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中科院各专业所考博试题.doc

中科院各专业所考博试题中科院发育所06年生物化学考博试题1. 试举5例说明绿色荧光蛋白在生物学研究中的作用？2. 真核生物逆转座子的结构功能和生物学意义？3. -蛋白用SDS聚丙电泳分离后为一条带.诸问，这个蛋白是否只有种成分，如果还有其它成分如何分离•鉴定纯度4. 真核生物我达各水平上的调控机理5. 举两篇05年我国科学家发表的Cell Science Nature的文章，要国内通迅地址，耍写出作者或单位，以及文章的主耍内容.6. 请在生化的度评价转基因仗物的安全性中科院动物所2000年细胞生物学（博士）一、解释题（每题3分，共30分〉1、周期细胞2、PCR技术3、MPI*4、通讯连接5、细胞分化6、溶酶体7、信号肽8、整合素9、基因组10、巨大染色体二、有丝分裂及其调控（有丝分裂的过程、变异及其调控）（18分）三、以哺乳动物精了和卵子发生为例。

简述减数分裂。

（17分）叫、线粒体基因组与细胞核基因纽两套遗传装迓的相互作用关系。

（18分）五、图解某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，并加以简述（17分）中科院动物所2002年细胞生物学（博士〉名词解释（毎题3分，共36分〉1、细胞周期2、细胞分化3、干细胞4、细胞外基质5、上皮6、信号传导7、转染&端粒9、免疫球蛋白10. 细胞计架1K内质网12、反意义RNA问答题（以下5题任选4题,毎题16分，共64分〉1、试述细胞膜的化学组成2、试述线粒体的遗传学……半自主性3、以图解叙述细胞的有丝分裂及H调控4、试述哺乳动物的受精作用和哺乳动物克隆的不同点5、试述造血干细胞的分化中科院动物所2003年细胞生物学（博士〉名词解释（3X10）1、原癌基因2、信号肽3、细胞周期4、高尔基体干扰RNA6、免疫印迹7、干细胞&突触9. 细胞骨架10. 端粒二：综述题1、简述生物膜的分子和结构基础，核膜在细胞周期中的变化规律。

分析核孔复合体在物质转运的结构基础（15分）2、简述线粒体内氧自曲基产生的分子机制及其线粒体在细胞凋亡调节中的作用（15分）3、简述免疫细胞发育过程和T细胞检测标准，分析艾滋橋毒感染细胞的途径（10分）4、简述神经细胞突触细胞传递的结构基础和信号传导分子机制（15分）5、利川真核基因表达调控的原理，阐述利用体细胞进行动物克降的分子基础核生物学意义。

中科院物理所考博试题(固体物理)

固体物理试卷试卷一、第一部分：（在5题中选做4题，每题15分，共60分）简单回答下面的问题：1原胞与单胞有什么不同？何谓布拉菲格子？何谓倒格子？晶体的宏观对称性可以概括为多少点群？多少个晶系？这些晶系分别包括哪些布拉菲格子？什么是晶体、准晶体和非晶体？2原子之间的相联互作用是固体形成的基础，固体中共有哪几种原子结合方式？指出它们的共同特点和各自的特点。

3(a)怎样用能带论来理解导体、绝缘体、及半导体之间的区别（可以画图说明）？（b）在讨论磁场中电子的运动时，画图说明什么是k空间的类电子轨道、什么是类空穴轨道？什么是闭合轨道、什么是开放轨道？什么样的轨道对于德哈斯-范阿芬效应重要或对于磁阻效应重要？4任何固体物质中原子位置并不是固定的，它们在其平衡位置附近不停地振动。

其运动形式可用准粒子—声子来描述。

(a)简述声子的存在和模式对晶体的哪些物性产生明显影响。

(b)简述确定晶格振动谱的实验原理和方法。

5试推导面心和体心立方点阵的x射线衍射的系统消光规律。

第二部分：（在8题中选做5题，每题8分，共40分）1列出你所知道的几种金属—绝缘体相变的名称。

2超导体都有哪些主要的物理特征？3简单阐述物质顺磁性的来源。

4多晶体与单晶体的x射线衍射图有什么区别？5什么是施主杂质？什么是受主杂质？施主能级和受主能级有什么特点？6半导体材料可能发生哪几种光吸收过程？什么是半导体的本征吸收？7简述固溶体的类型。

8什么是系统的元激发？举出三个例子，指出它们服从玻色统计还是费米统计。

试卷二、（试题1—4为必作题，每题15分）（1）（a）固体中原子（或离子）的结合形式有哪几种？都有什么特点？为什么固体中原子（或离子）之间能保持一定的距离而不是无限靠近？（b）何谓晶体、准晶体及非晶体？它们的x光或电子衍射有何区别？(C)何谓布拉菲格子、晶体学点群、晶系和晶体学空间群？（2）已知一正交品系的晶胞参数为a、b、c，晶胞体积为v,(a)试写出其倒格矢，证明倒格子元胞体积v’= (2p)3/V，并画出第一布里渊区示意图。

中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题3.doc

中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2002 年 3 月）PAPER ONEPART II STRUCTURE &VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no but to report him to the local police.A.timeB. changeC. authorityD.alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______ regret.A.teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between and old man and a young one: the young one has a gloriousfuture before him and the old one has a ________ future behind him.A・ splendid B・ conspicuousC・ uproarious D. imminent19- That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20.A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it __________ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A.reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. ________ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of thewater has evaporated.A.Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ________ , or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A.write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come cover23-1 am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectors discretion sate your case ___________ or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by"being _________ J being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens ________ the 1 grade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants _______ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A.break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roral of aircraft engines which _______ all other sounds.A.dwarfedB.diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ______________ and should be avoided if possible.A.constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29.The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the of investigations.A.caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30.Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A.precedeB.recedeC・ concede D. intercede31 • Such an __________ act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._______ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectationsplaces a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33.It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would ______________ be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34.Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______ with those awful riding about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D.Indicate which of the four partrs is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36.The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goodsA B Che is selling.D37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, dmg・related crimes thatoverriding majority since they are at heavy demand in the market, c 44. Retailers offered Ddeep discounts and extra hours this weekend in B C (he bid toDlureshoppers.45. The amendments A A B Chave nothing doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38.A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by MaryA Bare on display at the meseum.C D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40.Capital inflows w订1 also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, A Bmake it more difficult to sell U.S. exports.C D41.It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as theA Bever-increased world population, have been caused by technological advanceC D42.It takes lhe mosl cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist theA B Ctemptation to revenge as subjected to uncivilized behavio匚D43.Wh订e experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be theA Bof the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhancedBprotection of intellectual property rights and made them confonn to WTO rules. C DPART m CLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious 46 has occurred in the roles that women 47 • Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it alf\ they often enjoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As womens roles have changed, changing expectations about merTs roles have become more 52 • Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasing 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the "emotion work，，58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which merTs and women's roles are becoming increasingly more 6() •46. A. incidents B・C・ results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. playD show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D.Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B・ constituent C. domain D・ point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C- why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant.important C. similar D. manageablePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneThe man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M・ Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola- It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which "Coca-Cola" was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61.What does the passage tell us about John Sty th Pemberton?A.He was highly respected by Atlantans.B.He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C.He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D.He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62.Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton's Company?A.Skills to make French wine.B.Talent for drawing pictures.C.An acute sense of smell.D.Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A.He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B.He brought a quite profitable product into being.C.He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D・ He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula wased beer bottles were chosen as containers.B.the amount of caffeine in it was increased.C.it was blended with oils instead of water.D.Cola nut extract was added to taste.65.According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially forA.the young as a soft drink・B.a replacement of French Wine Coca.C.the relief of a hangover.D・ a cure for the common headache.66.The last paragraph mainly tellsA.the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant.B.a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure.C・ the mediocre service of the drugstore.D.a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola.Passage TwoBetween 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social land economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sim in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speechreports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New Yrok daily newspapers combined when the Sim first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald(1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger(1836) and the Baltimore Sun(1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67.What does the first paragraph say about the "penny press?"A.It was known for its depth news reporting.B.It had an involvement with some political parties.C.It depended on the business community for survival.D.It aimed at pleasing the general public・68.In its early days, a penny paper oftenA.paid much attention to political issues.B.provided stories that hit the public taste.C.offered penetrating editorials on various issues.D.covered important news with inaccuracy.69.As the reader ship was growing more diverse, the penny paperA.improved its contentB.changed its writing style.C.developed a more sensational style.D.became a tool for political parties.70.The underlined word "ventures^ in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced byA.editors.B.reporters.C.newspapers.panies.71.What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore SunlA.They turned out to be failures.B.They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C.They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D.They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72.This passage is probably taken from a book onA.the work ethics of the American media.B.the techniques in news reporting・C.the history of sensationalism in American media.D.the impact of mass media on American society.Passage ThreeForget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs-a room of one's own. The writer she had in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika-his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name-composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn't just a story. It，s an online narrative () that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. In the four years it took to produce-it was completed in 1997-each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort ofdependent on the industry：jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper.“ThaFs unusal for a writer, because if you just write on paper the "technology" is pretty stable二Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual "4city^ in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron 9s 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. "I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot J he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino- have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author^ control. "But what makes the Net so exciting/7says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73.The passage is mainly to tellA.differences between conventional and modern novels.B.how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron.C・ common features of all modem electronic novels.D.why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing.74.Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A.Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B.It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C.Modem writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because itA.provides potentials for the story development.B.is one of the novels at (g ).C.can be downloaded free of charge.D.boasts of the best among cyber stories.76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant thatA. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial Revolution.B・ conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology.C.much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent.D.he couldn't care less about new advance in computer software.77.As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers toA.adapt the story for a video version.B.“walk in，，the story and interact with it.C.develop the plots within the author's control.D.steal the show and become the main character.78.Amerika told his students not toA.immerse themselves only in creating the plot.B.be captivated by the plot alone while reading. C・ be lagged far behind in the plot development.D.let their plot get lost in the on-going story.Passage FourIn 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smallerboy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoons.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English jsutice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. "Wele clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world/9 says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. "What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?97asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins: Tt almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passport to a completely new life：'79.What (Kcurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A.2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B.James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C.Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert ThompsonA.have been treated as juvenile delinquents.B.have been held in protective custody for their murder game.C・ were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago.D.have already served out their 10 years in prison・81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men wouldA.hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public.B.be doomed to become social outcasts after release.C.still remain dangerous and destructive if set free.D.be inclined to commit a recurring crime.82.According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will beA.banned from any kind of press interview.B.kept under constant surveillance by police.C.shielded from being identified as killers.D.ordered to report to police their whereabouts.83.From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson wouldA・ have no freedom to go wherever he wants.B.serve a life imprisonment for the crime.C.be forbidden to join many of his relatives.D.no doubt receive massive publicity in the U.S.84.As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells thatA.it is controversial as it goes without precedent.B.the British media are sure to do the contrary.C.Bulger^s family would enter all apeal against it.D.Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals.Passage FiveCan the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits'，between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your docotr in your hometown can be a big chunk of time," says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid^ says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Cal if.-based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what's wrong- and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Helainx/5 notes Michael Barrent, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, firgure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85.The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose ofA. rewarding their employees.B. gratifying the local hospitals.C.boosting worker productivity.D. testing a sophisticated technology.86.What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A.They are a quite promising business-B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patients.D.They are very much under experimentation.87.Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A・ Cisco System employees. B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C.Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle executives.88.According to Paragraph 2, doctors are。

中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题

中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题(1)考试科目：动物学一、名词解释(每题3分，其中举例1分；共30分)1．后口动物2. 咽鳃裂3. 羊膜动物4. 鳞嵴5. 物种6. 口咽式呼吸7. 混合体腔8. 生物多样性9. 动物区系10. 同源器官二、填空题（每空0.5 分，共15分）1. 降河洄游入海的鱼类其体液渗透压需要完成由（）转变为（）。

（提示：填高或低）。

2. 粘孢子虫是渔业养殖中危害较大的病原体之一，其无性生殖方式是（）生殖。

3. 华枝睾吸虫病是一种在我国较为流行的食源性寄生虫病。

其病原体的虫卵排入水体后被第一中间宿主螺吞食后逸出（），然后逐渐发育为胞蚴，（）和（）；后者成熟后被释放到水体中，遇到第二中间宿主鱼或虾后侵入其体内发育为（）。

4. 寡毛纲动物神经系统为（）。

5. 水体中常见的浮游动物蚤状溞属于甲壳纲（）亚纲。

6. 蚌和鳑鮍鱼是自然界生物间相互依存的典型实例；鱼将卵产于蚌的（）中，蚌的（）寄生于鱼的皮肤上。

7. 动物的肌肉组织是由（）胚层发育分化而来。

8. 我国陆地动物区系分属于（）届与( )届两大区系；现代动物区系的基本轮廓呈现于（）初期。

9. 甲壳纲动物体节常分为（）部和（）部；具有（）对附肢。

10. 藤壶是附着在海边岩石、船体上的一种常见生物，它隶属于（）亚门。

11. 大多数鱼类身上被有鳞片，而鱼鳞主要分为3种，即硬鳞、（）和（）。

12. 环毛蚓的生殖系统为雌雄（），生殖时（）受精。

13. 环节动物的循环系统属（）式循环；节肢动物的循环系统是（）式；两栖动物的循环方式为（）和（）的双循环。

14. 鸟类在繁殖期常各自占有一定的领域，不许其他鸟类（尤其是同种鸟类）侵入，称为（）现象。

15. 棘皮动物的成虫呈（）对称，其幼虫呈（）对称。

三、问答题(共55分)1. 简述脊索动物的三大主要特征及脊索的出现在动物演化史上的意义。

（8分）2. 简述近年来动物系统分类学中三大学派的主要观点。

中科院博士考试样卷附答案

中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。

试卷一包括：听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。

试卷二为书面表达部分。

时间总长共150分钟，满分100分。

试卷一（75分）第一部分：听力（20分）本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力，由A、B两节组成。

A节：共10题，每题1分。

要求考生根据所听到的10段对话，从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。

每题有12-15秒答题时间。

每段对话的录音只播放一遍。

B节：共10题，每题1分。

要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。

问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。

录音材料只播放一遍。

本部分大约需要25分钟。

第二部分：英语知识运用与阅读理解（55分）本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力，由A、B和C三节组成。

A节：共15题，每题1分。

在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白，要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意义通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。

其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式，3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。

本节大约需要20分钟。

B节：共20题，每题1.5分，共30分。

考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。

要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。

本节大约需要35分钟。

C节：共10题，每题1分。

考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。

要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。

本节大约需要20分钟。

本部分总需时间约75分钟。

试卷二（25分）本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力，由A、B两节组成。

A节：共1题，10分。

要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要（约占原文的1/4-1/3）。

中科院地理所自然地理学考博考研历年真题

自然地理学（博士）2017 年试题一、简答题1.岩溶作用2.土壤的物质构成3.自然区划的原则二、阐述题1、天气的形成2、生态系统的功能3、水分循环的过程2016 年试题一、简答1、地球表面的基本特色2、土壤的一般形态特色3、生态系统的组分二、阐述题1、天气变化的原由2、自然地理环境的地区分异规律2015 年试题一、简答题1.天气形成的地理因子2.成土学说3.生态因子对生物作用的特色二、阐述题1、地球自传的地理意义2、地球水散布，水的大循环及水的更新周期3、我国自然地理特色2014 年试题一、简答1、地球表面的基本特色2、土壤在地理环境中的作用3、水量均衡二、阐述题1、中国的天气及其特色2、中国植被的散布规律3、试阐述综合自然区划的基本内容2013 年试题一、简述1、地貌成因有哪些2、成土因素对土壤形成的作用3、生物群落的分类二、阐述1、阐述天气形成的原由2、阐述大海资源与大海环境保护阐述自然地理环境的地区分异规律2012 年试题1.简答1）基当地貌种类2）季民风候3）生态系统的组分2.阐述4）自然地理学的研究对象分科及各学科的联系5）试述水量均衡6）中国自然地理特色2011 年试题 ( 博)1.简答1）天气形成的地理因子( 伍 P150)2）主要成土过程( 伍 P338)3）生物多样性意义( 伍 P448)2.阐述4）中国水资源利用存在的问题( 黄秉维第十四章中国水资源及其利用)5）我国地貌特色( 赵济第二章地貌P4)6）综合自然区划的内容( 伍光和第八章自然地理综合研究第二节自然区划P482) 2010 年一、简答1、土壤的物质构成2、水量均衡3、生物多样性的价值二、阐述1、生态系统的功能2、天气系统的构成及特色3、我国地理地带的主要特色2009 年试题 ( 博)1.简答1）土壤的一般形态( 伍光和第六章土壤圈P315)2）水情因素 ( 伍光和第四章大海和陆地水P205)3）自然地理环境的地区分异规律( 伍光和第八章自然地理综合研究第三节自然地理环境的地区分异P463)2.阐述4）中国植被的散布规律( 生物群落与生态系统)5）天气变化及其主要原由( 伍光和第三章大气与天气P165)6）我国重要自然灾祸及其应付策略( 见北京师范大学第四章中国自然灾祸及防灾减灾2008 年试题 ( 博)1.简答1）自然地区区分原则( 赵济第十五章自然地理区划P176)2）成土学说 ( 赵济第六章土壤地理P82)3）地球表面的基本特色( 伍光和第一章地球P40)2.阐述4）陆地生态系统的主要种类( 伍光和第七章生物群落与生态系统P429) 5）地球自转和公转的意义( 伍光和第一章地球P25)6）中国的天气特色( 赵济第三章天气P15)2007 年试题 ( 博)1.简答：1）水分循环 ( 大海和陆地水 )2）生态系统结构( 伍光和第七章生物群落与生态系统P414)3）简述影响成土过程的因素( 赵济第六章土壤地理P82)2.阐述4）我国地貌特色及其对环境的影响( 赵济第二章地貌P4)5）综合自然区划的研究内容( 自然地理综合研究P)6）我国季民风候的特色和对我国的影响( 大气与天气 )2006 年试题 ( 博)1.简答1）主要成土过程( 土壤圈 )2）群落分类 ( 生物群落与生态系统)3）喀斯专门貌 ( 地貌 )2.阐述4）我国地理地区分异的特征( 自然地理综合研究)5）我国水资源利用现状与对策( 大海和陆地水)6）天气变化及其影响( 大气与天气 )2005 年试题 ( 博)1.名词1）土壤质地 ( 土壤圈 )2）生物多样性 ( 生物群落与生态系统)3）水量均衡 ( 大海和陆地水 )2.简答和阐述4）温室效应和全世界变暖 ( 大气与天气 )5）生物多样性的意义( 生物群落与生态系统)6）地区分异规律( 自然地理综合研究)7）相关区划 ( 自然地理综合研究)8）相关生态需水方面9） LUCC ( 土地利用／土地覆盖变化)2004 年试题 ( 博)1.简述1）简述地貌成因( 地貌 )2）生态系统的构成( 生物群落与生态系统)3）天气的影响因素( 大气与天气 )2.阐述4）我国水资源问题( 大海和陆地水)5）中国自然地理特色( 自然地理综合研究)6）人地关系与可连续发展( 环境保护和可连续发展)2003 年试题 ( 博)一、名词1）基当地貌种类( 地貌 )2）温室效应与全世界变化 ( 大气与天气 )3）生物多样性的价值( 生物群落与生态系统)二、简述和阐述4）自然地区分异规律( 自然地理综合研究)5）自然地理学发展趋向（20 分）6）干旱区水文特色和资源利用问题( 黄秉维中国水资源及其利用) 2002 年试题1.简述1）流水地貌 ( 地貌 )2）水循环（或土壤地带性）3）生态系统（或生物多样性）（注，因是不一样的人回想的，有点差别，你都看看）2.阐述4）简述我国自然地理地区性特色5）阐述我国主要土地退化6）阐述我国水问题2001 年试题 ( 博)1.简述1）种群、群落2）地理地带3）水量均衡4）结构地貌5）成土过程2.阐述6）LUCC 内容与进展7）我国自然地理基本特色8）温室效应与全世界环境意义2000 年试题 ( 博)1.简述1）对于自然地理学科发展；( 黄秉维第二章面向2）西部土地退化有哪几种种类。

中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总

6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生
七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原
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中国科学院物理所考博固体物理试题5套.doc

中国科学院物理所考博固体物理试题5套屮国科学院物理研究所固体物理博士入学试题（2006年）1. 填空题.NaCI石墨铜钠其屮一个的点群与其它不同是•在低温，金刚石比热与温度的关系是•高压晶体体积变小，能带宽度会•石墨屮原子Z间通过键结合成固体。

2. 推导bloch定理；写出理想情况下表面态的波函数的表达式，并说明各项的特点。

3. 推导出一维双原子的色散关系。

4. 在紧束缚近似条件下，求解周期势场屮的波函数和能量木征值。

5. 某面心立方晶体，其点阵常数为aifflj 出晶胞，（1, 1, 1）, （2, 2 , 0 ） , （ 1 , 1 , 3 ）晶面；计算三面的面间距;说明为什么（1，0，0）晶面衍射强度为零。

6. 重费米系统、接触电势、安徳森转变。

7. 为什么金属电子白由程是有限的但又远远大于原子间距？8 .硅木征载流了浓度为9. 6 5 x 1 0 9 cm~3,导带有效密度为2. 8 6x1019 cm-3,若掺入每立方厘米10 16的A s原了，计算载流了浓度。

9 .磁畴1 0 •原激发1 1 .对理想金属可以认为其介电常数虚部为零。

请以A 1为例，给出理想金属对的反射率R随频率的变化（公式、频率值、示意图）1 2.分析说明小角晶界的角度和位错的间距的关系，写出表达式。

1 3.试通过数据说明，为什么处理硅、餡等半导体的可见光吸收时，采用垂真跃迁的近似是合理的。

1 4.试根据超导B=0,推导出超导临界温度和外加磁场的定性关系。

1 5.论述固体内部的位错类型，并且画出示意图。

2004 年第一部分（共6题，选作4题，每题15分，共计60分；如多做，按前4题计分）从成键的角度阐述m-v族和II-VI族半导体为什么可以形成同一种结构:闪锌矿结构。

2. 请导出一维双原了链的色散关系，并讨论在长波极限时光学波和声学波的原了振动特点。

3. 从声子的概念出发，推导并解释为什么在一般晶体屮的低温品格热容量和热导率满足T3关系。

中科院考博试题

中科院发育所06年生物化学考博试题1.试举5例说明绿色荧光蛋白在生物学研究中的作用?2.真核生物逆转座子的结构功能和生物学意义?3.一蛋白用SDS聚丙电泳分离后为一条带,请问,这个蛋白是否只有一种成分,如果还有其它成分如何分离,鉴定纯度4.真核生物表达各水平上的调控机理5.举两篇05年我国科学家发表的Cell Science Nature的文章,要国内通迅地址,要写出作者或单位,以及文章的主要内容.6.请在生化角度评价转基因食物的安全性中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。

一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。

（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。

（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。

（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。

（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。

（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。

(完整word)中科院生态学考博真题题汇总,推荐文档

2010年中科院生态中心考博生态学真题一、名词解释1、Climax2、Biological invasion3、Fundamental niche4、Energy pyramid5、Landscape process6、Heat island7、Ecosystem service8、Allelopathy9、r/k selection10、Direct grandient anylisis二、简答（六选四）1、简述生产力与生物多样性之间的关系。

2、简述氮循环过程。

3、简述我国森林生态系统主要类型及特点。

4、简述植物对光照因子的响应方式。

5、简述生态敏感评价方法。

6、简述生态工程的基本原理。

三、论述（四选二）1、论述城市生态系统的结构、功能与特征，并讨论其研究方法。

2、从碳循环的角度，论述未来全球气候变化对生态系统碳源和碳汇的影响。

3、举例说明景观生态学在生物多样性保护或区域生态环境保护中的作用。

4、从生态系统物质循环的角度，举例论述污染物的产生、传输、危害过程及控制对策。

1 何谓R对策和K对策？简述 r-K选择理论的生态学意义（10分）。

2 简述演替顶极理论的三个假说（10分）。

3 简述三级营养关系的概念并举例加以说明（10分）。

4 简述物种和群落或生态系统水平上生物多样性的测定方法（10分）二论述题1 我国近年来兴建了许多大型水利工程，这些工程对生态环境有哪些影响？试举例说明并提出环保对策（15分）。

2 外来种 (exotic species) 和入侵种 (invasive species) 有何不同？如何防止一种外来种成为入侵种？试举例说明（15分）。

3 水生植物在水环境保护中的作用有哪些？举例说明如何利用大型水生植物保护水环境（151、MacArhthur平衡说2、恢复生态学3、净初级生产量4、空间异质性5、邻接效应6、群落排序7、湿地 8、他感作用9、同资源种团 10、原生演替二、简述题（每题8分，共48分）1．岛屿生物地理学（Island Biogeography）与生物多样性保护。

中科院生物物理所生物化学考博真题及答案

6个简答和2个论述题CAS-ibp-2004名词解释：肽平面；肽键中的C—N键具有部分双键的特征，不能自由旋转，这些现象是因共振而产生的。

其结果使肽键处在一个刚性的平面上，此平面被称为肽键平面(酰胺平面)。

磷酸戊糖途径；一个葡萄糖-6-磷酸经代谢产生NADPH和核糖-5-磷酸的途径。

其过程可以分为两个阶段：①六碳糖（6-磷酸-葡萄糖）脱羧形成五碳糖（5-磷酸-核酮糖），并伴有NADPH+H+和CO2的生成；②5-磷酸-核酮糖通过异构化，转酮基，转醛基与糖酵解途径联系起来。

荧光共振能量转移（FRET）；当一个荧光分子（又称为供体分子）的荧光光谱与另一个荧光分子（又称为受体分子）的激发光谱相重叠时，供体荧光分子的激发能诱发受体分子发出荧光，同时供体荧光分子自身的荧光强度衰减。

简答：1 “限制性内切酶是原核生物抵抗外界，免疫防御的一道防线”这句话如何理解。

定义：限制性核酸内切酶是可以识别特定的核苷酸序列，并在每条链中特定部位的两个核苷酸之间的磷酸二酯键进行切割的一类酶，简称限制酶。

在20 世纪60 年代，人们就注意到DNA 在感染宿主后会被降解的现象，从而提出限制性切酶和限制酶的概念。

1968 年，首次从E.coli K 中分离到限制酶，它有特定的识别位点但没有特定的切割位点，其中切割位点离识别位点达1000bp 以上。

1970 年，美国约翰·霍布金斯大学的H. Smith 于偶然中发现，流感嗜血杆菌（Haemophilus influenzae）能迅速降解外源的噬菌体DNA ，其细胞提取液可降解E.coli DNA ，但不能降解自身DNA ，从而找到HindⅡ限制性内切酶。

限制性核酸内切酶分布极广，几乎在所有细菌的属、种中都发现至少一种限制性内切酶，多者在一属中就有几十种，例如在嗜血杆菌属中（Haemophilus）现已发现的就有22种。

限制作用实际就是限制酶降解外源DNA，维护宿主遗传稳定的保护机制。

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士入学考博专业课考题(最全)

２００９经济地理学研究生入学考试一、名词解释1.产业集群2.空间管制3.区域创新网络4.循环累计因果理论5.农业生态系统6.连接度二、简述题1.简述距离衰减原理的基本内容以及在产业布局中的应用。

2.试述中心—外围理论的核心观点。

3.分析自然环境对经济活动区位的影响。

三、论述题1.试论述地理信息系统在区域发展研究中的应用。

2.试论述经济全球化与经济区域化的关系。

中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题区域发展）：名词解释（每题4分）：三大自然区；倒U型曲线；里斯本战略；空间结构；生态补偿机制论述（任选4题，每题20分）：1、试论述改革开放后我国区域经济差异变化的特征及其原因。

2、我国经济发展兼顾“效率”与“公平”的难点。

3、协调发展的具体含意。

4、试论述我国“西部大开发、东北振兴、中部崛起、东部率先发展”的宏观区域经济发展战略与主体功能区划的关系。

5、市场经济的完善对我国区域规划的影响。

经济地理）：名词解释（每题4分）：杜能圈；垂直外资；郊区化；交通枢纽；发展轴论述题（任选4题，每题20分）：1、结合城市化快速发展的典型案例，解析乡村转型中的特征及存在的问题。

2、论述产业集中与产业集群的异同。

3、与我国1980－90年代相比较，我国小城镇发展的影响因素有什么变化，及其在新农村建设的作用。

4、结合下图我国的高速公路网建设布局方案，论述其经济地理基础及其对我国经济社会空间结构的影响。

5、谈谈我国主体功能区划有哪些科学依据。

中科院2006年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题城市地理学（2006）一、简述题：1.简述城市化的阶段性特征。

2.简述城市竞争力的影响因素。

3.城市发展定位。

4.简述我国大城市城市居住空间的分异特征。

二、论述题（3选2）1.比较城市群与都市圈在发展机制、形成条件和基本特征方面的异同。

中科院生物物理所细胞生物学考博真题及答案

6简答2-4论述CAS-ibp-2011简答：1、iPS诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells, iPS cells）最初是日本人山中申弥（Shinya Yamanaka）于2006年利用病毒载体将四个转录因子（Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 和c-Myc）的组合转入分化的体细胞中，使其重编程而得到的类似胚胎干细胞（ES）的一种细胞类型。

在基础研究方面，它的出现，已经让人们对多能性的调控机制有了突破性的新认识。

细胞重编程是一个复杂的过程，除了受细胞内因子调控外，还受到细胞外信号通路的调控。

对于Oct4、Sox2和Nanog等维持干细胞自我新能力的转录因子的研究正在逐渐地展开；利用iPS 干细胞作为实验模型，只操纵几个因子的表达，这更会大大加速对多能性调控机理的深入研究。

在实际应用方面，iPS干细胞的获得方法相对简单和稳定，不需要使用卵细胞或者胚胎。

这在技术上和伦理上都比其他方法更有优势，iPS干细胞的建立进一步拉近了干细胞和临床疾病治疗的距离，iPS干细胞在细胞替代性治疗以及发病机理的研究、新药筛选方面具有巨大的潜在价值。

2、脂筏定义：以甘油磷脂为主的细胞质膜上富含胆固醇和鞘磷脂等形成相对有序的脂相，如同漂浮在脂双层上的脂筏。

近年来的研究表明, 脂筏( 包括质膜微囊) 具有如下主要的功能: ①信号转导。

从脂筏所含有的蛋白质和脂类来看, 其中很多都是与细胞信号转导有关的组分, 为信号的起始和交叉作用提供了一个结构平台。

②跨细胞运输。

包括内吞和外排, 同时也包括胞外毒素、细菌以及病毒的内吞。

③胆固醇的运送。

④维持胞内Ca2+的稳态平衡。

众所周知, 物质通过细胞膜的内吞或外排或分泌都是以微囊形式来运送的。

大量试验结果表明, 这些微囊表面富含脂筏结构。

同时脂筏是多种病原体进入宿主细胞的位点, 支持病毒粒子的组装和出芽, 其信号转导功能一方面可以启动宿主细胞的保护性免疫应答, 另一方面也被病原体利用, 以利于病原体的传播和疾病发生.3、Autophag4、核糖体功能核糖体功能是按照mRNA的指令将氨基酸合成蛋白质多肽链,所以核糖体是细胞内蛋白质合成的分子机器核糖体蛋白质与RNA的功能；核糖体上具有一系列蛋白质合成的结合位点与催化位点。

中科院遗传所03-07遗传学考博试题(含有整理答案,详细)

遗传学2007一、一个学生用转基因技术研究一个基因的功能。

该学生共得到30个独立的转基因株系，其中29个株系的表型与预测的功能基本吻合。

但其中一个株系的情况很特殊，在连续三代自交后代中无法获得任何纯合的转基因株系。

此外，转基因杂合体（其基因型已准确的确认）的自交后代中，仅出现杂合体和野生型（即不含有转基因的个体）两种群体，其比例大致为 2:1，但没有纯合体后代。

请解释该株系表型的遗传学基础，并通过实验验证你的解释。

答：该同学在对该株系转基因的过程中可能插入到一个重要的基因，该基因的失活可能会造成植株的致死。

假设我们研究的基因为A ，插入失活的基因为B 。

那么该同学获得的杂合转基因植株的基因型可能为AaBb 。

自交后代的基因型为：AABB 、AaBb 、aabb 。

其中aabb 是致死的，因此转基因杂合体的自交后代中，仅出现杂合体和野生型两种群体，其比例约为2:1。

实验方案：I 、扩增插入位点的旁临序列，在网上的相关数据库进行比对，看看是否是植株生长过程中重要的基因。

如果有相关报道是一个重要的基因，可以通过在正常植株中把该基因干扰掉，观察植株是否致死，如果致死，则证明所作的猜测是正确的。

II 、也可以通过遗传学的方法间接证明。

将该转基因株系中的杂合株和正常转基因株系中的隐性纯合株杂交，如图：就能够得到杂合型和纯合型，并且比例接近1:1。

如果是这样的结果，也可间接证明转基因过程中突变掉了一个与植株发育相关的重要的基因，导致无法得到纯合的转基因株系。

（转基因过程中除了插入到基因中造成突变，还有其他的如单碱基的突变造成基因突变？）该题目考查了转基因过程中出现的问题该如何解释，需要掌握转基因的原理、过程。

题干也给出了我们在研究某基因的功能的时候可以利用转基因的方法。

AaBb × aaBB AaBB aaBb P ：二、一个学生用某一材料的基因组DNA（genomic DNA）为模版，通过PCR 扩增克隆了一个基因。

2023年中科院考博英语真题

中国科学院3月博士硕士入学考试试题PARTⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC.offersD. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.A. dispositionB. distinctionC.distributionD. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick toB. turn toC.lead toD. take to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimentalD. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. idetity26. The food was divided____________according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficientlyD. proportionally27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggeratesD. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC.for the sake ofD. as opposed to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute toB. account forC.identify withD. leave out30. Please do not be____________by his had manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritatedD. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalentB. stand up toC.prospectiveD. prolific32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test of international competition.A. keep up withB. stand up toply withD. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________revived.A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. preliminarily34. The book might well have____________had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught onD. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________was under way.A. cleanupB. setupC.breakoutD. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________perfect product.A. ratherB. muchC.otherwiseD. particularly37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let offB. let goC.let looseD. let out38. They reached a(n)____________to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.limitationsD. misgivings39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our map.A. troublesB. fearsC.limitationsD. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________.A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partD. in your interestPAET ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in f or__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47__to the community that we can __ 48__it.Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings__ 50__simply and natur ally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its__ 55__.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely D. likely43. A. makd B. get C. possess D. select44. A. of B. for C. as D. with45. A. on B. to C. at D. for46. A. earlier B. later C. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D. evidence48. A. use B. afford C. ride D. find49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. work C. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed D. return54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that D. by reason that55. A. teachers B. students C. masters D. servantsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall” has receivedvery little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________.A. technologyB. contestC. strategyD. machine57. What does the author say about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________.A. solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________.A. brings little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air ” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglect ing to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Toobad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air ”can best be described as____________.A. trustingB. suspiciousC. criticalD. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auther seem to contend that____________ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________.A. the increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air quality is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It wa s (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“instinct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are di sappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________.A. adaptiveB. reasonableC. instinctiveD. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD. worth studyingPassage4In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day.“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”she said.Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates.“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.”Ironically, Baron's latest book,“Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,”became a vic tim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now they just say ‘whatever.’”“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward wr iting. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen derson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use disftinct writing styles that fit their purpose.She emphasizes that there's the mformal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thoght out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just e-mail and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits.Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adulte do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.73. According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her student's writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________.A. are the victims of the deteriorating educationB. mostly have very had handwritingC. don't think they're writing bad EnglishD. are ashamed of their poor writing skills75. What happened to Baron's latest book?A. It was poorly edited.B. It failed to come out.C. It w as renamed“Whatever”.D. It caused her to lose her job.76. What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?A. Computer ScienceB. LinguisticsC. Editing and PublishingD. Family and Consumer Sciences77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________.A. parallels a social tendency of being informalB. worries students as well as professorsC. is taken as trivial by employersD. is ignored in all business concerned sciences78.The word“distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________.A. clearB. differentC. elegantD. appropriate79. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students' casual writing?A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. ElegantD. Appropriate80. How does the author feel about the future of the English language?A. ConfidentB. GloomyC. WorriedD. UncertainPassage5Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,“but he that has it.”Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for“a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian doctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common nedical complaints of humanity.“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Med ical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types:invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called“dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood(often“black blood”from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever,“stomach”crams from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscpic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-invasive diarrhea carries a highrisk for dehydration.81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word“grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________.A. the terrible weatherB. the stern army lifeC. the suffering from diarrheaD. the tough wartime82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at that time?A. withstanding the coldnessB. Camping in the mountainsC. Getting up repeatedly at nightD. Reading Shakespeare in bed83. Who first gave the disease the name“diarrhea”?A. Ancient EgyptiansB. An old GreekC. American soldiersD. The passage doesn't tell84. According to Paragraph 2____________.A. People of higher status are less likely to be stricken with diarrheaB. diarrhea is no longer a serious disease in the modern worldC. diarrhea has been a threat to humanity throughout historyD. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than the young85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________.A. the former attacks the intestine walls but the latter does notB. the former causes dehydration but the latter does notC. the former makes the patient physically weaker than the latterD. the former is more dangerous than the latterPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of vies were appalling. Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment; or taste, Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2.In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment. This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretaion of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts an details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefor, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form fo fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of fraude: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation leads to stinginess of character, all that a。