学术英语(理工)翻译text15
学术英语理工版课文翻译
Text 1 电脑黑客如何进入电脑这好像是一个直接的问题，但是内涵很复杂，答案绝不简单，如果随便地回答，那么黑客通过利用弱点进入目标电脑系统。
但是为了提供更多细节，我们还是从头说起。
“hacker”这个词在意义和解释上都很有争议。
有些人说ha ckers(开路人) 是好人，他们只是推动了知识的边界，并没造成什么伤害（至少不是故意的），而crack er s (打砸者)是真正的坏蛋。
这种争论没有什么效果，如果是为了这种讨论的目的，术语“未授权的使用者”（UU）就足够用了。
这个术语包含了所有不同类型的人，从那些参与有组织犯罪行为的人到那些内部人士，他们突破了在系统中被授予的权限。
接下来我们探讨一下“进入”电脑意味着什么。
这可以指获得电脑系统储存的内容，获得系统的处理能力，或者捕获系统之间交流的信息。
每种攻击都需要不同的技巧，以不同的弱点为目标。
那么“未授权的使用者”利用的是什么？弱点存在于每个系统中，并且有两种弱点：已知的和未知的。
已知的弱点通常因为需要某些能力而存在。
比如，为了某个商业过程，你需要不同的人使用一个系统，你就有一个已知的弱点：使用者。
另一个已知弱点的例子是通过互联网交流的能力，为了具备这个能力，你要给未知和不被信任的实体开通一条路径。
未知的弱点是系统的拥有者或操作者所不了解的，可能是劣质工程的结果，或者是某些被需要的能力产生的非故意的结果。
按照定义，弱点可能被利用。
这些弱点可以是低级的密码保护，也可以是让电脑开着，让办公室的访客可以利用。
只要坐在接待员的桌前，用他的电脑获得需要的信息，就有超过一种技术被利用。
低级的密码（比如，用户名“Joe Smith”, 密码也是“Joe Smith”）也是接近电脑的丰富的来源：密码破译程序可以很容易在几分钟内确认字典中的单词、姓名，甚至常见短语。
(完整word版)学术英语理工类课后题答案(word文档良心出品)
Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
学术英语理工第二版课文原文
学术英语理工第二版课文原文Here is an essay on the topic "Academic English Engineering Second Edition Textbook Original Text" with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional punctuation marks.The academic English textbook for engineering students is a crucial tool for developing proficiency in the language for specialized fields of study The second edition of this text provides a comprehensive coverage of the essential language skills required for effective communication in the engineering domain The textbook is structured to cater to the diverse needs of learners from various educational and linguistic backgrounds ensuring that the content is accessible and engaging for all studentsThe first section of the textbook focuses on developing fundamental English language skills such as reading comprehension vocabulary building and grammar usage These foundational elements are essential for students to be able to understand and articulate technical concepts with clarity and precision The reading passages included in this section are carefully selected to expose learners to the style and discourse of academic and professional engineering literature Vocabulary exercises target domain-specific terminology aswell as general academic words that are frequently encountered in technical texts Grammatical structures are explained and practiced in the context of engineering-related tasks and scenarios ensuring that students gain a solid grasp of the language systems required for effective communication in their field of studyThe second part of the textbook delves into the core competencies of academic writing and oral presentation skills for engineers Writing assignments range from summaries and responses to research papers and technical reports guiding students through the various stages of the writing process from planning and drafting to revising and editing Particular emphasis is placed on developing skills in organizing ideas coherently structuring paragraphs logically and employing appropriate academic conventions and rhetorical devices Oral communication skills are addressed through activities focused on delivering clear and engaging technical presentations utilizing effective visual aids and responding confidently to questions from the audienceIn addition to the comprehensive coverage of language skills the textbook also incorporates a strong emphasis on developing critical thinking and problem-solving abilities essential for success in the engineering profession Case studies and real-world scenarios are integrated throughout the lessons encouraging students to analyze complex issues apply theoretical concepts to practical situations andpropose innovative solutions Collaborative learning activities further stimulate critical thinking as learners engage in discussions debates and group projects to explore engineering-related challenges from multiple perspectivesThe pedagogical approach adopted in this textbook is driven by the principles of learner-centered instruction and task-based learning The content and activities are designed to be highly interactive and engaging fostering an environment where students actively participate in the learning process rather than passively receiving information Ample opportunities are provided for learners to practice the target language skills in meaningful contexts that mirror the authentic communication scenarios they will encounter in their academic and professional livesFurthermore the textbook incorporates a robust digital component that enhances the learning experience for students Online resources such as interactive exercises multimedia presentations and virtual simulations supplement the print materials allowing for personalized learning pathways and extended practice beyond the classroom setting The digital platform also facilitates seamless collaboration among learners and enables instructors to monitor progress provide feedback and customize the learning content based on the needs of their studentsOverall the academic English textbook for engineering students in its second edition represents a comprehensive and innovative approach to language learning for specialized fields of study The judicious balance between developing foundational skills and cultivating critical thinking abilities coupled with the integration of digital tools and resources ensures that learners are equipped with the linguistic competence and cognitive skills required to excel in their academic pursuits and future engineering careers。
学术英语理工类 text15 Abstract
题目：转基因食物“能够养活世界吗”摘要：转基因食品在现代社会引起了一场激烈的争论，特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里。
事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分，转基因利用生物技术不仅可以提高把农业总产量提高25％，帮助防止作物收割后遭受损失，而且可以提高食物的营养价值，缓解世界的营养不良问题，利用生物技术还可以帮助提高因虫害、干旱、土壤贫瘠和作物病毒、细菌或真菌导致作物减产而出现食物匮乏的地区的农业生产率。
尽管具有这么多潜力，生物技术还远远不能解决全部问题，生物技术也无法克服在发展中国家分配粮食的难题，许多的转基因产品，通常过于昂贵无法到达最需要的地方，现在发展中国家正在进行越来越多的生物技术研究。
但是，为扩大遗传学研究对这些国家的粮食生产的影响，政府各部门(包括当地政府部门和发达国家的政府部门)与私营生物技术公司之间需要更好的合作。
主要单词：转基因食物，生物技术农业粮食发展中国家饥饿Abstract:Genetically modified food caused a fierce debate in the modern society, especially in long agrarian tradition and vocal green lobbies in the country。
In fact, genetically modified food has become very much a part of our lives, the transgenic biological technology can not only improve the total agricultural output increased by 25%, and help the losses prevent the crops after the harvest,but also can improve the nutritional value of the food, to alleviate malnutrition problem in the world, the use of biological technology can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi.Although it has so much potential, biological technology can not solve all the problems, biotech cannot overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries, many transgenic products may be too expensive not where it is most needed.Now More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries.But to increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries, there is a need for better collaboration between government agencieskeywords : Genetically modified food、Agricultural、Biotechnology developing countries、food、 hunger.。
学术英语(理工)详解答案-Unit-5
126of the influence of GM soya on the birthrate and
survival
3 of the offspring of Wistar rats?
① A group of female rats fed by GM soya flour before
mating and pregnancy; ② A control group of females fed by traditional soya; ③ A positive control group received feed without any soya.
Unit 5
Writing an Academic
Essay
1 Definition
2 AWdhdaittioanraeltqhueefsotuiornmsafoinr syourcuensdoefrshtaaznadridnsgooffGTeMxOt
1th6at are discussed by scientists worldwide?
In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role.
Unit 5
Writing an Academic
Essay
Hale Waihona Puke 1 DefinitionMaEtcnhathnecinwgorydosuwr aitchatdhemir idcelfainigtiuoangse.
The author means that in fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives.
学术英语理工版课文翻译
Text 3 云计算的优势1.介绍云计算在讨论云计算的优势之前，先看看云计算是什么，还有它的不同类型。
云计算有很多优势，它可以让你使用基础设施和应用程序的服务，并且（或者）为象征性的收费提供存储空间。
因为这些服务项目是由云服务供应商创造和提供的，你不必为基础设施的额外使用而付费（如服务器、应用程序、操作系统等）。
我们可以定义云计算为每次使用都付费的模式。
经过请求就能得到可靠、可配置的资源，这些资源可以很快被提供、被释放——客户参与的管理程度最小。
你只为你使用的资源付费，不需建立基础设施或购买软件，这只是云计算许多优势的一个抽象概念。
任何云都有以下特点，不管是私有的还是公有的，不管它提供的服务类型是什么：1）. 无论何时客户请求它能很快分配和释放资源2）. 它有实时的备份，为客户提供最大的正常运行时间3）. 它能够迎合客户的需求，而不需要让客户参与服务的管理接下来看看云计算的优点，主要研究在他们提供的服务基础上的不同种类的云。
2.云服务的类型软件即服务模型：这是最常见的云服务的形式。
这种服务供应者提供软件支持服务，软件是服务供应者建立的，而终端用户可以装配以适应自己的需求。
但是客户不能改变或修改软件。
在线备份服务就是一个例子。
它基本上是一个备份服务，它提供软件以帮助人们备份自己的数据。
这样，你可以使用服务而不必编码或购买软件，你只需每月或每年付费以使用这种服务项目。
平台即服务模型：它提供一个平台给客户，以满足不同目的。
比如：微软云计算操作系统提供一个平台给开发者，让他们建立、测试和主持应用程序。
这些程序可以被终端使用者使用。
终端使用者也许知道、也许不知道应用程序是通过云计算来进行的。
前面提到过，用户数据的存储空间可能会增加，也可能会缩小。
根据应用程序的要求，使用作为服务的软件，你不必建立平台。
你只需为使用服务支付象征性的费用。
基础架构即服务模型：它根据需求提供基础设施。
基础设施可以是存储服务器、应用程序和操作系统。
学术英语(理工)课后词汇
第8单元1 We love the valley in all its aspects (方面).2 Please replicate (折叠) the paper.3 The two accidents took place simultaneously (同时地).4 There was an air of expectancy (期望) among the waiting crowd.5 Article in The Wall Street Journal (日报) leans heavily on fashion.6 What does it require to be a successful mechanic (技工), to do all the mechanics problems?7 Thousands of wounded were brought to the next town of Castiliogne where he arrived and there was practically (几乎) no medical assistance.8 A text message confirming the policy number and sale is then sent automatically (自动的)9 He says the troops will have to launch quick, sharp and precise (精确的) attacks in the area if they hope to prevail.10 The trouble with Bill was that he never had a(n) specific(明确的) aim in life.11 Kevin drove erratically (不规律地), knocked down several cones, and ran over atleast one of the inflatable dolls.12 This is a(n) exclusive (纯粹的) white residential area.13 “Good morning” is a(n) conventional (传统的) greeting.14 Honesty, industry and kindness are elements (基础) of a good life.15 I needed a place to fire ceramic semiconductor (半导体) substrates for homemade integrated circuits.16 The findings appeared just days after another team reported its findings in the journal Nature Structural and molecular (分子的) Biology. 17 It is a(n) vast(广阔的) desert.18 The appearance (外貌) of the old house completely changed.19 The dispute has scared away potential (潜在的) investors.20 This small house is my only property (资产).21 Do you know how to manipulate (操作) a computer?22 You are not allowed to fabricate (伪造) a certificate.23 It is hard to foresee(预见) what will happen.24 The substance (主旨) of his speech was that he was better than the other candidates.25 Exceptions cannot be made for individual (个体).26 She then looked at the reverse(反面) side of the coin.27 The government and central bank were in theoretical(理论上的) harmony.第9单元1 the magnitude (巨大) of loss2 increase significantly (显著地) overnight3 atmosphere (大气) pressure4 work with greater intensity (紧张)5 give evidence (证据) in support of a theory6 birds migrating (迁徙) in winter7 speak more specifically (明确地)8 amplify(增强) the electric current9 a disease of frequent occurrence (发生)10 be in control of your own destiny (命运)11 strong motivation (动机) to succeed12 annual (年度的) bonus13 be released (释放) from prison14 a(n) vicious(恶毒的) enemy to defeat15 create a(n) environmentally (有关环境方面) safe society16 alternate (交替) between rain and sunshine17 the most prominent (突出的) feature of the book18 his reaction (反应) to the news19 drastically (大幅度地) cutting staff20 traffic regulation (规则)21 a(n) minimal (最小的) charge for the service22 exposure (暴露) of the body to strong sunlight23 retain (保持) youthful vigor24 compound (混合) the ingredients25 They are free eventually (最后).26 decline(谢绝) an invitation27 Man is a reasoning creature (生物).第10单元1 undergo (经历) a smooth transition2 be offered massive (大量的) sums to leave3 unprecedented (史无前例的) reforms in any socialist countries4 runaway (失控的) inflation5 achieve a wide variety of consensus (共识) on many issues6 such a motion will largely hinder(阻碍) any move by the new Governor7 total farm output(产量) for this year8 a child’s concentration span (注意力集中的时间)9 paint a(n) bleak(无望的) picture for the future of the U.S. labor market10 make a dent (有点进展) in the work11 constantly(经常地) changing population12 complete the project with a satisfactory outcome(结果)13 play down (淡化) the significance of the meeting14 temperature variation (变化) due to solar radiation15 skills that are absolutely (绝对地) vital to these performers16 denigrate (诋毁) his rivals17 Don’t mess with (干预) things you don’t know.18 windows which admit light but totally herald(隔离) from cold or heat19 resist the overwhelming (无法抗拒的) temptation to eat chocolate20 witness the results of savage(野蛮的) attacks on the public21 take actions to help resolve(解决) housing problems22 create a(n) gigantic(巨大的) bubble in shares and house prices23 the innovative system which reduced pollution output(输出) to zero24 conditions that vary dramatically (戏剧化地) day to day25 ban the use of sex-selective (性别选择性的) abortion第11单元1 a small breach(缺口) in the dam2 shallow(浅的) foundation3 implement (履行) a promise4 the survivor(s) (幸存者) of the earthquake5 hypothetical (假设的) situation6 initiate(发起) a reform7 have potential (潜力) as an artist8 despite(不顾) their strong disagreement9 neutralize (中和) acids10 be in contact(了解) with each other11 transport (运输) goods by lorry12 the volume(大量) of exports13 penetrate (穿透) the fog14 confirm(证实) my suspicious15 strategy(战略) of sustainable development16 a rough estimate(估计) of your income17 noticeable(显著的) change18 power generation (产生)19 avert(转移) one’s glance from an ugly sight20 medical (医学的) apparatus and instruments21 disperse(传播) knowledge22 territorial integrity(完整)23 compensate(赔偿) for the loss第14单元1 the symptoms (症状) of depression2 the core(核心) curriculum3 speak in a menacing (威胁的) tone4 a study on the male sterility(不育)5 compromise (危害) human health6 the cumulative (日积月累的) effect of human activity on the environment7 a harmful dose(剂量) of radiation8 ingest(摄入) radioactive particles through exposed food9 penetrate (穿透) the skin10 his premature (过早的) death at the age of 3711 the temperature hovering (徘徊) around 38 degrees12 disrupt(打乱) the process of repairing damaged tissue13 a rise in premarital conception(s) (受孕)14 an earthquake of 9.0 magnitude (震级)15 spark(激发) interest in art16 a(n) acute(剧烈的) pain in the chest17 special facilities (设施) for the disabled18 energy transmitted (传送) in the form of Particles[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。
理工类学术英语翻译text11核电的危险
Text 11 核电的危险RISKS OF NUCLEAR POWERBernard L. Cohen, .Professor at the University of PittsburghRadiationThe principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light---186,000 miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.辐射与核电相联系的主要危险来自辐射对健康的影响。
这种辐射包括亚原子颗粒以光速或接近光速运行——每秒186000英里。
它们可以深深穿透到身体内部，在体内它们可以损伤生物细胞，然后引发癌症。
如果它们攻击性细胞，它们可以导致子孙后代的基因疾病。
Radiation occurs naturally in our environment; a typical person is, and always has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every second from natural sources, and an average medical X-ray involves being struck by 100 billion. While this may seem to be very dangerous, it is not, because the probability for a particle of radiation entering a human body to cause a cancer or a genetic disease is only one chance in 30 million billion (30 quintillion).辐射在我们环境中自然地发生；通常每个人每秒钟受到来自自然源的15000个粒子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X光检查则带有1，000亿个粒子的辐射。
学术英语(理工)_答案TEXT 1-10
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
Translate the following sentences from Text 2 into Chinese.
4 间谍软件与垃圾邮件和钓鱼网络一起，构成了三个令人生 厌的互联网害虫。尽管有些程序可以通过入侵软件漏洞从 而进入电脑，但这些有害而秘密的程序通常会随着其他通 常是免费的应用软件侵入到计算机系统中。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
Match the words with their definitions.
12 work within the __p_a_ra_m__e_te_r_ (限定因素) of time and budget 13 thanks for your kind __in_t_e_rp_r_e_ta_t_io_n__ (解释) 14 use many __te_c_h_n_i_ca_l__ (专业的) terms 15 Prices ___r_a_n_g_e___ (变化范围) from 340 U.S. Dollars to 390
2 这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容，获得一个系统的处 理能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。
3 那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能 是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些 必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
学术英语(理工类)_Unit1-2-3-4-5全539页
your operating system and applications; – Make sure your password is complex; – Consider getting a hardware firewall and
Sustainable Development of Chinese Big Cities from the Biological Perspective
第六页，编辑于星期五：十二点 三十二分。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Topics Global Warming Cancer
new virus definitions available;
– Back up your data.
第十四页，编辑于星期五：十二点 三十二分。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
limiting the flow of data to and from the Internet to only the few select ports you
actually need;
– Make sure your anti-virus software is up-to-
date and check frequently to see if there are
7 start with a pretty straightforward (直截了当) question
学术英语Unit1~4课文翻译
Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
也许留到下一次再说吧？她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？健康保养：她最后一次乳房 X 光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？ 50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去 10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。
学术英语理工Abstract
Text 1Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer i s challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside ” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be t aken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits wi ll be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking i ncluding being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol and being preprogram med against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of ha cking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex password s, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating antivirus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.Text 3Cloud of computing is allowing you to use services that include infrastructure applications ,and storage space for a nominal fee. It should be able to quickly allot and relieve resou rces whenever required by clients and cater to the needs of clients without having to invo lve clients into management of the service and have real- time backup to offer maximum up time clients. The type of cloud services includes software as a service ,platform as a s ervice ,infrastructure as a service .The advantages of cloud computing under green computi ng include reducing the consumption of electricity while also reducing emissions that dam age the environment ,saving the environment while also saving on the expenses incurred d ue to a demand for expansion ,and allowing you to let you employees telecommute. Then ,here is a summary about the advantages of cloud computing: remote accessibility , easy expansion ,security and environmentally friendly.Text 4Today, “Cloud Computing”has became a popular word. This paper focuses on security benefits of cloud computing. The future of the Internet belongs to the web 3.0, also called the intelligent web which can be seen as a new way of creating and using applications that can run on different devices and having the data stored into the cloud. The cloud means the Internet, and the current cloud computing architecture involves the existence of data centers that are able to provide services to the clients located all over the world. The cloud clients could be regular PCs, mobile phones, PDAs or any other similar devices. Cloud computing allows to move the processing effort from the local devices to the data center facilities. In these conditions, the security of data and applications becomes a very a major issue. The cloud computing has lots of advantages, of course there are some disadvantages. And the cloud computing provides some major security benefits for individuals or companies. Such as centralized data storage monitoring of data access become easier and so on. Cloud computing is still at the beginning. So the list remains wide open for newentries. Today, the information infrastructure is moving faster to a simple but very innovative concept called cloud computing. Many devices are cloud compatible in this context. Cloud computing is potentially able to offer major security benefits.Text 5With the development of social and technology, Artificial intelligence may replace human jobs in the future. There are a lot of news that reported artificial intelligence has play a important role in our life. For decades. People wrote about how machines replace humans. It will be better or ill. But all expected did not come. Around the time of the Revolution. Most of Americans worked in the farm. They farmed to keep themselves alive. With the development of traffic. Farming increasingly became a cash business. But as the agricultural industry grew, there are fewer and fewer workers who worked at farming and ranching. Today agricultural provides fewer than two million jobs. Because of automation happened. It bring better plows, planting and sowing machines. Agricultural become more and more scientific. The farmers’ children found new kinds of jobs in the city, they do not like stay on the farm. The early water-and-steam-powered factories also displace millions of craftsmen, because machine-handing factory workers made the goods better than the goods made by craftsmen. So that the number of factory jobs growing rapidly at that time. The automation of farming, craft work and manufacturing made products. Among them, food become cheaper and cheaper, so people can save money from food, then spend money on other expensive goods. Will A.I. machines take over the best occupations? The author is optimist and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.Text 6Game theory Game theory is the science of strategy and was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John V on Neumann. In the early years the emphasis was on games of pure conflict. Other games were considered in a cooperative form. Games are different from decisions made in a neutral environment. The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. There are two distinct typesof strategic interdependence:sequential and simultaneous. The logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathemat cian John Nash. Nash’s notion of equilibrium remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games. Some games have many such equilibrium while others have none. And this notion has some flaws. In spite of it,the concept has proved extremely useful in analyzing many strategic interactions. There are some examples of strategic interaction illustrate some of the fundmentals of game the ry:the prisoners’dilemma,mixing moves and strategic moves. Recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation. But the theory is far away from complete,and in many ways the design of successful strategy remains an art.Text 8At the begin of this article ,it states that there are unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small that we can’t see it—even with a light microscope and tells us the important of nanotechnology .Then in order to understand the unusual world ofnanotechnology ,we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved .The long of one nanometer is so small .When we measure the atomic scale ,we can find that it’s still small compare to the nannmeter ,But in a lecture called “Small Wonders :The World of Nanoscience ”,Nobel Prize winner Dr .Horst Stormer said that the nanoscale is more interstesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something—it’s not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful .Then the article states that some predictions of nanotechnology such as the use of the rule of quantum mechanics ,nanorobot .It states that there great value in nanotechnology in future.Text 9Global warming has been a global issue for many years now.However, the most prominent effect of global warming exists in the climate change over the past years. It causes the oceans warmer, the intensity of hurricanes amplifies in power and devastation. Another area affected by global warming is the animal kingdom and nature.The number of animals has been decreasing and the various disease has spread to new regions across the globe. A third type of evidence of global warming can be found in plants. The leading cause of global warming is the ongoing burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Although carbon dioxide largely harms the environment, the other greenhouse gases have a large impact in the atmosphere. Throughout the world, various nations have been joining to help prevent or slow the process of global warming. The issue of global warming affects nature, people, and the economy. Scientists directly link disease to global warming. When people are trying to get others involved in the cause, a common problem that arises is the lack of motivation. In conclusion, the world needs to put forth a stronger effort to prevent global warming. And the mitigation of global warming, we should do from ourselves, from the little things around.Text 10This article introduces what is global warming firstly, moreover there is a dispute lies in whether or not the global warming caused by human or results from the natural turnabout. There is a series figure point out that during the past 70 years, the earth has been hotter than at any other time in the last millennium which only spend few decades. The rising temperature trend can not be explained simply, it’s a consequence of 2 centuries of pollution .What’s more, due to the inherent inertia of this trend , we cannot immediately stop but only slow down. In fact, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are rising for a long time ,moderating temperature swings and extremes, but our pollution is now strongly enhancing this greenhouse effect. However because the climate machine is complex, the sunspot cycle also play a role in it as well as volcanic eruptions. Attempting to pin down the true variation in global temperatures over the past thousand years is difficult because there still are evidences which can deny it. But of course , this was not the intention of the experiment at all . Indeed ,it is only in recent decades that the pollution effect of human activities on the global environment has been thought of in these terms. Even if both temperatures and sea levels would continue to rise for centuries to come, we are going to face the changes to our environment. And our children and their descendants are going to find the earth a very different place.Text 11The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation.The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material.They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.But the rate of the latter is far less than the former. Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power.But the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potenti al effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen probability is exceedingly small. If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact with people for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care. At other radiation problems，for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.Text 15Genetically modified food caused a fierce debate in the modern society, especially in long agrarian tradition and vocal green lobbies in the country。
学术英语理工类Unit-1答案
1. Critical Reading Critical thinking (asking questions)
To identify the author’s motives or the purpose of writing, you can ask questions such as: •What is the theme / main argument of…? •Is the author trying to persuade readers or merely provide information? •Might the author have a hidden purpose? •What are the author’s presumptions and bias? •Does the author support one side of a controversy or appear impartial? •Does the author’s attitude lie implicit in the text?
It can allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if there is some doubt about your findings.
1. Critical Reading How to read research articles
4. What are the contents of the discussion section? It may evaluate the research results fully, point out what questions remain unanswered and perhaps suggest directions for further research.
学术英语(理工)翻译text12
Text 121、随着人们对福岛核泄漏事故的担忧日益加剧，是否有可能精确计量核辐射对健康的直接和持续性影响？以下是核辐射疾病和日本面对的其他威胁背后的科学依据。
2、3月11号，日本发生了地震和海啸。
一场强大的，震级达9.0级的大地震袭击了日本的东北部，引发了波及美国西海岸的高达10米的海啸。
以下是这场灾难背后的科学依据。
3、紧随3月11号的地震和海啸而来的福岛第一大核电站不断发展的危机引起了人们对核辐射对健康的影响的担忧：核辐射的“危险“水平是多少？辐射如何影响健康？严重且长期的低剂量辐射有什么结果？4、尽管放射性水蒸气已经被释放，减小了毁坏的复合体反应堆内的压强，而且在那的三次爆炸导致更多的辐射泄露，但是由此导致的辐射水平激增并没有持续。
迄今报道的最高辐射水平是当地时间3月15号上午10点22分在3号反应堆测量的400毫西弗特的脉冲。
（西弗特是电离辐射的单位，等同于100雷姆；雷姆是X射线和伽马射线辐射的剂量单位）随着远离事故发生点，辐射水平剧烈下降。
位于西南方向大约220km的东京的辐射水平据报道只比正常水平略高一点。
5、华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校的健康物理学家和辐射安全官员Susan nghorst 说：“我们离人们应该担心的距离水平还很远。
”6、根据研究过1986年切尔诺贝利灾难的国际放射防护委员会副主席亚伯.岗萨雷斯所言，目前来自日本的关于辐射泄露水平的信息是不完善的，而且关于“可能出现最糟糕的情况”的推测是不切题的。
7、核辐射对健康的影响取决于它的水平，类型和持续时间。
放射性水平8、普通人每年暴露在0.2到0.3毫西弗特的本底辐射之下，这是宇宙射线和来自建筑材料以及环境中自然放射性物质的辐射共同作用的结果。
9、美国核能管理委员会建议，在这个背景水平之外，公众每年接触到的核辐射量应限制在1毫西弗特之内。
美国对辐射工作人员的限制是每年50毫西弗特，不过很少有工作人员接触到的核辐射量接近这个水平。
学术英语理工类课后题答案
Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
学术英语(理工)详解答案-Unit-1
6 —— d 7 —— j
8 —— f 9 —— h
10 —— i
第十五页，共72页。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
Match the words with their definitions.
学术英语(理工)详解答案-Unit-1
第一页，共72页。
第二页，共72页。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
Unit Contents
1 Deciding on a topic 2 Formulating a research question
3 Writing a working title
Lecture 1 Questions Lecture 2 Questions
Lecture 3 Questions
第四页，共72页。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Four principles of deciding on a topic
第十页，共72页。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
What topic does each essay address? Do you think they are appropriate according to the four
principles mentioned on Page 2?
缺答案
第十一页，共72页。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
学术英语 理工 课文译文
Text1电脑黑客如何进入电脑这好像是一个直接的问题，但是内涵很复杂，答案绝不简单，如果随便地回答，那么黑客通过利用弱点进入目标电脑系统。
但是为了提供更多细节，我们还是从头说起。
“hacker”这个词在意义和解释上都很有争议。
有些人说hackers(开路人)是好人，他们只是推动了知识的边界，并没造成什么伤害（至少不是故意的），而crackers(打砸者)是真正的坏蛋。
这种争论没有什么效果，如果是为了这种讨论的目的，术语“未授权的使用者”（UU）就足够用了。
这个术语包含了所有不同类型的人，从那些参与有组织犯罪行为的人到那些内部人士，他们突破了在系统中被授予的权限。
接下来我们探讨一下“进入”电脑意味着什么。
这可以指获得电脑系统储存的内容，获得系统的处理能力，或者捕获系统之间交流的信息。
每种攻击都需要不同的技巧，以不同的弱点为目标。
那么“未授权的使用者”利用的是什么？弱点存在于每个系统中，并且有两种弱点：已知的和未知的。
已知的弱点通常因为需要某些能力而存在。
比如，为了某个商业过程，你需要不同的人使用一个系统，你就有一个已知的弱点：使用者。
另一个已知弱点的例子是通过互联网交流的能力，为了具备这个能力，你要给未知和不被信任的实体开通一条路径。
未知的弱点是系统的拥有者或操作者所不了解的，可能是劣质工程的结果，或者是某些被需要的能力产生的非故意的结果。
按照定义，弱点可能被利用。
这些弱点可以是低级的密码保护，也可以是让电脑开着，让办公室的访客可以利用。
只要坐在接待员的桌前，用他的电脑获得需要的信息，就有超过一种技术被利用。
低级的密码（比如，用户名“Joe Smith”,密码也是“Joe Smith”）也是接近电脑的丰富的来源：密码破译程序可以很容易在几分钟内确认字典中的单词、姓名，甚至常见短语。
通过用数字代替字母，使这些密码更复杂。
比如用0来代替字母O，并不会使任务更复杂。
当未获授权的使用者使用有效的用户名—密码组合，进入系统就是简单的登录了。
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Text 15 转基因食物-养育了世界？
1.如果你想在晚宴上引发一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食物这个话题。
对许多人来说，转基因，高科技农作物生产的概念产生了各种各样的环境，健康，安全和伦理问题。
尤其在有着长期农业生产传统的国家和绿色团体中。
这种观点（转基因和高科技农业生产的概念)似乎是反自然的。
2.事实上，转基因食物已经深入且成为我们生活的一部分了。
根据农业部显示，去年，美国种植的三分之一的玉米和超过一半的大豆，棉花都是生物技术的产品。
今年，在美国将有超过6500万英亩的转基因玉米被种植。
基因在瓶子外了。
3.然而，有一些非常明确的现实问题需要去解决。
像一些食品进入食物链一样，转基因食物必须经过严格的测试。
在富裕国家，关于生物问题的讨论淡化了，因为我们有丰富的食物可供选择，而且供应远远超过我们的需求。
在迫切希望养活快速增长和营养不良的人口的发展中国家，这个问题更为简单且更为紧急:生物技术的优点超过风险吗？
4.有关人口增长和饥饿的统计数据令人不安。
去年世界人口达到60亿。
联合国估计，到2050年，可能会接近90亿。
几乎所有的增长都发生在发展中国家。
同时，根据ISAAA数据显示，世界人均可耕种土地正在下降。
从1960年开始，适于耕种的土地就在稳定地下降而且50年之后，会减少一半以上。
5.联合国估计世界上有接近8亿的人处于营养不良的阶段。
这个影响是毁灭性的。
大约有4亿处于生育年龄的女性缺铁，意味着他们的孩子很可能具有各种各样的先天性缺陷。
多达1亿的孩子缺乏维他命A，这是失明的主要原因。
数千万的人由于缺乏食物遭受着其他的一些疾病和营养不良。
6.生物技术能够如何帮助呢？生物学家已经开发出了富含身体能够将其转化成
维他命A的β胡萝卜素的转基因大米和额外的铁元素。
他们现在正在研究其他种类的营养提供作物。
在一些地方，由于病虫，干旱，土壤缺乏和作物病毒，细菌或真菌导致的作物损害，使粮食欠收，食物短缺，生物技术也可以提高这些地方的农作物产量。
7.由于害虫导致的损害是难以置信的。
例如，欧洲玉米螟每年摧毁世界4000万吨玉米，大约有全部玉米的百分之七。
在种子中加入抗病虫基因可以帮助恢复平衡。
在非洲实验的抗病虫棉花，产量得到显著提升。
目前为止，转基因抗病虫害的作物可能会像杀死害虫一样杀死好的昆虫的担心似乎是毫无根据的。
8.发展中国家病毒经常导致主要农作物的大面积歉收。
两年前，由于花叶病毒，非洲失去了一半以上的木薯-热量的主要来源。
转基因抗病毒作物可以减少这种损害，就像在水资源短缺限制了耕地面积的地区，耐旱种子能做到的那样。
生物技术也可以解决土壤中铝含量过高的问题，铝含量过高能伤害植物根部导致许多主要农作物歉收。
一种帮助中和水稻铝中毒的基因已经被发现。
9.许多科学家相信，生物技术能够使发展中国家作物总产量提高百分之二十五且帮助防止这些作物收获后的损失。
10.然而尽管有这些希望，但是生物技术远不是所有问题的答案。
在发展中国家，粮食损失只是饥饿的一个原因。
贫困是最大的原因。
今天，全球有超过十亿人每天的生存费用低于一美元。
如果农民买不起转基因作物种植，或者当地的居民买不起那些农民生产的食物，那么，转基因作物的获取也无法减少饥饿。
11.生物技术也无法克服发展中国家分配粮食的挑战。
从整体上看，世界生产了足够的粮食来养育每一个人-但是其中大部分只是在错误的地方。
尤其在缺乏基础运输设施的国家，地理条件对粮食供应的限制就像遗传学对提高粮食产量的承诺一样引人注目。
12.生物技术有它自己的“分布”问题。
在富裕国家的私营企业对转基因作物做了很多的前沿研究。
他们的产品对发展中国家的贫困农民来说太贵了，并且，他们的产品甚至到达不了迫切需要这些产品的地方。
生物技术公司有很强的金融动机，为了快速地帮助他们恢复高昂的产品研发成本，他们的首要目标是富裕的市场。
但是有些公司正在回应穷国的需求。
例如，一家总部位于伦敦的公司已经宣布它将与发展中国家分享生产富含维生素的“黄金大米”所需要的技术。
13.在发展中国家越来越多的生物技术在进行研究。
但是为了提高基因研究对那些国家的粮食生产带来的影响，就需要当地及发达国家的政府机构和私营生物技术公司有更好的合作。
例如，ISAAA和美国国际开发署，地方研究机构及私营生物技术公司成功合作，为发展中国家的农民寻找并提供生物技术解决方案。
14.“弗兰肯”食物能养活全球吗？生物技术不是万灵药，但它确实有望改变许多国家的农业。
如果承诺不能实现，那么真正的输家将是他们的人，它们可能会在未来多年遭受苦难。
Be subjected to 经受
As many as 多达
The European borer 欧洲玉米螟
The mosaic virus 花叶病毒
Taken as a whole 从整体上看
Panacea 万灵药
Private-sector 私营。