何家弘法律英语课件 第十四课
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2013-8-6 法律英语 5
Part one
Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution(commercial clause) The Congress shall have power to “regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes”
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
2013-8-6
法律英语
9
The grant of power also may be viewed as committing this subject matter to Congress and removing some of the powers of the states to deal with local matters ……
2013-8-6 法律英语 8
Federalism
The power over commerce might … include the power to promote the economic welfare of the citizens throughout the country.
增加经济福利
国会有权“规制与外国的商业活动， 州际商业活动，以及与印第安部落的 商业活动。”
2013-8-6 法律英语 6
The brevity of this clause belies the fact
Its interpretation has played a significant role in shaping the concepts of federalism and the permissible uses of national power throughout our history. 这一条款的简短性误导了一个事实，即: 这一条款的解释在历史上联邦主义概念 的形成和国家权力的运用方面起了重要 作用。
The Tenth Amendment is no longer viewed as a reservation of certain subjects for state regulation. 宪法第10修正案不再被看作是对州就某 些事项进行管制的保留。
2013-8-6
法律英语
16
Amendment X
法律英语
3
The Uniform Commercial Code 统一商法典
A set of statutes governing the conduct of business, sales, warranties, negotiable instruments, loans secured by personal property and other commercial matters, which has been adopted with minor variations by all states except Louisiana.
人们可以发现，缺少对国会权力的进一 步限制，这种权力可能就相当于一般化 的“公共权力”，因为许多发生在美国 甚至于某个州内的行为都可能与经济问 题有关。
2013-8-6 法律英语 11
A broad reading of the clause would not only grant a sweeping power to the federal government but it would also restrict the ability of individual states to adopt laws which burden the forms of commerce which were committed to the control of the federal government.
Lesson Fourteen
Commercial Law
2013-8-6
法律英语
1
Background
Commercial Law ：
All the law which applies to the rights, relations and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade and sales. In recent years this body of law has been codified in the Uniform Commercial Code, which has been almost universally adopted by the states. (http://dictionary.law.com/)
2013-8-6
法律英语
14
Part Two
The Supreme Court today interprets the commerce clause as a complete grant of power.
现在，联邦最高法院将商务条款解释 为一种完全的授权。
2013-8-6
法律英语
15
一旦大法官们将商务权力界定为独立授 权而不是第10修正案中的授权，生产-商 业和直接-间接的区分很快就失去了意义。
2013-8-6 法律英语 18
The Court now will defer to the legislature’s choice of economic rationale; the possible economic impact of an activity on commerce among the states will bring it within this power. 最高法院将遵从立法机关对经济原理的选 择；联邦政府一项行为对州际商务可能产 生的经济影响，将使该行为在联邦政府的 权力范围之内。
(http://dictionary.law.com/)
2013-8-6
法律英语
4
General Provisions 总 则 Sales &Leases 销售与租赁 Negotiable Instruments 商业票据 Bank Deposit and Collections 银行存款和托收 Funds Transfers 资金过户 Letters of Credit 信用证 Bulk Transfers 大宗转让 Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title仓单、提单和其它所有权凭证 Investment Securities 投资证券 Secured Transactions 担保交易
2013-8-6 法律英语 19
The old concepts of physical connection to commerce and the “current of commerce” theories have been discarded as inappropriate judicial restrictions on the commerce power.
宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行 使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人 民保留。
X
2013-8-6 法律英语 17
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Once the justices began to define the commerce power as an independent grant of power rather than in terms of the Tenth Amendment, the productioncommerce and direct-indirect distinctions soon passed away.
2013-8-6 法律英语 7
The federal government
Was granted neither a general police power nor the inherent right to act on any subject matter in order to promote the health, safety or welfare of the people throughout the nation. 联邦政府既没有被赋予一般公共权力，也没 有被赋予改善全国人民健康、安全或社会福 利方面的天生的行为权利。 The framer did grant Congress a power to regulate commerce. 宪法制定者们确实赋予了国会规制商务活动 的权力。
2013-8-6 法律英语 13
Today the Court will uphold the decisions of Congress
So long as there is some rational argument for finding that the items that the Congress regulates fall within the commerce power. 只要有合理的证据证明，国会管理 的事项在商务权力的范围之内，最 高法院将支持国会的决定。
对该条款的广义解释，不仅赋予了联邦 政府广泛的权力，而且限制了各州采用 涉及到由联邦政府控制的商务形式的法 律的能力。
2013-8-6 法律英语 12
The history of the commerce clause adjudication 商务条款裁决的历史
The history of the concepts of federalism 联邦制度概念的发展史 The development of doctrines supporting a specific federal power 特殊联邦权力原则的发展史
与商业有实质联系的概念
“商业流”理 论 对商务权力形成不恰当的限制 被抛弃
2013-8-6 法律英语 20
The Court has finally returned to
Marshall’s definition of commerce among the states as that which concerns more states than one. 最高法院最终采纳了马歇尔的州际商业 活动定义，即涉及到一个以上州的商务 活动是州际商务活动。
给予国会权力也可以被看成是将这些事 项交给国会，并取消州管理地方事务的 某些权力。
2013-8-6
法律英语
10
It can been seen that
Absent some further restriction upon the power, it might indeed be the functional equivalent of a generalized “police power” because much of the activity which takes place within the country, and even within a single state, might be said to relate to economic issues and problems.
2013-8-6 法律英语 2
Commercial law State law
The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws 统一各州法律全国代表大会 The Uniform Commercial Code
2013-8-6
Part one
Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution(commercial clause) The Congress shall have power to “regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes”
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
2013-8-6
法律英语
9
The grant of power also may be viewed as committing this subject matter to Congress and removing some of the powers of the states to deal with local matters ……
2013-8-6 法律英语 8
Federalism
The power over commerce might … include the power to promote the economic welfare of the citizens throughout the country.
增加经济福利
国会有权“规制与外国的商业活动， 州际商业活动，以及与印第安部落的 商业活动。”
2013-8-6 法律英语 6
The brevity of this clause belies the fact
Its interpretation has played a significant role in shaping the concepts of federalism and the permissible uses of national power throughout our history. 这一条款的简短性误导了一个事实，即: 这一条款的解释在历史上联邦主义概念 的形成和国家权力的运用方面起了重要 作用。
The Tenth Amendment is no longer viewed as a reservation of certain subjects for state regulation. 宪法第10修正案不再被看作是对州就某 些事项进行管制的保留。
2013-8-6
法律英语
16
Amendment X
法律英语
3
The Uniform Commercial Code 统一商法典
A set of statutes governing the conduct of business, sales, warranties, negotiable instruments, loans secured by personal property and other commercial matters, which has been adopted with minor variations by all states except Louisiana.
人们可以发现，缺少对国会权力的进一 步限制，这种权力可能就相当于一般化 的“公共权力”，因为许多发生在美国 甚至于某个州内的行为都可能与经济问 题有关。
2013-8-6 法律英语 11
A broad reading of the clause would not only grant a sweeping power to the federal government but it would also restrict the ability of individual states to adopt laws which burden the forms of commerce which were committed to the control of the federal government.
Lesson Fourteen
Commercial Law
2013-8-6
法律英语
1
Background
Commercial Law ：
All the law which applies to the rights, relations and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade and sales. In recent years this body of law has been codified in the Uniform Commercial Code, which has been almost universally adopted by the states. (http://dictionary.law.com/)
2013-8-6
法律英语
14
Part Two
The Supreme Court today interprets the commerce clause as a complete grant of power.
现在，联邦最高法院将商务条款解释 为一种完全的授权。
2013-8-6
法律英语
15
一旦大法官们将商务权力界定为独立授 权而不是第10修正案中的授权，生产-商 业和直接-间接的区分很快就失去了意义。
2013-8-6 法律英语 18
The Court now will defer to the legislature’s choice of economic rationale; the possible economic impact of an activity on commerce among the states will bring it within this power. 最高法院将遵从立法机关对经济原理的选 择；联邦政府一项行为对州际商务可能产 生的经济影响，将使该行为在联邦政府的 权力范围之内。
(http://dictionary.law.com/)
2013-8-6
法律英语
4
General Provisions 总 则 Sales &Leases 销售与租赁 Negotiable Instruments 商业票据 Bank Deposit and Collections 银行存款和托收 Funds Transfers 资金过户 Letters of Credit 信用证 Bulk Transfers 大宗转让 Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title仓单、提单和其它所有权凭证 Investment Securities 投资证券 Secured Transactions 担保交易
2013-8-6 法律英语 19
The old concepts of physical connection to commerce and the “current of commerce” theories have been discarded as inappropriate judicial restrictions on the commerce power.
宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行 使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人 民保留。
X
2013-8-6 法律英语 17
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Once the justices began to define the commerce power as an independent grant of power rather than in terms of the Tenth Amendment, the productioncommerce and direct-indirect distinctions soon passed away.
2013-8-6 法律英语 7
The federal government
Was granted neither a general police power nor the inherent right to act on any subject matter in order to promote the health, safety or welfare of the people throughout the nation. 联邦政府既没有被赋予一般公共权力，也没 有被赋予改善全国人民健康、安全或社会福 利方面的天生的行为权利。 The framer did grant Congress a power to regulate commerce. 宪法制定者们确实赋予了国会规制商务活动 的权力。
2013-8-6 法律英语 13
Today the Court will uphold the decisions of Congress
So long as there is some rational argument for finding that the items that the Congress regulates fall within the commerce power. 只要有合理的证据证明，国会管理 的事项在商务权力的范围之内，最 高法院将支持国会的决定。
对该条款的广义解释，不仅赋予了联邦 政府广泛的权力，而且限制了各州采用 涉及到由联邦政府控制的商务形式的法 律的能力。
2013-8-6 法律英语 12
The history of the commerce clause adjudication 商务条款裁决的历史
The history of the concepts of federalism 联邦制度概念的发展史 The development of doctrines supporting a specific federal power 特殊联邦权力原则的发展史
与商业有实质联系的概念
“商业流”理 论 对商务权力形成不恰当的限制 被抛弃
2013-8-6 法律英语 20
The Court has finally returned to
Marshall’s definition of commerce among the states as that which concerns more states than one. 最高法院最终采纳了马歇尔的州际商业 活动定义，即涉及到一个以上州的商务 活动是州际商务活动。
给予国会权力也可以被看成是将这些事 项交给国会，并取消州管理地方事务的 某些权力。
2013-8-6
法律英语
10
It can been seen that
Absent some further restriction upon the power, it might indeed be the functional equivalent of a generalized “police power” because much of the activity which takes place within the country, and even within a single state, might be said to relate to economic issues and problems.
2013-8-6 法律英语 2
Commercial law State law
The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws 统一各州法律全国代表大会 The Uniform Commercial Code
2013-8-6