时期的作品充满了奇幻色彩，将孩子们带入了神秘 的幻想世界，同时又承载了深厚的教育意义。通过对于这些作品的研究与赏析， 我们可以从中汲取灵感，为当代文学创作提供借鉴与启示。
首先，维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学强调奇幻色彩和神秘感，这使得孩子 们在阅读过程中能够充分发挥想象力，激发创造力。当代文学创作中可以借鉴这 一特点，通过描绘奇妙的幻想世界和生动的角色形象，为孩子们提供更加丰富多 样的阅读体验。
其次，维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学具有深厚的教育意义，通过寓言和隐 喻来传递道德、价值观和哲理。当代文学创作中可以学习这种表现手法，将教育 元素与文学作品相结合，为孩子们提供既有娱乐性又有教育性的阅读材料。
查尔斯狄更斯维多利亚时代文学的巨擘
查尔斯狄更斯维多利亚时代文学的巨擘维多利亚时代是英国历史上的一个重要时期，它延续了从1837年到1901年的时间段。
在这个时期，英国经历了工业革命、社会改革以及科技进步，为文学的发展提供了丰富的素材和背景。
在那个时代，查尔斯·狄更斯成为了维多利亚时代文学的巨擘，他的作品以其深刻的思想、饱满的情感和生动的描写，深深地影响了那个时代的读者们。
狄更斯是19世纪英国文学史上最重要的小说家之一。
他以其出色的叙事技巧和犀利的社会批判而闻名于世。
他的作品广泛地展现了工业时代的社会现实，呈现了工人阶级的困境和平民阶层的苦难。
狄更斯的作品大多具备鲜明的人物形象，以及复杂而引人入胜的情节。
他以其对细节的极致描写，让读者能够身临其境地感受到那个时代的真实面貌。
狄更斯的代表作之一是《雾都孤儿》。
该小说通过孤儿奥利弗的遭遇，展现了当时社会的黑暗面和残酷现实。
小说中的人物形象鲜明，有着各自鲜明的个性和命运。
狄更斯通过对孤儿们的描写，让读者对那个时代贫穷和不公正的现实有了更深刻的理解。
他还揭示了社会阶层之间的巨大差距以及教育的重要性。
另一部备受推崇的作品是《双城记》。
这部小说以法国大革命为背景，讲述了两个不同国家的命运交错的故事。
狄更斯通过对主角们挣扎和牺牲的描写，表达了对人性的思考和对社会不公正的批判。
小说中鲜明的人物形象、细腻的描写和扣人心弦的情节，使得《双城记》成为了狄更斯作品中最脍炙人口的作品之一。
狄更斯的作品虽然揭示了当时社会的黑暗面，但他的作品并不缺乏温暖和希望。
他常常通过塑造积极向上的人物形象和让他们获得幸福的结局，传递出对人性的乐观和对社会进步的希望。
狄更斯的作品中流露出的人道主义思想和对社会改革的呼吁，使得他成为了维多利亚时代文学的代表人物之一。
在维多利亚时代，狄更斯的作品深深地触动了当时的读者们。
他通过小说揭示了社会不公和阶级差距，引起了读者们的思考和关注。
他的作品跨越了地域、年龄和社会阶层的界限，深入人心。
英美文学选读复习资料 4. 维多利亚时期
一．学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。
并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
二．考核要求（一）维多利亚时期概述1．识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景。
2．领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。
3．应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1．一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯2．识记: 重要作品及主要内容3．领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。
4．应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色。
（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造。
（3）"我逝去的公爵夫?quot;中的戏剧独白。
（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。
A. Introduction to the Victorian Period1. 识记(1) Definition: the Victorian PeriodChronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.(2) Political, Economical & Cultural BackgroundThe early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science& technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.2. 领会(1) Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.(2) Features of Victorian novelsIn this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.3. 应用 Definitions of several terms1) The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2) UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.3) Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrumentof human progress.4) Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In " listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess" is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.>> 点击下载资料/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-83743-php-1B. Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens1．一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a shoe-blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentary reporter for newspapers. From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz (1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished.2. 识记His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, & his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)3. 领会 Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.4. 领会 His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos.5. 应用 Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver TwistThe novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that "impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.II. The Bronte Sisters1. 一般识记 Their lives & literary CareerCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855), Emily Bronte (1818-1848), & their gifted sister Anne Bronte (1820-1849), came from a large family of Irish origin. Their father was a clergyman at Haworth, Yorkshire. When they were young, the Bronte sisters were sent to a school for clergymen's daughters. The oldest two died there due to the poor & unhealthy conditions. This experience inspired the later portrayal of Lowood School in the novel Jane Eyre (1847). After the death of the elder sisters, Charlotte & Emily were brought home to be educated by their father. For some time, they worked in a boarding school & were subsequently governesses in rich families.Charlotte & her two younger sisters had a great fondness for literature. In 1845 appeared a volume of poetry entitled Poems by Carrer, Ellis & Acton Bell (the pseudonyms of Charlotte, Emily & Anne), but received little attention. Then the three sisters turned to novel writing. Charlotte's first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher. But her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily's single & unique work Wuthering Heights & Anne's Agnes Grey were also published. Soon they were followed by Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848).After the death of Emily & Anne, Charlotte continued writing. Her next important novel Shirley, a work about the industrial troubles between the mill-owners & machine-breakers in Yorkshire in 1811-1812 came out in 1849. Another novel Villette appeared in 1853. This is her most autobiographical work, largely based on her experience in Brussels. In 1854, charlotte married her father's curate. She died a few months later in pregnancy. The Professor, her first written work, was published posthumously in 1857.2. 识记 Charlotte's Literary CreationCharlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual towards self-realization, about some lonely & neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, & understanding & a full, happy life. All her heroines' highest joy comes from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On the one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy & other evils of the upper classes & by showing the misery & suffering of the poor. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class workingwomen, particularly governesses. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by intensity of vision & of passion. By writing from an individual point of view, by creating characters who are possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & some extraordinary personalities, by using some elements of horror, mystery & prophesy, she is able to recreate life in a very romantic way. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization, especially those heroines who are totally contrary to the public expectations & the most truthful presentation of the economical, moral, social life of the time -all this earns her works a never dying popularity.3. 应用 Selected ReadingsExcerpt One: from Chapter XXIII of Jane Eyre by charlotte BronteThe work is one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions, the social discrimination & the false social convention as concerning love & marriage. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical & moral tests to grow up & achieve her final happiness. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine. Jane Eyre is a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Jane Eyre's character:Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit & a longing to love & be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, & even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love. Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience. The selected part is taken from Chapter XXIII, not long after Jane is back from her aunt's funeral. Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine. Excerpt Two: from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte1) Emily's subject matterAs far as Emily's literary creation is concerned, she is, first of all, a poet Her 193 poems, mostly devoted to the matter of nature with its mysterious workings & its unaccountable influence upon people's life, are works of strange sublimity & beauty. They are ample proof for the poetic genius of this young, reclusive woman. But, to the common readers, she is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel, Wuthering Heights.2) The theme of the novelThe novel is a riddle which means different things to different people. From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed & distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most moving: the passion between Heathcliff & Catherine proves the most intense, the most beautiful & at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.3) The structure of the novelThe novel has a unique structure: the story is told through independent narrators unidentical with the author, whose personality is therefore completely absent from the book. The story is told mainly by Nelly, Catherine's old nurse, to Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained, the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing & genuine.The excerpt taken here is from ChapterXV, the death scene of Catherine, narrated by Nelly to Mr. Lockwood. When Edgar is away at church, Heathcliff seizes the chance to see the dying Catherine. The intense love between the two is fully shown in this agonizing scene.III. Alfred Tennyson1.一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerAlfred Tennyson (1809-1892) is certainly the most representative Victorian poet. His poetry voices the doubt & the faith, the grief & the joy of the English people in an age of fast social changes. He was born at Somersby, Linconshire, the fourth son of a rather learned clergyman. In 1827, he & his elder brother published Poems by Two Brothers. In this juvenile work the influence of Byron & an attraction to oriental themes were shown. He was educated at the Trinity College, Cambridge & published his first signed work Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830) there. In 1832, one year after he left Cambridge, he published Poems, which contained a variety of poems, beautiful in melody & rich in imagery. In 1842, his next issue of Poems came out, collected in the book are the dramatic monologue "Ulysses", the epic narrative " Morte d'Arthur," the exquisite idylls "Dora" & " The Gardener's Daughter," etc. In 1847, The Princess was published. Written in blank verse, it deals with the theme of women's rights & position. In 1850, Tennyson was appointed the Poet Laureate & he published his greatest work In Memoriam. The rest years of Tennyson's life was comfortable & peaceful, but he never stopped writing. In 1855, Tennyson published a monodrama Maud, a collection of short lyrics. Among the other works of his later period, "Rizpah," "Enoch Arden," " Merlin & the Gleam" & " Crossing the Bar" are worthy of note.2.识记 His major poetic works & their theme1) In MemoriamPresumably it is an elegy on the death of Hallam, yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary, the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet's philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul & the afterlife, & his faith in the power of love & the soul's instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries, though to most readers today, the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience, mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature.2) Idylls of the Kin g (1842-1885)It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend, though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing, the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another, the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which , in Tennyson's mind , is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction.3.领会Artistic Features of His PoetryTennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, & these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English, & a sensitive ear, an excellent choice & taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images & melodious language, & noted for its lyrical beauty & metrical charm. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long & rich English heritage. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England's great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake & Coleridge, the melody of Keats & Shelley, & the narrative vigor of Scott & Byron, --- all these striking qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson's poetry.4. 应用 Selected Readings(1) Break, Break, Break (1)This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson's best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here, the poet's own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children & the unfeeling movement of the ship & the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language & in the association of sound & images with feelings & emotions. The poem contains 4 quatrains, with combined iambic & anapaestic feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b.(2) Crossing the Bar (1)This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson's life. Although not the last poem written by Tennyson in his long creative career, this poem appears, at his request, as the final poem in all collections of his works. The scene is sketched with a few strokes: sunset & the evening star, the twilight and the evening bell, & then the dark. The ship is ready to go out of the harbor. It will cross the bar & reach the vast open sea for the long voyage that it is to make. The allegory of the poem is clear. Tennyson is in the evening of life, & the "clear call" of death will come soon. But when he has crossed the border between life & death to go on that voyage beyond the bound of Time & Place, he hopes then to see his "Pilot," God, face to face. From the moving imagery & the pleasant sound of the poem, we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God & an afterlife.(3) Ulysses(1)In Greek mythology, Ulysses is the king of the Ithaca Island. He is the hero in many literary classics. In Homer's Odessey (the Greek name for Ulysses), Ulysses eventually arrives home after the ten-year Trojan war & another ten-year's adventures at sea. However, according to Dante, Ulysses never returns to his home place Ithaca, but urges his men to go on exploring westward. Tennyson combines these two versions. In this poem, Ulysses is now three years back in his homeland, reunited with his wife Penelope & his son Telemachus, & resumes his rule over the land. But he will not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him & to sail again to pursue a new world & new knowledge. Written in the form of dramatic monologue, the poem not only expresses, through the mouth of the heroic Ulysses, Tennyson's own determination & courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness & aspiration of the age.IV. Robert Browning1.一般识记His life &Literary CareerRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing's masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.2.识记His major worksDramatic Lyrics (1842), Dramatic Romances & Lyrics (1845), Bells & Pomegranates (1846), Men & Women (1855), Dramatic Personae (1864), The Ring & the Book (1868-1869) & Dramatic Idylls (1880)3.领会Characteristic of The Ring & the Book: Dramatic M onologueIn this poem, Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In "listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened.4.领会Robert Browning's artistic characteristics(1) The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity& perfection.(2) Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical(3) The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets. He is like a weather-beaten pioneer, bravely & vigorously trying to beat a track through the jungle. His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.5. 应用 Selected Readings:1) My Last Duchess (1)"My Last Duchess" is Browning's best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.2) Meeting at Night (1)Meeting at Night, together with Parting at Morning, appeared originally under the single title Night & Morning. Browning made them separate poems in a late edition of his work. The speaker。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.
The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods
the early period 1832-1854, a time of social unrest;
the middle period 1855-1879, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy;
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist 3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing
The second accomplishment of the Reform Bill was to eliminate the “rotten boroughs” and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities. This Bill broke the monopoly in Parliament of the conservative landowners and ended the long reign of the Tory party which had been in power almost continuously from 1783 to 1830. The Whig party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessmen, came into power.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点 PPT
大家学习辛苦了，还是要坚持
继 续保持 安静
• Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.
• Victoria ；
• the queen Victoria’s
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English
history. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
Historical Background
VictoriLeabharlann age:-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
维多利亚小说
Critical Realism
the main trend of the literary thoughts in the 19th century
这同恩格斯所说的“除了细节上的真实之外，现 实主义还要求如实地再现典型环境中的典型人物” 的定义基本一致。
浪漫主义文学和现实主义的差别
回忆浪漫主义文学的基本特征： 1 强烈的主观色彩，偏爱表现主观思想，注重抒发
个人的感受和体验。重主观，轻客观和重自我表现， 轻客观模仿。 2 喜欢描写和歌颂大自然。(尤为突出) 作者们喜欢将自己的理解人物置身于纯朴宁静的大 自然中，衬托现实社会的丑恶及自身理解的美好。 3重视中世纪民间文学。想象比较丰富、感情真挚、 表达自由、语言朴素自然。 4注重艺术效果：异国青岛情调、对比、夸张、人 物形象的超凡性。
他的名声不好，因此他对批判现实主义的 提法未能引起人们的注意。
正式提出批判现实主义并给它下定 义的是高尔基。高尔基指出； "资产 阶级的'浪子'的现实主义，是批判的 现实主义；批判的现实主义揭发了
社会的恶习，描写了个人在家庭传 统、宗教教条和法规压制下的'生活 和冒险'，却不能够给人指出一条出 路。批判一切现存的事物倒是容易， 但除了肯定社会生活以及一般'存在' 显然毫无意义以外，却没有什么可 以肯定的。"
Critical realists set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a demo’cratic viewpoint of bourgests of the 18th century， the 19th century critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events，and of the fate of Individuals and of whole social classes．
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• Victoria ；
• the queen Victoria’s
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English
history. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
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Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist
• the last period 1880-1901, a period of decay of Victorian values.
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• It can be divided into 2 periods:
– - Early Victoria Period （1832-1868）
– - Late Victoria Period （1869-1902）
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• Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
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Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901).
• The English people were proud of two queens in their history: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901). There are similarities between the two queens. First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years (1558-1603) and Queen Victoria more than 60 years (1837-1901).
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• Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.
3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literkground
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Victoria age:
-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
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the first fourteen years were filled with unrest, alarm and misery, and they contrasted with the growing prosperity and general good feeling of the succeeding twenty-two years when England, having committed herself to industrialism and free trade, because for a theme 'the workshop of the world'
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一 Political
• 1 Reform • 2 Chartist Movement (1838-48)
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The Progress of Reform
• ① great changges in administration • leadership/ financial policy
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The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods
• the early period 1832-1854, a time of social unrest;
• the middle period 1855-1879, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy;