曼昆微观经济学英文版13costs_production

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微观经济学-曼昆英文版本

Q 0 1 2 3
TR $0 10 20 30
TC $5 9 15 23
Profit MR MC –$5 $10 $4 1 10 5 10 7 10 7 10 5 12 10 8 6
Profit =
MR – MC $6 4 2 0 –2
4 5
40Байду номын сангаас50
33 45
MC and the Firm’s Supply Decision
If P < AVC, then firm shuts down (produces Q = 0).
MC ATC AVC
Q
The Irrelevance of Sunk Costs
• Sunk cost: a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered • Sunk costs should be irrelevant to decisions; you must pay them regardless of your choice. • FC is a sunk cost: The firm must pay its fixed costs whether it produces or shuts down. • So, FC should not matter in the decision to shut down.
Rule: MR = MC at the profit-maximizing Q.
At Qa, MC < MR. So, increase Q to raise profit. At Qb, MC > MR. So, reduce Q to raise profit.

曼昆微观经济学chapter13讲义资料

● Costs of production may be divided into fixed costs and variable costs.
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
Fixed and Variable Costs
PART 5
FIRM BEHAVIOR AND THE ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY
The Costs of Production
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
13
Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
Figure 1 Economic versus Accountants
How an Economist Views a Firm
How an Accountant Views a Firm
● Total Cost
➢ The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit
● Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs.

曼昆微观经济学总结

Principles of microeconomics2015年6月27日中国地质大学（武汉）Principles of microeconomics王美琦2015-06-27CHAPTER 5:Elasticity and its ApplicationPrinciples of microeconomics王美琦 [2015年5月]The elasticity of demand 需求弹性 The price elasticityDeterminants①Availability of close substitutes ：相近替代品的可获性Goods with close substitutes②Necessities versus luxuries ：必需品与奢侈品Necessities have inelastic demands ，luxurious have elastic demands③Definition of the market ：市场的定义Narrowly defined markets broadly defined markets④Time horizon ：时间框架 Over longer time horizonComputing①定义法：价格变动百分比需求变动百分比需求价格弹性=②中点法求弧弹性：)(21)(2112121212P P P P Q Q Q Q ----=需求价格弹性 ③点弹性： QP dP Q *d =需求价格弹性 The income elasticity 需求收入弹性收入变动百分比需求变动百分比需求收入弹性=Normal goods positive Inferior goods negtiveThe cross-price elasticity 交叉价格弹性的价格变动的百分比物品的需求量变动百分比物品需求的交叉价格弹性21=Substitutes positive Complements negtiveThe elasticity of supply 供给弹性Determinants①Ability of sellers to change the amount of good they produce ②Time horizon ：时间框架 Computing价格变动百分比供给变动百分比供给价格弹性=Case study 供给需求弹性应用 ①农业好消息对农民的负面影响 ②OPEC 不会一直保持高油价 ③禁毒在短期长期中增加犯罪CHAPTER 6:Supply,Demand and Government PoliciesControls in prices价格控制Price ceiling价格上限Not binding非限制性价格上限>均衡价格Binding constraint限制性约束价格上限<均衡价格Case study：房屋租金、汽油价格控制Price floor价格下限Not binding非限制性价格下限<均衡价格Binding constraint限制性约束价格下限>均衡价格Case study：最低工资Evaluating price controls评价Against市场通常是组织经济活动的好方法。

曼昆微观经济学第四版关键概念中英文对照

微观经济学关键概念中英文对照CHAPTER 1scarcity稀缺性economics经济学efficiency效率equity平等opportunity cost机会成本rational people理性人marginal changes边际变动incentive激励market economy市场经济property rights产权market failure市场失灵externality外部性market power市场势力productivity生产率inflation通货膨胀business cycle经济周期CHAPTER 2circular-flow diagram循环流向图production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界microeconomics微观经济学macroeconomics宏观经济学positive statements实证表述normative statements规范表述CHAPTER 3absolute advantage绝对优势opportunity cost机会成本comparative advantage比较优势imports进口exports出口CHAPTER 4market市场competitive market竞争市场quantity demanded需求量law of demand需求定理demand schedule需求表demand curve需求曲线normal good正常物品inferior good低档物品substitutes替代品complements互补品quantity supplied供给量law of supply供给定理supply schedule供给表supply curve供给曲线equilibrium均衡equilibrium price均衡价格equilibrium quantity均衡数量surplus过剩shortage短缺law of supply and demand供求定理CHAPTER 5elasticity弹性price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性total revenue总收益income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性CHAPTER 6price ceiling价格上限price floor价格下限tax incidence税收归宿CHAPTER 7welfare economics福利经济学willingness to pay支付意愿consumer surplus消费者剩余cost成本producer surplus生产者剩余efficiency效率equity平等CHAPTER 8deadweight loss无谓损失CHAPTER 9world price世界价格tariff关税CHAPTER 10externality外部性internalizing the externality外部性的内在化Coase theorem科斯定理transaction costs交易成本corrective tax矫正税CHAPTER 11Excludability排他性rivalry in consumption消费中的竞争性private goods私人物品public goods公有物品common resources公有资源free rider搭便车者cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析Tragedy of the Commons公有地悲剧CHAPTER 12CHAPTER 13total revenue总收益total cost总成本profit利润explicit costs显性成本implicit costs隐性成本economic profit经济利润accounting profit会计利润production function生产函数marginal product边际产量diminishing marginal product边际产量递减fixed costs固定成本variable costs可变成本average total cost平均总成本average fixed cost平均固定成本average variable cost平均可变成本marginal cost边际成本efficient scale有效规模economies of scale规模经济diseconomies of scale规模不经济constant returns to scale规模收益不变CHAPTER 14competitive market竞争市场average revenue平均收益marginal revenue边际收益sunk cost沉没成本CHAPTER 15Monopoly垄断企业natural monopoly自然垄断price discrimination价格歧视CHAPTER 16Oligopoly寡头monopolistic competition垄断竞争collusion勾结cartel卡特尔Nash equilibrium纳什均衡game theory博弈论prisoners＇dilemma囚徒困境dominant strategy占优策略CHAPTER 17monopolistic competition垄断竞争CHAPTER 18factors of production生产要素production function生产函数marginal product of labor劳动的边际产量diminishing marginal product边际产量递减value of the marginal product边际产量值capital资本CHAPTER 19compensating differential补偿性工资差别human capital人力资本union工会strike罢工efficiency wages效率工资discrimination歧视CHAPTER 20poverty rate贫困率poverty line贫困线in-kind transfers实物转移支付life cycle生命周期permanent income持久收入utilitarianism功利主义utility效用liberalism自由主义maximin criterion最大化标准social insurance社会保障libertarianism自由意志主义welfare福利negative income负所得税。

经济学原理(英文)第13章曼昆

Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
How an Economist Views a Firm
Economic profit Accounting profit
How an Accountant Views a Firm
Revenue
Implicit costs Total opportunity costs
explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit.
Economic
profit is smaller than accounting profit.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
the
relationship between short-run and long-run costs. the meaning of average total cost and marginal cost and how they are related.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Costs as Opportunity Costs
A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services.

(微观经济学英文课件)Chap 13 The costs of production

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 btors of production
labor,L
capital，K
natural resource，N entrepreneur, E
So ….. production function Q=f( K , L, N, E)
TC TVC
TFC Q
Average cost
Average Fixed Costs (AFC)
Average Variable Costs (AVC)
Average Total Costs (AC)
AC = AFC + AVC
A F C = F ixed co st = F C Q u an tity Q
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Total cost
Total Fixed Costs (TFC) Total Variable Costs (TVC) Total Costs (TC)
–
–
–
–
30 30 60 90
19 24.5 30 54.5
16 21.7 20 41.7
15 20 15 35
20 20 12 32
24 20.7 10 30.7
26 21.4 8.6 30
30 22,5 7.5 30
35 23.9 6.7 30.6
40 25.5 6 31.5
45 27.3 5.5 32.8
Explicit costs Vs. Implicit costs

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案13章

221WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION:There are no major changes to this chapter.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:➢ what items are included in a firm’s costs of production.➢ the link between a f irm’s production process and its total costs.➢ the meaning of average total cost and marginal cost and how they are related.➢ the shape of a typical firm’s cost curves.➢ the relationship between short-run and long-run costs.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 13 is the first chapter in a five-chapter sequence dealing with firm behavior and the organization of industry. It is important that students become comfortable with the material in Chapter 13 because Chapters 14 through 17 are based on the concepts developed in Chapter 13. To be more specific, Chapter 13 develops the cost curves on which firm behavior is based. The remaining chapters in thissection (Chapters 14-17) utilize these cost curves to develop the behavior of firms in a variety of different market structures —competitive, monopolistic, monopolistically competitive, and oligopolistic.The purpose of Chapter 13 is to address the costs of production and develop the firm’s cost curves. These cost curves underlie the firm’s supply curve. In previous chapters, we summarized the firm’s production decisions by starting with the supply curve. While this is suitable for answering manyquestions, it is now necessary to address the costs that underlie the supply curve in order to address the part of economics known as industrial organization —the study of how firms’ decisions about prices and quantities depend on the market conditions they face.KEY POINTS:•The goal of firms is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost.THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION13222 ❖Chapter 13/The Costs of Production• When analyzing a firm’s behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity costs of production.Some of the opportunity costs, such as the wages a firm pays its workers, are explicit. Otheropportunity costs, such as the wages the firm owner gives up by working at the firm rather than taking another job, are implicit. Economic profit takes both explicit and implicit costs into account, whereas accounting profits consider only explicit costs.• A firm’s costs reflect its production process. A typical firm’s production function gets flatter as the quantity of an input increases, displaying the property of diminishing marginal product. As a result, a firm’s total-cost curve gets steeper as the quantity produced rises.• A firm’s total costs can be divided between fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that do not change when the firm alters the quantity of output produced. Variable costs are costs that change when the firm alters the quantity of output produced.• From a firm’s total cost, two related measures of cost are derived. Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output. Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost rises if output increases by one unit.• When analyzing firm behavior, it is often useful to graph average total cost and marginal cost. For a typical firm, marginal cost rises with the quantity of output. Average total cost first falls as output increases and then rises as output increases further. The marginal-cost curve always crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum of average total cost.• A firm’s costs often depend on the time horizon considered. In particular, many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run. As a result, when the firm changes its level of production, average total cost may rise more in the short run than in the long run.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. What Are Costs?A. Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit1. The goal of a firm is to maximize profit.Chapter 13/The Costs of Production ❖ 2232. Definition of total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.3. Definition of total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.4. Definition of profit: total revenue minus total cost.B. Costs as Opportunity Costs1. Principle #2: The cost of something is what you give up to get it.2. The costs of producing an item must include all of the opportunity costs of inputs used inproduction. 3. Total opportunity costs include both implicit and explicit costs.a. Definition of explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by thefirm .b. Definition of implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of moneyby the firm .c. The total cost of a business is the sum of explicit costs and implicit costs.d. This is the major way in which accountants and economists differ in analyzing theperformance of a business. e. Accountants focus on explicit costs, while economists examine both explicit and implicitcosts.C. The Cost of Capital as an Opportunity Cost 1. The opportunity cost of financial capital is an important cost to include in any analysis of firmperformance. 2. Example: Caroline uses $300,000 of her savings to start her firm. It was in a savings accountpaying 5% interest.3. Because Caroline could have earned $15,000 per year on this savings, we must include thisopportunity cost. (Note that an accountant would not count this $15,000 as part of the firm's costs.)224 ❖ Chapter 13/The Costs of Production4. If Caroline had instead borrowed $200,000 from a bank and used $100,000 from her savings,the opportunity cost would not change if the interest rate stayed the same (according to the economist). But the accountant would now count the $10,000 in interest paid for the bank loan.D. Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit1. Figure 1 highlights the differences in the ways in which economists and accountants calculateprofit. 2. Definition of economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicitand implicit costs .a. Economic profit is what motivates firms to supply goods and services.b. To understand how industries evolve, we need to examine economic profit. 3. Definition of accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost .4. If implicit costs are greater than zero, accounting profit will always exceed economic profit.II. Production and CostsA. The Production Function1. Definition of production function: the relationship between quantity of inputs usedto make a good and the quantity of output of that good.2. Example: Caroline's cookie factory. The size of the factory is assumed to be fixed; Carolinecan vary her output (cookies) only by varying the labor used.Chapter 13/The Costs of Production ❖ 2253. Definition of marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additionalunit of input.a. As the amount of labor used increases, the marginal product of labor falls.b. Definition of diminishing marginal product: the property whereby the marginalproduct of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.4. We can draw a graph of the firm's production function by plotting the level of labor (x -axis)against the level of output (y -axis).226 ❖Chapter 13/The Costs of ProductionFigure 2a. The slope of the production function measures marginal product.b. Diminishing marginal product can be seen from the fact that the slope falls as theamount of labor used increases.B. From the Production Function to the Total-Cost Curve1. We can draw a graph of the firm's total cost curve by plotting the level of output (x-axis)against the total cost of producing that output (y-axis).a. The total cost curve gets steeper and steeper as output rises.b. This increase in the slope of the total cost curve is also due to diminishing marginalproduct: As Caroline increases the production of cookies, her kitchen becomesovercrowded, and she needs a lot more labor.Chapter 13/The Costs of Production ❖227III. The Various Measures of CostA. Example: Conrad’s Coffee Shop228 ❖Chapter 13/The Costs of ProductionB. Fixed and Variable Costs1. Definition of fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of outputproduced.2. Definition of variable costs: costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.3. Total cost is equal to fixed cost plus variable cost.C. Average and Marginal Cost1. Definition of average total cost: total cost divided by the quantity of output.2. Definition of average fixed cost: fixed costs divided by the quantity of output.3. Definition of average variable cost: variable costs divided by the quantity of output.4. Definition of marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unitof production.Chapter 13/The Costs of Production ❖ 2295. Average total cost tells us the cost of a typical unit of output and marginal cost tells us thecost of an additional unit of output.D. Cost Curves and Their Shapes1. Rising Marginal Costa. This occurs because of diminishing marginal product.b. At a low level of output, there are few workers and a lot of idle equipment. But as outputincreases, the coffee shop gets crowded and the cost of producing another unit of output becomes high.2. U-Shaped Average Total Costa. Average total cost is the sum of average fixed cost and average variable cost.b. AFC declines as output expands and AVC typically increases as output expands. AFC ishigh when output levels are low. As output expands, AFC declines pulling ATC down. As fixed costs get spread over a large number of units, the effect of AFC on ATC falls and ATC begins to rise because of diminishing marginal product. c. Definition of efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average totalcost. 3. The Relationship between Marginal Cost and Average Total Costa. Whenever marginal cost is less than average total cost, average total cost is falling.Whenever marginal cost is greater than average total cost, average total cost is rising.b. The marginal-cost curve crosses the average-total-cost curve at minimum average totalcost (the efficient scale).230 ❖ Chapter 13/The Costs of Production4. Typical Cost Curvesa. Marginal cost eventually rises with output.b. The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped.c. Marginal cost crosses average total cost at the minimum of average total cost.Activity 2—Average and Marginal GradesType: In-class demonstration Topics: Relationship between marginal and average cost Materials needed: None Time: 5 minutes Class limitations: Works in any size classPurposeThis quick exercise uses an analogy to illustrate to students that they already know the relation between marginal values and averages.InstructionsTell the class that two twins (Miley and Hannah) are enrolled in Principles of Economics. They each had a “B” average (GPA = 3.0) before taking the class.Miley gets a “C” in the course. What happens to her GPA?Hannah gets an “A” in the class. What happens to her GPA?Common Answers and Points for DiscussionStudents will likely know that Miley will have a lower GPA and Hannah a higher GPA. A “marginal” grade lower than the average will pull down the average. A “marginal” grade higher than the average will increase the average.The same is true of marginal cost and average costs. If marginal cost is less than average cost, average cost will fall. If marginal cost is higher than average cost, average cost will rise. Figure 5IV. Costs in the Short Run and in the Long RunA. The division of total costs into fixed and variable costs will vary from firm to firm.B. Some costs are fixed in the short run, but all are variable in the long run.1. For example, in the long run a firm could choose the size of its factory.2. Once a factory is chosen, the firm must deal with the short-run costs associated with thatplant size.C. The long-run average-total-cost curve lies along the lowest points of the short-run average-total-cost curves because the firm has more flexibility in the long run to deal with changes in production.D. The long-run average-total-cost curve is typically U-shaped, but is much flatter than a typicalshort-run average-total-cost curve.E. The length of time for a firm to get to the long run will depend on the firm involved.F. Economies and Diseconomies of Scale1. Definition of economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total costfalls as the quantity of output increases.2. Definition of diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average totalcost rises as the quantity of output increases.3. Definition of constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average totalcost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.Figure 6 Emphasize that these cost curves include ALL costs for the resources needed toproduce the good. Thus, both explicit costs and implicit costs are included.4. FYI: Lessons from a Pin Factorya. In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith described how specialization in a pin factoryallowed output to be greater than it would have been if each worker attempted toperform many different tasks.b. The use of specialization allows firms to achieve economies of scale.V. Table 3 provides a summary of all of the various cost definitions used throughout this chapter.Table 3SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. Farmer McDonald’s opportunity c ost is $300, consisting of 10 hours of lessons at $20 an hourthat he could have been earning plus $100 in seeds. His accountant would only count theexplicit cost of the seeds ($100). If McDonald earns $200 from selling the crops, thenMcDonald earns a $100 accounting profit ($200 sales minus $100 cost of seeds) but incursan economic loss of $100 ($200 sales minus $300 opportunity cost).2. Farmer Jones’s production function is shown in Figure 1 and his total-cost curve is shown inFigure 2. The production function becomes flatter as the number of bags of seeds increasesbecause of the diminishing marginal product of seeds. The total-cost curve gets steeper asthe amount of production increases. This feature is also due to the diminishing marginalproduct of seeds, since each additional bag of seeds generates a lower marginal product, andthus, the cost of producing additional bushels of wheat rises.Figure 1 Figure 23. The average total cost of producing 5 cars is $250,000/5 = $50,000. Since total cost rosefrom $225,000 to $250,000 when output increased from 4 to 5, the marginal cost of the fifthcar is $25,000.The marginal-cost curve and the average-total-cost curve for a typical firm are shown inFigure 3. They cross at the efficient scale because at low levels of output, marginal cost isbelow average total cost, so average total cost is falling. But after the two curves cross,marginal cost rises above average total cost, and average total cost starts to rise. So thepoint of intersection must be the minimum of average total cost.Figure 34. The long-run average total cost of producing 9 planes is $9 million/9 = $1 million. The long-run average total cost of producing 10 planes is $9.5 million/10 = $0.95 million. Since thelong-run average total cost declines as the number of planes increases, Boeing exhibitseconomies of scale.Questions for Review1. The relationship between a firm's total revenue, profit, and total cost is profit equals totalrevenue minus total costs.2. An accountant would not count the owner’s opportunity cost of alternative employment as anaccounting cost. An example is given in the text in which Caroline runs a cookie business, butshe could instead work as a computer programmer. Because she's working in her cookiefactory, she gives up the opportunity to earn $100 per hour as a computer programmer. Theaccountant ignores this opportunity cost because money does not flow into or out of the firm.But the cost is relevant to Caroline’s decision to run the cookie factory.3. Marginal product is the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input.Diminishing marginal product means that the marginal product of an input declines as thequantity of the input increases.4. Figure 4 shows a production function that exhibits diminishing marginal product of labor.Figure 5 shows the associated total-cost curve. The production function is concave becauseof diminishing marginal product, while the total-cost curve is convex for the same reason.Figure 4 Figure 55. Total cost consists of the costs of all inputs needed to produce a given quantity of output. Itincludes fixed costs and variable costs. Average total cost is the cost of a typical unit ofoutput and is equal to total cost divided by the quantity produced. Marginal cost is the cost of producing an additional unit of output and is equal to the change in total cost divided by the change in quantity. An additional relation between average total cost and marginal cost is that whenever marginal cost is less than average total cost, average total cost is declining;whenever marginal cost is greater than average total cost, average total cost is rising.Figure 66. Figure 6 shows the marginal-cost curve and the average-total-cost curve for a typical firm.There are three main features of these curves: (1) marginal cost is U-shaped but risessharply as output increases; (2) average total cost is U-shaped; and (3) whenever marginal cost is less than average total cost, average total cost is declining; whenever marginal cost is greater than average total cost, average total cost is rising. Marginal cost is increasing for output greater than a certain quantity because of diminishing returns. The average-total-cost curve is downward-sloping initially because the firm is able to spread out fixed costs over additional units. The average-total-cost curve is increasing beyond some output levelbecause as quantity increases, the demand for important variable inputs increases; therefore, the cost of these inputs increases. The marginal-cost and average-total-cost curves intersect at the minimum of average total cost; that quantity is the efficient scale.7. In the long run, a firm can adjust the factors of production that are fixed in the short run; forexample, it can increase the size of its factory. As a result, the long-run average-total-costcurve has a much flatter U-shape than the short-run average-total-cost curve. In addition,the long-run curve lies along the lower envelope of the short-run curves.8. Economies of scale exist when long-run average total cost decreases as the quantity ofoutput increases, which occurs because of specialization among workers. Diseconomies ofscale exist when long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases, whichoccurs because of the coordination problems inherent in a large organization.Quick Check Multiple Choice1. a2. d3. d4. c5. b6. aProblems and Applications1. a. opportunity cost; b. average total cost; c. fixed cost; d. variable cost; e. total cost; f.marginal cost.2. a. The opportunity cost of something is what must be given up to acquire it.b. The opportunity cost of running the hardware store is $550,000, consisting of $500,000to rent the store and buy the stock and a $50,000 implicit cost, because your aunt wouldquit her job as an accountant to run the store. Because the total opportunity cost of$550,000 exceeds the projected revenue of $510,000, your aunt should not open thestore, as her economic profit would be negative.3. a. The following table shows the marginal product of each hour spent fishing:b. Figure 7 graphs the fisherman's production function. The production function becomesflatter as the number of hours spent fishing increases, illustrating diminishing marginalproduct.Figure 7c. The table shows the fixed cost, variable cost, and total cost of fishing. Figure 8 showsthe fisherman's total-cost curve. It has an upward slope because catching additional fish takes additional time. The curve is convex because there are diminishing returns tofishing time because each additional hour spent fishing yields fewer additional fish.Figure 84. Here is the completed table:Workers Output MarginalProduct TotalCostAverageTotal CostMarginalCost0 0 --- $200 --- ---1 20 20 300 $15.00 $5.002 50 30 400 8.00 3.333 90 40 500 5.56 2.504 120 30 600 5.00 3.335 140 20 700 5.00 5.006 150 10 800 5.33 10.007 155 5 900 5.81 20.00a. See the table for marginal product. Marginal product rises at first, then declines becauseof diminishing marginal product.b. See the table for total cost.c. See the table for average total cost. Average total cost is U-shaped. When quantity is low,average total cost declines as quantity rises; when quantity is high, average total costrises as quantity rises.d. See the table for marginal cost. Marginal cost is also U-shaped, but rises steeply asoutput increases. This is due to diminishing marginal product.e. When marginal product is rising, marginal cost is falling, and vice versa.f. When marginal cost is less than average total cost, average total cost is falling; the costof the last unit produced pulls the average down. When marginal cost is greater thanaverage total cost, average total cost is rising; the cost of the last unit produced pushesthe average up.5. At an output level of 600 players, total cost is $180,000 (600 × $300). The total cost ofproducing 601 players is $180,901. Therefore, you should not accept the offer of $550,because the marginal cost of the 601st player is $901.6. a. The fixed cost is $300, because fixed cost equals total cost minus variable cost. At anoutput of zero, the only costs are fixed cost.Marginal cost equals the change in total cost for each additional unit of output. It is also equal to the change in variable cost for each additional unit of output. This relationshipoccurs because total cost equals the sum of variable cost and fixed cost and fixed costdoes not change as the quantity changes. Thus, as quantity increases, the increase intotal cost equals the increase in variable cost.7. The following table illustrates average fixed cost (AFC), average variable cost (AVC), andaverage total cost (ATC) for each quantity. The efficient scale is 4 houses per month,because that minimizes average total cost.Quantity VariableCost FixedCostTotalCostAverageFixed CostAverageVariable CostAverageTotal Cost0 $0.00 $200.00 $200.00 --- --- ---1 10.00 200.00 210.00 $200.00 $10.00 $210.002 20.00 200.00 220.00 100.00 10.00 110.003 40.00 200.00 240.00 66.67 13.33 80.004 80.00 200.00 280.00 50.00 20.00 70.005 160.00 200.00 360.00 40.00 32.00 72.006 320.00 200.00 520.00 33.33 53.33 86.677 640.00 200.00 840.00 28.57 91.43 120.008. a. The lump-sum tax causes an increase in fixed cost. Therefore, as Figure 10 shows, onlyaverage fixed cost and average total cost will be affected.Figure 10b. Refer to Figure 11. Average variable cost, average total cost, and marginal cost will all begreater. Average fixed cost will be unaffected.Figure 119. a. The following table shows average variable cost (AVC), average total cost (ATC), andmarginal cost (MC) for each quantity.Quantity VariableCost TotalCostAverageVariable CostAverageTotal CostMarginalCost0 $0.00 $30.00 --- --- ---1 10.00 40.00 $10.00 $40.00 $10.002 25.00 55.00 12.50 27.50 15.003 45.00 75.00 15.00 25.00 20.004 70.00 100.00 17.50 25.00 25.005 100.00 130.00 20.00 26.00 30.006 135.00 165.00 22.50 27.50 35.00b. Figure 12 shows the three curves. The marginal-cost curve is below the average-total-cost curve when output is less than four and average total cost is declining. Themarginal-cost curve is above the average-total-cost curve when output is above four and average total cost is rising. The marginal-cost curve lies above the average-variable-cost curve.Figure 1210. The following table shows quantity (Q), total cost (TC), and average total cost (ATC) for thethree firms:Firm A Firm B Firm CQuantity TC ATC TC ATC TC ATC1 $60.00 $60.00 $11.00 $11.00 $21.00 $21.002 70.00 35.00 24.00 12.00 34.00 17.003 80.00 26.67 39.00 13.00 49.00 16.334 90.00 22.50 56.00 14.00 66.00 16.505 100.00 20.00 75.00 15.00 85.00 17.006 110.00 18.33 96.00 16.00 106.00 17.677 120.00 17.14 119.00 17.00 129.00 18.43Firm A has economies of scale because average total cost declines as output increases. Firm B has diseconomies of scale because average total cost rises as output rises. Firm C has economies of scale from one to three units of output and diseconomies of scale for levels of output beyond three units.。

曼昆微观经济学cha

Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
● Economists measure a firm’s economic profit as total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.
➢ A firm’s cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs. • Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm. • Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit
● Total Revenue
➢ The amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.
● Consider the shape of a typical firm’s cost curves ● Examine the relationship between short-run and
long-run costs

曼昆《经济学原理微观经济学分册》第6版课后习题详解第13章生产成本

曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）第5篇企业行为与产业组织第13章生产成本课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1．总收益（total revenue）答：总收益指一定时期内厂商从一定量产品的销售中得到的货币总额，它等于单位产品的价格P乘以销售量Q，即：=⋅TR P Q由于完全竞争的厂商所面对的是一条水平的需求曲线，厂商增减一单位产品的销售所引起的总收益的变化（TR∆）总是等于固定不变的单位产品的价格P，所以总收益曲线是一条从原点出发的直线，其斜率就是固定不变的价格。

完全竞争市场外其他类型市场的总收益曲线是先上升达到最大后再下降的。

2．总成本（total cost）答：总成本指企业购买生产投入所支付的货币量，它包括两个部分，即固定成本（FC）与可变成本（VC）。

固定成本是在短期内不随产量变动而变动的生产费用，如厂房费用、机器折旧费用、一般管理费用及厂部管理人员的工资等。

只要建立了生产单位，不管产量多少，都需要支出固定成本。

可变成本是随产量变动而变动的生产费用，如原材料、燃料和动力支出及生产工人的工资等。

这些费用在短期内是随着产量的变动而变动的。

其变动的规律是：最初，在产量开始增加时，由于各种生产要素的投入比例不合理，不能充分发挥生产效率，故可变成本增加的幅度较大；以后随着产量的增加，各种生产要素的投入比例趋于合理，其效率得以充分发挥，故可变成本增加的幅度依次变小；最后由于可变要素的边际收益递减，可变成本增加的幅度依次变大。

这一变动趋势正好同边际收益递减规律所描述的总产量的变动趋势相反。

曼昆微观经济学第13章习题答案

第13章生产和成本(一)单项选择题1.总产量曲线的斜率是（ C ）A.总产量B.平均产量C.边际产量D.以上都不是2.当TP下降时，（D ）A.AP L递增B.AP L为零C.MP L为零D.MP L为负3.当AP L为正且递减时，MP L是（ A ）A.递减B.负的C.零D.以上任何一种4.生产过程中某一可变要素的收益递减，这意味着（ B）A.可变要素投入量的增长和产量的增长等幅变化B.产量的增长幅度小于可变要素投入量的增长幅度C. 可变要素投入量的增长幅度小于产量的增长幅度D产量的增长幅度大于可变要素投入量的增长幅度5.某厂商每年从企业的总收入中取出一部分作为自己所提供的生产要素的报酬，这部分资金被视为（B ）。

A.显性成本B.隐性成本C.经济利润 D生产成本6.对应于边际报酬的递增阶段，STC曲线（C ）。

A.以递增的速率上升B. 以递增的速率下降C. 以递减的速率上升 D以递减的速率下降7.短期平均成本曲线成为U形的原因与（C ）有关A.规模报酬B.外部经济与不经济C.要素的边际报酬 D固定成本与可变成本所占比例8.在从原点出发的射线与TC 曲线的相切的产量上，必有（ D）。

A.AC值最小B.AC=MCC.MC曲线处于上升段D.A、B、C、9.如果生产10单位产品的总成本是100美元，第11单位产品的边际成本是21美元，那么（ C）。

A.第11单位产品TVC是21美元B.第10单位产品的边际成本是大于21美元C.11个产品的平均成本是11美元D第12单位产品的平均成本是21美元10.当边际成本小于平均成本时，产量的进一步增加将导致（ B）。

A.平均成本上升B.平均可变成本可能上升也可能下降C.总成本下降D平均可变成本一定是处于减少的状态11.长期平均成本曲线呈U型原因是（A ）。

A.规模报酬的变化所致B.外部经济与不经济所致C.生产要素的边际生产率所致 D固定成本与可变成本所占比重所致12.如果一个厂商的生产是处于规模报酬不变的阶段，则其LAC曲线一定是处于（ C）。

Chap13The Costs of Production(曼昆经济学原理,微观-英文版)

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Costs as Opportunity Costs
A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services.
Economic
profit is smaller than accounting profit.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
When total revenue exceeds both
explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit.
0 50 90 120 140 150
Hungry Helen’s Cookie Factory
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Explicit
costs involve a direct money outlay for factors of production. Implicit costs do not involve a direct money outlay.

微观经济学-第十三章(曼昆)精选全文

–如服装厂用的布匹原料，餐馆用的蔬菜鱼肉，印刷厂用的纸张，饮料店用的水果等。
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
总成本
• 总成本Total Costs
• 总固定成本Total Fixed Costs (TFC) • 总可变成本Total Variable Costs (TVC) • 总成本Total Costs (TC)
投入总成本（工厂成本+ 工人成本)(美元）
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
生产函数 • 边际产量
• 边际产量是指增加的一单位投入所引起的产量增加。
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
生产函数边际产量递减：一种投入的边际产量随着
投入量增加而减少的特征。
产量
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
总成本、总可变成本与总固定成本曲线
• 总固定成本：当产量等于零时，总固定成本等于总成本。随着产量的增加，在短期内总固定成本不变。它是一条平行与横轴的直线。
• 总可变成本：当产量等于零时，总可变成本也为零。随着产量的增加，总可变成本也增加。
数量
300000 130000
10000 50000 10000
经济学家的算法
项目销售收益原材料费用水电费工资银行利息
数量
300000 130000
10000 50000 10000
隐含租金隐含利息隐含工资
50000 10000 40000
会计成本会计利润
200000 经济成本 100000 经济利润
–在短期内不随产量变化而变化的成本，即不变投入带来的成本。

曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释13(中英)

CHAPTER 13The Costs of Productiontotal revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output总收益：企业出售其产品所得到的货币量total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production总成本：企业用于生产的投入品的市场价值profit: total revenue minus total cost利润：总收益减去总成本explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm显性成本：需要企业支出货币的投入成本implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm隐性成本：不需要企业支出货币的投入成本economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs经济利润：总收益减总成本，包括显性成本与隐性成本accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost会计利润：总收益减总显性成本production function: the relationship between the quantity ofinputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good生产函数：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input边际产量：增加一单位投入所引起的产量增加diminishing marginal: product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases边际产量递减：一种投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的特征fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced固定成本：不随着产量变动而变动的成本variable costs: costs that vary with the quantity of output produced可变成本：随着产量变动而变动的成本average total cost: total cost divided by the quantity of output 平均总成本：总成本除以产量average fixed cost: fixed cost divided by the quantity of output 平均固定成本：固定成本除以产量average variable cost: variable cost divided by the quantity of output平均可变成本：可变成本除以产量marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production边际成本：额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost有效规模：使平均总成本最小的产量economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases规模经济：长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases规模不经济：长期平均总成本随产量增加而增加的特性constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes规模收益不变：长期平均总成本在产量变动时保持不变的特性。

经济学原理 Chapter 13

It can be represented by a table, equation, or
graph.
Example 1: • Farmer Jack grows wheat. • He has 5 acres of land. • He can hire as many workers as he wants.
8
The Production Function
A production function shows the relationship
between the quantity of inputs used to produce a good, and the quantity of output of that good.
Comparing them helps Jack decide whether he
would benefit from hiring the worker.
CHAPTER 13
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
14
Why MPL Diminishes
Farmer Jack’s output rises by a smaller and
1
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What is a production function? What is marginal
prre the various costs, and how are they
13
The Costs of Production
PRINCIPLES OF
ECONOMICS

曼昆微观经济学ch13

THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
15
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
16
The slope of the production function
measures the marginal product of a worker. As the number of workers increases, the marginal product declines, and the production function becomes flatter.
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
2
What Are Costs?
The firm’s objective
The economic goal of the firm is to
maximize profits.
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION
3
Total Revenue, Total Cost, Profit
工人数量 0 1 2 3
总成本函数
产量 0 50 90 120
工厂成本 30 30 30 30
工人成本 0 10 20 30
总成本 30 40 50 60
4
5
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
We assume that the size of facቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱory is fixed
and we can vary the quantity of goods produced only by changing the number of workers. This assumption is realistic in the short run, but not in the long run.

曼昆《经济学原理》第6版微观经济学分册第13章课后习题答案P280-P283

第十三章生产成本复习题1．企业总收益、利润和总成本之间的关系是什么?答：企业利润＝总收益－总成本2．举出一个会计师不算做成本的机会成本的例子。

为什么会计师不考虑这种成本?答：企业家花时间和精力经营管理企业，他的机会成本是从事其他工作所能赚到的工资。

这种机会成本会计师不算做成本。

因为会计师分析经营活动的依据是货币的流人和流出，隐性机会成本不引起企业的货币流动。

因此，会计师不考虑它。

3．什么是边际产量？边际产量递减意味着什么?答：边际产量是增加一单位投入所引起的产量的增加。

边际产量递减意味着一种投入的边际产量随着投入量的增加而减少。

4．画出表示劳动的边际产量递减的生产函数。

画出相关的总成本曲线。

(在这两种情况下，都要标明坐标轴代表什么。

)解释你所画出的两个曲线的形状。

答：生产函数表示雇佣的工人数量和生产量之间的关系。

随着工人数量增加，生产函数变得增加，生产函数变得平坦，这反映了边际产量递减。

由于边际产量递减，边际成本递增，随着产量增加，总成本曲线变得较为陡峭。

图13－1劳动的边际产量递减的生产函数图13－2总成本曲线5．叙述总成本、平均总成本和边际成本的定义。

它们之间的关系是怎样的?答：总成本是指企业购买生产投入支付的量。

平均总成本是总成本除以产量。

边际成本指额外－单位产量所引起的总成本的增加。

平均总成本＝总成本/产量边际成本＝总成本变动量/产量变动量6．画出一个典型企业的边际成本曲线和平均总成本曲线。

解释为什么这些曲线的形状是这样，以及为什么在那一点相交。

答：图13－3典型企业的边际成本和平均总成本典型企业的边际成本曲线呈U型。

因为企业在刚开始时，生产能力有剩余，增加一单位的投入量，边际产量会高于前一单位的投入，这样就出现一段边际成本下降。

生产能力全部被利用之后，再增加边际投入，就会出现边际产量递减，边际成本递增。

于是，边际成本曲线呈现U型。

典型企业的边际总成本曲线呈U型。

平均总成本线反映了平均固定成本和平均可变成本的形状。

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cost.
Profit = Total revenue - Total cost
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/
Costs as Opportunity Costs
• A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services.
WHAT ARE COSTS?
• According to the Law of Supply:
• Firms are willing to produce and sell a greater quantity of a good when the price of the good is high.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/
Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit • When total revenue exceeds both explicit and
implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit.
Copyright©2004 South-Western
PRODUCTION AND COSTS
• The Production Function
• The production function shows the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that got
Implicit costs
Explicit costs
Total opportunity costs
Accounting profit
Revenue
Explicit costs
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Table 1 A Production Function and Total Cost: Hungry Helen’s Cookie Factory
• This results in a supply curve that slopes upward.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/
WHAT ARE COSTS?
• The Firm’s Objective
• The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/
Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit • Total Revenue
• The amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.
• Total Cost
total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs. • Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs.
• Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/
Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit • Economists measure a firm’s economic profit as
• Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work.
• Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/
5
FIRM BEHAVIOR AND THE ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY
The Costs of Production
13
Copyright©2004 South-Western
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
• Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often.
• Economic profit is smaller than accounting profit.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/
Figure 1 Economic versus Accountants
How an Economist Views a Firm
How an Accountant Views a Firm
• The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/
Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit • Profit is the firm’s total revenue minus its total
• Explicit and Implicit Costs
• A firm’s cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs.
• Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm.