学术英语复习(1)

学术英语理工类Abstract及课文翻译Text1、3、5、6、8、9、11、15、18Text 1Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker”and “getting inside”the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user”(UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.Text 3The article attempts to point out the advantages of cloud computing, a pay-per use model for enabl ing on-demand access to reliable and configurable resources. Comparisons between clouds compu ting services and traditional models have been conducted and the conclusion has been arrived as f ollows: Software, platform and infrastructure prove that cloud computing have the qualitytobe con trolled accessibly,costs less and re-provision quickly; the advantages of cloud computingincludest hefollowing:the business cloud be controlled accessibly from anywhere and be expanded easily;Cl ouds tend to be more secure and environmentally friendly than the traditional business models.Text 5With the development of social and technology, Artificial intelligence may replace human jobs in the future. There are a lot of news that reported artificial intelligence has play a important role in our life. For decades. People wrote about how machines replace humans. It will be better or ill. But all expected did not come. Around the time of the Revolution. Most of Americans worked in the farm. They farmed to keep themselves alive. With the development of traffic. Farming increasingly became a cash business. But as the agricultural industry grew, there are fewer and fewer workers who worked at farming and ranching. Today agricultural provides fewer than two million jobs. Because of automation happened. It bring better plows, planting and sowing machines. Agricultural become more and more scientific. The farmers’children found new kinds of jobs in the city, they do not like stay on the farm. The early water-and-steam-powered factories also displace millions of craftsmen, because machine-handing factory workers made the goods better than the goods made by craftsmen. So that the number of factory jobs growing rapidly at that time. The automation of farming, craft work and manufacturing made products. Among them, food become cheaper and cheaper, so people can save money from food, then spend money on other expensive goods. Will A.I. machines take over the best occupations? The author is optimist and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.Text 6Game theory was first put forward by a mathematician ofPrinceton University called John von neumann.Game theory is a science of strategy, it came fromtheperspective of mathematics and logic, deciding players should take to get the best results of the best course of action.It studied the fields of games that are interdependent.And this kind of game is different from the decision in neutral environment, whose nature lies in the slightly interdependence of participants' strategy. In principle, after a series of steps limited, the end of any sequence of games can be completely resolved. Each player has a best choice, but more is dominated by bad strategy. Tit for tat, confuse opponents, with strategic action and mutual argy bargy, hide the truth is objective, exposed flaws is the basic principles of game theory. The Game theory has made great success, but the Game theory is far from perfect.Text 8At the begin of this article,it states that there are unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small that we can’t see it—even with a light microscope and tells us the important of nanotechnology.Then in order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology ,we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved.The long of one nanometer is so small.When we measure the atomic scale,we can find that it’s still small compare to the nannmeter.But in a lecture called “Small Wonders:The World of Nanoscience”,Nobel Prize winner Dr.Horst Stormer said that the nanoscale is more interstesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something—it’s not until we startputting atoms together that we can make anything useful.Then the article states that some predictions of nanotechnology such as the use of the rule of quantum mechanics,nanorobot.It states that there great value in nanotechnology in future.Text 9Global warming has been a global issue for many years now. However, the most prominent effect of global warming exists in the climate change over the past years. It causes the oceans warmer, the intensity of hurricanes amplifies in power and devastation. Another area affected by global warming is the animal kingdom and nature.The number of animals has been decreasing and the various disease has spread to new regions across the globe. A third type of evidence of global warming can be found in plants. The leading cause of global warming is the ongoing burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Although carbon dioxide largely harms the environment, the other greenhouse gases have a large impact in the atmosphere. Throughout the world, various nations have been joining to help prevent or slow the process of global warming. The issue of global warming affects nature, people, and the economy. Scientists directly link disease to global warming. When people are trying to get others involved in the cause, a common problem that arises is the lack of motivation. In conclusion, the world needs to put forth a stronger effort to prevent global warming. And the mitigation of global warming, we should do from ourselves, from the little things around.Text 11The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation.The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material.They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.But the rate of the latter is far less than the former. Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power.But the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen probability is exceedingly small. If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact with people for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care. At other radiation problems，for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.Text 15In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. Although there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. However, in developing countries which desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations, the issue is simpler: do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? There are nearly 800 million people around the world are undernourished. Biotech can also improve farming productivity in food shortages places. Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25%.But in developing countries, poverty plays the largest role. Nor can biotech overcome thechallenge of distributing food in developing countries. big companies are reluctant to share technology, people may not afford to buy the food too. More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries, and delivers biotech solutions for farmers in developing countries. Biotech is not a panacea, but it does promise to transform agriculture in many developing countries. If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people.Text 18Marijuana is a drug of controversy in medical history. Whether its ultimate effects are harmful, harmless or beneficial to human functioning remains to be investigated. This paper focuses on the study of the physical effects of Marijuana uses. Based on previous research, the study divided the physical effects of marijuana use into the short-term effects and long-term ones, according to its frequency, duration and intensity of physical symptoms. The studies indicated that an increase of pulse rate and changes in blood sugar pressures are two remarkable signs of short-term effects together with the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, headache and so on. It was also found that the chronic use of marijuana may weaken one’s immune system and interfere with DNA production in terms of long-term effects翻译：Text 1 电脑黑客如何进入电脑这好像是一个直接的问题，但是内涵很复杂，答案绝不简单，如果随便地回答，那么黑客通过利用弱点进入目标电脑系统。