何家弘法律英语课件 第十四课
2024年何家弘法律英语教学课件.
2024年何家弘法律英语教学课件.一、教学内容本课件依据《法律英语》教材第九章“国际贸易法”的内容进行设计。
详细内容包括：国际贸易的基本概念、国际贸易术语、国际贸易合同的构成要素、国际货物买卖法、国际贸易支付方式、国际贸易争议解决等。
二、教学目标1. 理解并掌握国际贸易法的基本概念和术语。
2. 学会分析国际贸易合同的主要构成要素，并运用到实际案例中。
3. 了解国际贸易支付方式及争议解决途径，提高解决实际问题的能力。
三、教学难点与重点教学难点：国际贸易合同构成要素的理解与应用，国际贸易支付方式的区别及选择。
教学重点：国际贸易法的基本概念、术语以及国际贸易合同的相关知识。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教具：多媒体课件、黑板、粉笔。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过展示一个实际的国际贸易案例，引出本节课的主题。
2. 新课内容：讲解国际贸易法的基本概念、术语，分析国际贸易合同的构成要素，介绍国际贸易支付方式和争议解决途径。
a. 知识讲解：通过实例和图表，帮助学生理解国际贸易法的基本概念、术语。
b. 例题讲解：分析具体案例，让学生学会运用所学知识解决实际问题。
c. 随堂练习：布置相关练习题，巩固所学知识。
六、板书设计1. 2024年何家弘法律英语教学课件2. 内容：a. 国际贸易法基本概念、术语b. 国际贸易合同构成要素c. 国际贸易支付方式d. 国际贸易争议解决七、作业设计1. 作业题目：c. 简述国际贸易支付方式及其优缺点。
2. 答案：a. FOB（Free On Board）：船上交货价，卖方在合同规定的装运港，将货物过船舷后，风险转移给买方。
CIF（Cost, Insurance and Freight）：成本加保险费加运费，卖方负责办理货物运输、保险，并支付相关费用，直至货物到达合同规定的目的港。
DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）：完税后交货，卖方承担将货物运至目的地的一切费用和风险，包括关税。
2024年何家弘法律英语彩色课件
2024年何家弘法律英语彩色课件一、教学内容本讲内容选自《法律英语》教材第八章“国际商事仲裁”，具体内容包括：国际商事仲裁的定义、特点、程序、法律适用、裁决的承认与执行等。
二、教学目标1. 理解并掌握国际商事仲裁的基本概念、程序及法律适用。
2. 培养学生运用法律英语进行国际商事仲裁相关文件的制作和翻译能力。
3. 提高学生的国际商事仲裁实践操作能力，使其具备一定的实务处理技巧。
三、教学难点与重点教学难点：国际商事仲裁的程序、法律适用及裁决的承认与执行。
教学重点：国际商事仲裁的基本概念、特点以及相关实务操作。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教具：多媒体课件、投影仪、黑板。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过讲解一个实际案例，引导学生思考国际商事仲裁在实际应用中的重要作用。
2. 理论讲解：a. 介绍国际商事仲裁的定义、特点。
b. 详细讲解国际商事仲裁的程序、法律适用。
c. 阐述裁决的承认与执行的相关规定。
3. 例题讲解：分析一个实际的国际商事仲裁案例，让学生了解仲裁程序的具体操作。
4. 随堂练习：针对案例进行分组讨论，让学生模拟仲裁程序，提高实践操作能力。
六、板书设计1. 国际商事仲裁的定义、特点。
2. 国际商事仲裁程序、法律适用。
3. 裁决的承认与执行。
七、作业设计1. 作业题目：a. 简述国际商事仲裁的定义、特点。
b. 分析一个国际商事仲裁案例，阐述其程序及法律适用。
c. 论述裁决的承认与执行的相关规定。
2. 答案：a. 略。
b. 略。
c. 略。
八、课后反思及拓展延伸2. 拓展延伸：a. 推荐阅读：《国际商事仲裁案例解析》。
b. 组织学生参加模拟国际商事仲裁比赛，提高实践能力。
c. 引导学生关注国际商事仲裁的最新动态，了解国际仲裁实践的发展趋势。
重点和难点解析1. 国际商事仲裁的程序2. 法律适用3. 裁决的承认与执行4. 例题讲解与实践操作一、国际商事仲裁的程序国际商事仲裁程序是整个教学过程中的核心，涉及仲裁申请、仲裁庭组成、仲裁审理、仲裁裁决等环节。
法律法规课件法律英语何家弘
法律法规课件法律英语何家弘教案：法律基础课程教学设计一、教学内容概述本课程旨在深入探讨法律的基础知识。
涵盖的核心主题包括法律的基本定义和种类、法律规范的构成要素及其执行力、中国的法律体系框架、法律原则与条文的相互作用，以及法律解释和应用的实践。
二、教学目标定位1. 学生应能全面掌握法律的基本概念和分类，理解法律规范的结构，并深刻领会法律效力的实质。
2. 培养学生对中国法律体系的宏观认识，增强法律意识。
3. 提高学生运用法律知识分析问题和解决问题的能力。
三、教学难点与重点难点：法律规范的结构与效力、中国法律体系、法律原则与法律条文的关系。
重点：法律基本概念、分类、规范结构，以及法律解释和法律适用。
四、教学策略与方法采用多媒体课件、黑板、粉笔等传统教具，结合现代教育技术手段。
利用情景引入、案例分析、课堂讨论、实践环节等多种教学活动，增强学生的参与感和实践能力。
通过板书设计、作业布置和课后反思，巩固教学成果，提升学生自主学习的能力。
五、教学过程规划1. 导入新课：通过情境引入，让学生思考法律在日常生活中的作用。
2. 知识传授：详细讲解法律基本概念、分类、规范结构，重点阐释法律效力的内涵。
3. 案例研讨：分析具体案例，让学生了解我国法律体系，掌握各种法律之间的关系。
4. 互动讨论：通过课堂讨论，让学生探讨法律原则与法律条文的关系，培养分析问题的能力。
5. 实践操作：分组讨论实际案例，应用法律知识，提高解决问题的实际能力。
7. 作业布置：布置适量作业，巩固所学知识，培养法律思维。
六、教学评价与反思通过课后作业、课堂表现和参与度，评价学生对知识的理解和应用能力。
教师需对教学过程进行反思，考虑如何改进教学方法，以提高教学效果。
此教案经过精心设计，旨在将的刻板文本转化为一个生动、互动、引人深思的法律教学计划。
通过这样的转化，教案将更好地服务于教学活动，促进学生法律素养的提升。
2024年【精品课件】何家弘法律英语课件
2024年【精品课件】何家弘法律英语课件一、教学内容二、教学目标1. 掌握基本的法律英语词汇，能够熟练运用在法律语境中；2. 学会分析法律英语句型结构，提高阅读和翻译能力；3. 了解法律文书的翻译技巧，能独立完成法律文书的翻译任务；4. 通过分析涉外法律实务案例，培养学生的法律英语思维和实际运用能力。
三、教学难点与重点1. 教学难点：法律英语词汇的记忆与运用、法律文书的翻译技巧、涉外法律实务案例的解读；2. 教学重点：法律英语句型的结构与用法、法律文书的翻译实践、法律英语思维能力的培养。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教具：多媒体教学设备、投影仪、黑板；2. 学具：教材、《法律英语词典》、翻译软件、课外阅读材料。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过讲解一个涉外法律案例，引发学生对法律英语的兴趣，引出本节课的内容；2. 知识讲解：详细讲解基本法律英语词汇、句型结构、法律文书翻译技巧；3. 例题讲解：分析具体案例，示范翻译过程，讲解注意事项；4. 随堂练习：让学生翻译一段法律文书，巩固所学知识；5. 互动环节：学生互相讨论翻译成果，教师点评并解答疑问；7. 课后作业布置：布置作业，要求学生运用所学知识完成翻译任务。
六、板书设计1. 法律英语词汇表；2. 法律英语句型结构图；3. 法律文书翻译技巧；4. 涉外法律实务案例解析。
七、作业设计1. 作业题目：翻译一篇涉及合同纠纷的涉外法律文书；2. 答案：待学生完成作业后，教师批改并给出答案。
八、课后反思及拓展延伸2. 拓展延伸：推荐课外阅读材料，引导学生深入学习法律英语，提高实际运用能力。
重点和难点解析1. 法律英语词汇的记忆与运用；2. 法律英语句型的结构与用法；3. 法律文书的翻译技巧；4. 涉外法律实务案例的解读；5. 课后作业的设计与反馈。
详细补充和说明：一、法律英语词汇的记忆与运用1. 词义辨析：通过例句和实务案例，讲解词汇在法律语境中的具体含义，帮助学生准确理解和记忆；2. 词汇运用：设计练习题，让学生将所学词汇运用到具体语境中，提高词汇运用能力；3. 词汇拓展：介绍词汇的近义词、反义词，提高学生的词汇量。
法律英语-何家弘
Lesson One: Legal System 法律制度英属殖民地时期(the Period of the English Colonies)和美利坚合众国时期(the Period of the United States)。
公诉制度(public prosecution)美国属于普通法系(Common Law Legal System)分散制(decentralization)为原则；以判例法(case law)为主体。
"零散的无系统"(fragmental no system)。
成文法(written law)或制定法(statutory law)，遵从前例"(stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries, and it is new, too, in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self government of any nation.美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
何家弘法律英语课件法律系统
何家弘法律英语课件法律系统一、教学内容本课件依据《何家弘法律英语》教材第五章“法律系统”展开。
详细内容包括法律系统的基本概念、构成要素、主要功能和运行机制。
具体涉及法律体系、立法、司法、执法等基本知识点，并通过案例分析，让学生深入了解我国法律系统的实际运作。
二、教学目标1. 理解并掌握法律系统的基本概念、构成要素和主要功能。
2. 了解我国法律系统的运行机制，提高法律意识和法律素养。
3. 培养学生的法律逻辑思维和分析问题的能力。
三、教学难点与重点教学难点：法律系统的运行机制、法律体系与法律制度的关系。
教学重点：法律系统的基本概念、构成要素和主要功能。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教具：PPT课件、黑板、粉笔。
2. 学具：教材、笔记本、文具。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过一个实际案例，引导学生思考法律在现实生活中的作用，引出法律系统的概念。
2. 新课内容：详细讲解法律系统的基本概念、构成要素、主要功能和运行机制。
（1）基本概念：介绍法律系统的定义、特点。
（2）构成要素：分析法律体系、法律制度、法律规范等要素。
（3）主要功能：阐述法律系统的维护秩序、保障权利、促进发展等功能。
（4）运行机制：讲解立法、司法、执法等环节的运行机制。
3. 例题讲解：分析一个实际案例，让学生了解法律系统在实际运作中的具体应用。
4. 随堂练习：针对教学内容，设计一些选择题、简答题，检验学生对知识点的掌握。
六、板书设计1. 法律系统的基本概念2. 法律系统的构成要素法律体系法律制度法律规范3. 法律系统的功能维护秩序保障权利促进发展4. 法律系统的运行机制立法司法执法七、作业设计1. 作业题目：（1）简述法律系统的基本概念。
（2）分析我国法律系统的构成要素及其相互关系。
（3）结合实际案例，谈谈你对法律系统功能的认识。
2. 答案：（1）法律系统是由法律体系、法律制度、法律规范等要素构成，以维护社会秩序、保障公民权利、促进社会发展为目标的系统。
法律英语翻译-何家弘
Lesson One: Legal System 法律制度英属殖民地时期(the Period of the English Colonies)和美利坚合众国时期(the Period of the United States)。
公诉制度(public prosecution)美国属于普通法系(Common Law Legal System)分散制(decentralization)为原则；以判例法(case law)为主体。
"零散的无系统"(fragmental no system)。
成文法(written law)或制定法(statutory law)，遵从前例"(stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries, and it is new, too, in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self government of any nation.美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
法律英语课件-legal English(2014)
组织有关信息并得出合理结论的能力
批判性地推理能力
对他人的推理进行分析和评价的能力
LSAT考试满分为180分，最低分为120分
，其计算方法是根据选择的正确的答案的数目 来确定。选对25个左右，分数大概为130分； 选对39个左右，分数大概为140分；选对55个 ，分数大概为150分；选对72个，分数为160； 选对87个，分数为170分；选对98个以上，分 数为满分180分。一般好的学校要求的成绩都在 160分以上。考试成绩一般在考后五周左右由主 办机构寄出，直接寄给考生本人。LSAT成绩在 5年内有效。
到众多法律英语爱好者和法律工作求职者的
关注。TOLES考试包括三个等级：TOLES
Advanced; TOLES Higher; TOLES Foundation。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
考生应该根据自身的英语水平和法律知
识水平选择相应的考试，而不一定要三个等
级考试全都参加。TOLES考试每年3月、6月
、和11月举行3次
TOLES FOUNDATION EXAMINATION
ILEC作为ESOL于2008年推出的又一项崭 新的职业认证证书目前已被欧洲公司律师公会
、欧洲法律专业学生协会、国际青年律师公会 及欧洲青年律师公会认可。ILEC考察证书申请 人在法律领域运用英语的能力，分为听力（40 分钟）、阅读（75分钟）、写作（75分钟）和 口语（16分钟）四个部分。语言等级相当于雅 思（IELTS）5.0-7.0分。成绩分为三个及格等 级和两个不及格等级。
该考试的目的是以法律英语这门技术语 言为媒介，来核查考生对英美法民商事部门 法知识的掌握，从而满足律师事务所、公司 、法律机构、律师和法律系学生测评个人法 律英语水平的需要。
14Commercial Law 何家弘法律英语配套课件
8
Federalism
The power over commerce might … include the power to promote the economic welfare of the citizens throughout the country.
增加经济福利
2020/9/30
法律英语
给予国会权力也可以被看成是将这些事 项交给国会，并取消州管理地方事务的 某些权力。
2020/9/30
法律英语
10
It can been seen that
Absent some further restriction upon the power, it might indeed be the functional equivalent of a generalized “police power” because much of the activity which takes place within the country, and even within a single state, might be said to relate to economic issues and problems.
2020/9/30
法律英语
2
Commercial law State law
The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws 统一各州法律全国代表大会
The Uniform Commercial Code
2020/9/30
法律英语
3
Part one
Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution(commercial clause)
法律英语-何家弘编-第四版课文翻译(1-20课)
美国的年轻(性)有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦(nation)之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。
但是由于新的法律领域随着当代问题的出现而不断发展，一些法学院将课程予以扩展，包括环境法方面的课程和诊所式课程，住房和城市发展、女权、工作场所的健康、福利权以及消费者保护等。并且还越来越多地以交叉学科的背景讲授法律，向其他学科靠近，如历史、心理学、社会学、医学以及经济学等。
法律英语翻译何家弘
L e s s o n O n e:L e g a l S y s t e m法律制度英属殖民地时期the Period of the English Colonies和美利坚合众国时期the Period of the United States..公诉制度public prosecution美国属于普通法系Common Law Legal System分散制decentralization为原则；以判例法case law为主体.."零散的无系统"fragmental no system..成文法written law或制定法statutory law;遵从前例"stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries; and it is new; too; in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution; the oldest continuous federal system; and the oldest practice of self government of any nation.美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家..与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家..同时;它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新;在此意义上;它也是新国家..但是在其它的意义上它是老国家..它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家..它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践..One of the most interesting features of America s youth is that the whole of its history belongs in the period since the invention of the printing press. The whole of its history is; therefore; recorded: indeed; it is safe to say that no other major nation has so comprehensive a record of its history as has the United States; for events such as those that are lost in the legendary past of Italy or France or England are part of the printed record of the United States. And the American record is not only comprehensive; it is immense. It embraces not only the record of the colonial era and of the Nation since 1776; but of the present fifty States as well; and the intricate network of relationships between States and Nation. Thus; to take a very elementary example; the reports of the United States Supreme Court fill some 350 volumes; and the reports of some States are almost equally voluminous: the reader who wants to trace the history of law in America is confronted with over 5;000 stout volumes of legal cases.美国的年轻性有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后..因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说;任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录;因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分..而且其记录不仅全面;还非常浩繁..不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录;还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦nation之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录..因此;据一个非常简单的例子;美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷;而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例..No one document; no handful of documents; can properly be said to reveal the character of a people or of their government. But when hundreds and thousands of documents strike a consistent note; over more than a hundred years; we have a right to say that is the keynote. When hundreds and thousands of documents address themselves in the same ways; to the same overarching problems; we have a right to read from them certain conclusions which we can call nationalcharacteristics.我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性..但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调;我们就有理由说这就是其主调..当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题;我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论..Part TwoThe American legal system; like the English; is methodologically mainly a case law system. Most fields of private law still consist primarily of case law and the extensive and steadily growing statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law. Knowledge of the case law method as well as of the technique of working with case law therefore is of central importance for an understanding of American law and legal methodology.同英国一样;美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度..许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成;广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的解释制定法的判例法..因此;判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的..The Common Law is historically the common general law -- with supremacy over local law--which was decreed by the itinerant judges of the English royal court. The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action; a writ; with the result that the original common law represented a system of "actions" similar to that of classical Roman law. If a writ existed in 1227 a claim could be enforced; there was no recourse for a claim without a writ; the claim did not exist. This system became inflexible when the "Provisions of Oxford" 1258 prohibited the creation of new writs; except for the flexibility which the "writ upon the case" allowed and which later led to the development of contract and tort law.从历史的角度来看;普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法..采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的;而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系..如果存在令状于1227年;诉讼请求就可以被采纳或执行；没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求就没有追索权;因而该诉讼请求也不存在..“牛津条例”1285年禁止创设除了“个案令状”之外的新令状;这种“个案令状”使该制度变得较为灵活了;而且导致了后来合同和侵权法的发展..The narrow limits of the forms of action and the limited recourse they provided led to the development of equity law and equity case law. "Equity"; in its general meaning of doing "equity"; deciding ex aequo et bono; was first granted by the King; and later by his Chancellor as "keeper of the King's conscience"; to afford relief in hardship cases. In the fifteenth century; however; equity law and equity case law developed into an independent legal system and judiciary Court of Chancery which competed with the ordinary common law courts. Its rules and maxims became fixed and; to a degree; inflexible as in any legal system. Special characteristics of equity law include: relief in the form of specific performance in contrast to the common law award of compensatory damages; the injunction a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act; the development of so called maxims of equity law which permeated the entire legal system and in many cases explain the origin of modern legal concepts. However; equitable relief regularly will lie only when the common law relief is inadequate. For instance; specific performance for the purchase of real property willbe granted because common law damages are deemed to be inadequate since they cannot compensate the buyer in view of the uniqueness attributed to real property对于诉的形式的严格限制及由此产生的对追索权的限制导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的发展..“衡平”的一般意义就是寻求“公平”;即公平且善良地裁决;它最初是由国王;后来由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官颁行;以便在艰难的案件中提供救济..但是到了十四世纪;衡平法和衡平判例法发展成了一个独立的法律制度和与一般的普通法法院一争高下的司法系统衡平法院..其规则和格言变得非常固定而且在某种程度上不像在其它法律制度中一样灵活..衡平法的特点有：以特定履行或实际履行的方式提供救济与普通法提供补偿性损害赔偿金的救济方式形成对照；强制令为或者不为某项具体行为的临时或者最终法令；渗透了整个法律制度并且能在许多场合下揭示现代法律概念的起源的所谓的衡平法格言的发展..不过;一般都是只有在普通法救济不充分时;才会出现衡平法救济..比如;优于普通法损害赔偿金被认为是不充分的;这是因为考虑到不动产所具有的唯一性;这些赔偿金无法补偿不动产购买人的损失;就可能判以特定履行购买不动产..As the common law; equity law became part of American law either through judicial acceptance or through express statutory provision. Today; both legal systems have been merged in many American jurisdictions beginning with New York in 1848; with the result that there is only one form of civil suit in these jurisdictions as well as in federal practice. Only few States continue to maintain a separate chancery court. Nevertheless; the reference to the historical development is important because; on the one hand; it explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts for instance the division of title in the law of property and; on the other hand; it is still relevant for the decision of such questions whether; for instance; there is a right to a trial by jury only in the case of common law suits; in other cases only before the judge. In addition; the differentiation will determine whether the "ordinary" common law relief of damages applies or whether the "extraordinary" equity remedy of specific performance is available.与普通法一样;衡平法通过司法接纳或通过明确的制定法条款;成了美国法律的一部分..目前;这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以融合始于1848年的纽约;因而;在这些司法管辖区以及联邦的实践中只存在一种形式的民事诉讼..只有为数很少的州还保留着单独的衡平法院..尽管如此;提及这一历史演变仍然是很重要的;因为它一方面解释了许多当代法律概念如财产法中的所有权分割的起源和意义;另一方面;它仍然与做出某些裁决有一定的关联;比如是否有权获得陪审团的审理这仅发生与普通法的讼案中;在其它案件中仅由法官审理..另外;这种区别将决定“通常的”普通法赔偿金救济是否适用或者是否可以使用“特别的”衡平法特定履行救济.."Case law"describes the entire body of judge made law and today includes common law and equity precedents. In imprecise and confusing usage the terms "common law" and "case law" are often used synonymously; with the term "common law" in this usage connoting judge made law in general as contrasted with statutory law. "Case law" always connotes judge made law; while "common law" in contrast--depending on the meaning intended--describes either the judge made law in common law subject matters or; ore extensively; all judge made law.“判例法”代表了整个的法官造法体系;而且在现代还包括了普通法和衡平法先例..在不准确的和令人迷惑的用法中;“普通法”和“判例法”这两个术语通常被当作同义词来使用;在这里;“普通法”这个术语一般代表着法官制定的法;以示区别制定法..“判例法”总是代表着法官制定的法律;而“普通法”则相对来说;根据想表达的意思不同;要么代表普通法主题事项即具体问题上法官制定的法律;要么在更广范围内指所有法官制定的法律..Lesson Two：Legal Profession 法律职业Part One： The BarThe regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states; each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. Almost all states; however; make use of the Multistate Bar Exam; a day long multiple choice test; to which the state adds a day long essay examination emphasizing its own law. A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try; and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt. In all; over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations each year and; after an inquiry into their character; are admitted to the bar in their respective states. No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission. The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the court; but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities.法律职业的规范主要是各州的事务;每一各州对于执业许可都有其自己的要求..大多数州都要求三年的学业和法律学位..各州自行管理本州申请律师资格的书面考试..不过;几乎所有的州都利用“多州律师资格考试”;这是一种长达一天的多项选择测试;在这项考试之外;各州还会再增加一次主要是关于其本州法律的时长一天的论文考试..大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试;而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中通过..每年有四万多人通过这些考试;在经过人品调查之后;他们便可获准在相应的州执业许可..在获得许可之前或之后都不要求实习..到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同;但一般来讲;那些获准在州最高法院执业的律师在办理一些无关紧要的手续之后即可获准在联邦法院执业..A lawyer's practice is usually confined to a single community for; although a lawyer may travel to represent clients; one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. However; one who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time; often five years.律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区;因为尽管律师可以代表当事人到其它地区办理事务;但是一个人只能在其获得许可的州内执业..人们习惯雇用本州的律师办理其它洲的事务..但是;只要一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达一定时间通常是五年;那么他移居到另外一个州时通常无需考试便可获得执业许可..A lawyer may not only practice law; but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens. It is not uncommon for the practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients; to engage in business; and to participate actively in public affairs. A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge; an employee of the government or of a private business concern; or a law teacher; and may return to private practice from these other activities. A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidenced by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was; at various times; a successful New York lawyer; a professor and dean of theColumbia School of Law; Attorney General of the United States; and Chief Justice of the United States.律师不仅可以从事法律事务;还允许从事任何其他公民能从事的事务..执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情..律师即使在成为法官、政府或者私人企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍然是律师协会的会员;他们可以辞掉这些其它事务;回头开始私人执业..为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少..这一职业中的流动性和公共责任感的一个例证是哈兰·菲斯克的职业生涯;他曾多次成为一名纽约州律师、一名教授和哥伦比亚法学院院长、美国总检察长和美国最高法院首席大法官..There is no formal division among lawyers according to function. The distinction between barristers and solicitors found in England did not take root in the United States; and there is no branch of the profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court; nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. The American lawyer s domain includes advocacy; counselling; and drafting. Furthermore; within the sphere broadly defined as the "practice of law" the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. In the field of advocacy; the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but; with the exception of a few inferior courts; only a lawyer may represent another in court. Nonlawyers are; however; authorized to represent others in formal proceedings of a judicial nature before some administrative agencies. The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counselling and drafting of legal instruments; as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation. However; the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New York s highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York; even though the advice is limited to the law of the foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. A foreign lawyer may; however; be admitted to the bar of one of the states and may; even without being admitted; advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law 律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分..在英国对诉讼律师和非诉律师的区分并没有移植到美国;既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体;也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体..美国律师的业务范围包括出庭辩护、咨询和起草文书..另外;在被广泛地成为“法律执业”的范围之内;律师的业务范围是专有性的;不对其他人开放..在出庭辩护领域;这种规则非常清楚：任何个人都可以代表其自己出庭;但除了一些基层法院之外;只有律师可以代表他人出庭..不过;律师不得代表他人参与一些行政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序当中..在咨询和起草法律文书领域的界限并不是太清晰;比如在在联邦所得税领域的法律执业和会计执业之间就是如此..但是;纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准;该裁决认为;一个获准在外国执业单位获准在纽约执业的律师不得在纽约对客户提供法律咨询;即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国的法律..但是;一个外国律师可能获准在一个州执业;而且无需获得许可便可以以一个外国法律顾问的身份向美国律师提供法律咨询..Part Two： Lawyers in Private PracticeAmong these fifteen lawyers in practice; nine; a clear majority; are single practitioners. The remaining six practice in law firms; which are generally organized as partnerships. Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates; a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. This trend toward grouppractice is of relatively recent origin. Throughout most of the nineteenth century law practice was general rather than specialized; its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counselling and drafting; and the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. Marked specialization began in the latter part of that century in the large cities near the financial centers. With the growth of big business; big government; and big labor; the work of the lawyer accomodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counselling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes. The best lawyers were attracted to this work and leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in court and who were sought after as advisors; planners; and negotiators. Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at all steps in the shaping of their policies. Major business transactions are rarely undertaken without advice of counsel.第二部分私人执业中的律师每十五个执业律师中有九个明显的多数都是单独执业者..剩下六个在律师事务所执业;这些所一般是合伙制..这六个律师中有四到五个都是合伙人;其余的为非合伙律师雇佣律师..这种集体执业的趋势只是在近年来才开始出现..十九世纪的大多数时间内;律师执业都是非专业化的;其主要内容是辩护而不是咨询和起草法律文书;因此美国律师的最早形式是单独执业..明显的专业化出现于十九世纪后期金融中心附近的大城市里..随着出现大型的企业、庞大的政府和大规模的劳工;律师的工作本身要适应客户对解决争端以及专业咨询和起草法律文书等预防性法律事务的需要..出类拔萃的律师都被吸引到这一领域;而且律师职业领导的重心转向了那些很少出庭的从事顾问、做计划以及从事谈判的人..现在;律师认为不断熟悉客户的业务问题并参与其政策制定的各个步骤已经成了一种正常、合理的执业形式..Part Three: House CounselOut of every twenty lawyers; two are employed by private business concerns; such as industrial corporations; insurance companies; and banks; usually as house or corporate counsel in the concern s legal department. The growth of corporations; the complexity of business; and the multitude of problems posed by government regulation make it desirable for such firms to have in their employ persons with legal training who; at the same time; are intimately familiar with the particular problems and conditions of the firm. In large corporations the legal department may number one hundred or more. The general counsel; who heads the office; is usually an officer of the company and may serve on important policy making committees and perhaps even on the board of directors. House counsel remain members of the bar and are entitled to appear in court; though an outside lawyer is often retained for litigation. However; it is the house counsel s skill as advisor rather than as advocate that is a valued asset. Constantly in touch with the employer s problems; house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.第三部分专职法律顾问每二十个律师当中有两个受雇于私人企业;如工业公司、保险公司和银行..他们通常在企业的法律部门工作;作为专职或者企业法律顾问..公司规模的扩大、业务的复杂以及政府管制所产生的问题的多样化使得这类企业需要在企雇员中有受过法律培训的人员;这些人同时还非常熟悉企业的具体问题和情况..在一些大公司中;法律部的人数可能超过百人..该部门的主任;也叫总法律顾问;通常是公司的一名高级职员;可能供职于重要的决策委员会;甚至是董事会成员..专职法律顾问也是律师协会的成员并有权出庭代理诉讼;尽管公司打官司通常还是回请外部律师担任诉讼代理人..但是;专职法律顾问的特长是咨询而不是诉讼代理;这是他的一种宝贵资产..由于不断接触雇主的各类问题;专职法律顾问的理想定位是预防性法律事务;它还可以根据要求向公司就其对公众和国家更为广泛的义务提供咨询..Part Four： Lawyers in GovernmentA parallel development has taken place in government and two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal; state; county; and municipal governments; exclusive of the judiciary. Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers and seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. Limitations on top salaries; however; discourage some from continuing with the government. The majority serves by appointment in the legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. The United States Department of Justice alone employs more than two thousands; and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundreds. Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors; the United States attorneys and their assistants; are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney General of the United States. State prosecutors; sometimes known as district attorneys; are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the state attorney general. As a rule; lawyers in government are directly engaged in legal work; since law training is infrequently sought as preparation for general government service. However; a small but important minority that constitutes an exception to this rule consists of those who have been appointed to high executive positions and those who have been elected to political office. Though the participation of lawyers in government has declined recently; for two centuries lawyers have made up roughly half of the Congress of the United States and of the state governors. These figures bear out the comment of Chief Justice Stone that; "No tradition of our profession is more cherished by lawyers than that of its leadership in public affairs."第四部分政府律师律师职业在政府中也出现了同样的发展;目前每二十个律师中有两个不包括法官受雇于联邦、州、县和市镇政府..进入公共服务领域的人许多是认为在其工作生涯的这一阶段政府工资有吸引力和寻求锻炼机会并将这种锻炼作为私人执业前奏的法学毕业生..他们大多数都是通过任命而供职于联邦和州的各级政府机关以及劳工组织中的法律部门..仅美国司法部一家就雇佣了两千多名律师;纽约市的法律部雇的人数超过四千..其他律师的角色是公诉人..联邦公诉人;即美国的检察官及其助理由总统任命;受美国总检察长领导..州公诉人;有时是地区检察官;通常由各县选举产生;并且不受州检察长的控制..作为一种规则;政府律师都是直接从事法律工作;因为法律培训很少作为一般的政府服务的准备工作..但是;那些被任命为高级行政职务和被选举担任政治官职的人是这一规则的一个少数但却很重要的例外..尽管近来律师参与政府工作在减少;但两个世纪以来律师已经构成了美国国会和各州州长的大约半数..这些数字证明了斯通大法官的话：“在我们的职业传统中;没有一个能像其担任公共事务领导的传统那样受到律师们的钟爱..”Lesson Three: Legal Education 法律教育必修课Required Course为主;包括合同法Contract Law、侵权法Tort Law、财产法Property Law、刑法Criminal Law、民事诉讼Civil Procedure和法律文书写作Legal Writing等；选修课Elective Course批判性思维critical thinking案例教学法Case Method和问答式即苏格拉底式教学法Socratic Method..In 1983; over 125;000 law students were studying in more than 170 ABA accredited law schools including public law schools supported in part by government funds; private law schools supported by contributions from individuals and foundation funds; and local or national schools offering full time or part time legal study programs. As virtually the only way to prepare for membership in the legal profession; law schools in the United States fulfill several functions including professional training and socialization of future lawyers and screening and gatekeeping for entrance to the profession. Since there is no central institution where all lawyers practice; the only institutional experience which lawyers have in common is law school.1983年;在170多所经美国律师协会认可的法学院里就读的法学学生有125000多名..这些法学院包括由部分由政府资助的公立法学院、靠个人和基金会捐助维持的私立法学院、以及提供全日制或者业余法律学习课程的地方性和全国性学校..作为事实上的走向法律职业的唯一途径;美国的法学院履行着许多职能;包括开展职业培训、使未来的律师具备社交能力以及对准备进入法律职业的人进行筛选和把关等..由于没有一个供所有律师进行实习的中心机构;律师共同拥有的机构性经历只能是法学院..The criticisms which range from "mild to caustic" of the way in which law schools have carried out these functions and of the functions themselves have been persistent; diverse and rooted in the historical and political development of the profession. These criticisms have focussed on the curriculum and the dominance of the case method; the distribution of power and prestige reflected in the hierarchy within and among the law schools; and the imbalance in terms of women and minorities in the student body and faculty in the law schools那些关于法学院行使这些功能的方式以及这些功能本身的从温和到刻薄的批评是持续的、多样化的;而且根植于该职业的历史和政治发展之中..这些批评集中于课程和以案例教学法为主导方面、在法学院内部和法学院之间的等级制度上的权力和声望的分配方面以及在法学院的学生中和教师中的女性和少数民族成员的不平衡问题..Part One： Curriculum and the Case MethodThe traditional first year program offered in virtually all American law schools includes contracts; torts; property; criminal law and civil procedure. Duncan Kennedy has described the traditional first year curriculum as basically teaching the ground rules for late 19th century laissez faire capitalism. The second year and third year course expound the moderate reformist New Deal program and the administrative structure of the modern regulatory state. The peripheral subjects; if they are offered; include legal philosophy; legal history; legal process; and clinical education; a "kind of playground or finishing school for learning the social art of self presentation as a lawyer".第一部分课程与案例教学法实际上在所有的美国法学院中都开设传统的一年级课程;包括合同、侵权、财产、刑法和民事程序等..Duncan Kennedy认为这些传统的一年级课程基本上是讲授19世纪晚期自由资本主义的基础性规则..二年级和三年级课程讲述的是温和改革主义的“新政”课程和现代法治管制国家的行政结构..可能开设的边缘学科包括法哲学、法律史、法律程序以及诊所式教育;即“一种学习作为。
何家弘法律英语精品课件第一课
何家弘法律英语精品课件第一课一、教学内容本节课选自何家弘教授的《法律英语》教材，主要围绕第一章节“法律英语基础概念”展开。
详细内容包括：法律英语的特点、法律词汇的构成、法律句型的结构以及法律文本的阅读技巧。
二、教学目标1. 理解并掌握法律英语的基本概念和特点；2. 学习并运用法律词汇的构成方法和法律句型结构；3. 提高阅读法律文本的能力，为日后的法律实践奠定基础。
三、教学难点与重点教学难点：法律句型的结构及其在实际应用中的灵活运用。
教学重点：法律英语的特点、法律词汇的构成及法律文本阅读技巧。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教具：多媒体教学设备、PPT课件、黑板；2. 学具：教材、笔记本、字典。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过一个实际案例，让学生了解法律英语在日常法律实践中的重要性；2. 新课内容讲解：a. 法律英语的特点；b. 法律词汇的构成；c. 法律句型的结构；d. 法律文本阅读技巧；3. 例题讲解：结合教材例题，讲解法律句型的应用；4. 随堂练习：让学生运用所学知识，完成课堂练习；6. 互动环节：学生提问，教师解答。
六、板书设计1. 法律英语的特点；2. 法律词汇的构成；3. 法律句型的结构；4. 法律文本阅读技巧；5. 例题及解答。
七、作业设计a. 选择题：法律词汇填空；b. 简答题：法律句型应用；c. 阅读理解：法律文本阅读。
2. 答案：课后习题答案将在下次课前公布。
八、课后反思及拓展延伸1. 课后反思：对本节课的教学效果进行反思，针对学生的掌握情况，调整教学方法；2. 拓展延伸：推荐学生阅读法律英语相关书籍和文章，提高法律英语水平。
本节课通过实践情景引入、例题讲解、随堂练习等环节，使学生在掌握法律英语基本概念和特点的基础上，学会运用法律词汇和句型，提高阅读法律文本的能力，为日后的法律实践奠定基础。
同时，课后作业和拓展延伸有助于巩固所学知识，提高学生的法律英语水平。
重点和难点解析：1. 法律句型的结构及其在实际应用中的灵活运用；2. 法律文本阅读技巧；3. 课后作业和拓展延伸的设计。
法律英语何家弘11-19课翻译
第十一课财产法第一部分简介The law of property财产法是美国法律体系中的核心制度之一，它在自由市场经济中为计划活动提供了必要的确定性和稳定性。
和其他的制度一样，它内部也存在大量的不一致和范例。
在接触许多之后，讨论将会转向那些影响私人财产紧张关系上。
如通过土地所有权转让带来的集体义务和个人自由之间的紧张关系。
The disscussion will讨论将转向既作为公共职能机制的管理者和在机构内部时常独立者的政府角色，它试图更进一步自己的政策目标，对后一种角色的全面讨论将留到后面的土地使用模式之处。
它作为公共机制的管理者的角色是在美国革命后，在形成政府法律地位的过程中考虑到财产才开始的，她表明了财产法主题的演变过程，从绝对权力的僵硬原则到经常被调整去提高社会目标的一系列权利义务。
I will than discuss我将讨论在这一制度中律师的角色。
他既作为建议的提供者又作为讨论者。
每一角色都有为公和为私的姿态。
这里可能是也可能不是简短讨论职业标准和法律职业责任的地方，但事实上，美国不动产法律经常利用律师的专业地位。
例如关于产权或为第三者保存契约之安排的观点。
The modern real estate现在不动产律师履行者许多独立但内部有关联的活动。
任何参与者冒险的成功不仅仅取决于他自己在交易关系中的关系也取决于他不是一方当事人的交易领域的关系。
使用人体做个类比，律师经常承担着循环系统，连接着全部的器官和提供大量互相合作的权利义务体系。
如果与开发商洽谈合同的建筑方想获得保障那么他或她很可能根据关于建筑费率表的合同获得工资，建筑商律师便会在查阅银行和开发商间建设贷款合同去了解从该建设贷款中逐次提取资金以支付此费用的时间和条件。
如果一个有意投资者想知道当开发商在完成建设后违约时他的债务，他的律师便会通过检阅开发商长期财政记录获得信息。
基于律师的发现，投资者可能要求开发商提供履行定金。
If the lawyer如果律师在不动产交易中为一个主要参与者（土地所有者，开发商，出借者）服务，他的作用便是缔结合同、条约和那些描述双方商业意图及定义双方基于合意或法律所期待的行为的文件。
法律英语翻译-何家弘---精品模板
Lesson One：Legal System 法律制度英属殖民地时期（the Period of the English Colonies）和美利坚合众国时期(the Period of the United States).公诉制度(public prosecution）美国属于普通法系(Common Law Legal System）分散制(decentralization)为原则；以判例法(case law)为主体。
”零散的无系统"(fragmental no system)。
成文法（written law）或制定法(statutory law)，遵从前例”（stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation。
It is a new nation compared with many other countries，and it is new, too，in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old。
It is the oldest of the ”new” nations-—the first one to be made out of an Old World colony。
It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self government of any nation。
05 何家弘法律英语配套课件
2020/10/1
LAWYER
14
Do you want to be a lawyer?
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LAWYER
15
Public defender公设辩护律师，在美国领 取政府工资，在刑事案件中提供法律援 助的律师。
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LAWYER
11
Solicitor一词源自英格兰法律，多用 于英国、新加坡等国和香港地区， 又称初级律师、诉讼律师，在香港 称为事务律师，多从事诉讼、咨询 等事务性工作，有资格出席初级法 庭包括刑事案件的庭审。
Counselor-at-law又拼为counselor at law 用法同counselor和counselor at law。
Defense counsel指辩护律师。
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LAWYER
7
Esquire主要用于美国，是对律师的 尊称，多以缩写形式出现，加在律 师姓名之后，如John Smith Esq., Yajun Ge Esq.。
Family lawyer理解为家庭律师，有 点私人律师的意思。
Gentleman of the (long) robe是对律 师的比喻性称谓，不直接修饰某律 师。
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LAWYER
8
Government lawyer指政府律师。
House counsel，又称corporate
counsel, house attorney, in house counsel,指美国、新加坡等英美法系 国家中受聘于公司从事法律事务的 专业人事，他们虽然也出庭，但更 多从事公司法律性事务，甚至参与 公司的经营管理。
2020/10/1
LAWYER
法律英语-何家弘
Lesson One: Legal System 法律制度英属殖民地时期(the Period of the English Colonies)和美利坚合众国时期(the Period of the United States)。
公诉制度(public prosecution)美国属于普通法系(Common Law Legal System)分散制(decentralization)为原则；以判例法(case law)为主体。
"零散的无系统"(fragmental no system)。
成文法(written law)或制定法(statutory law)，遵从前例"(stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries, and it is new, too, in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self government of any nation.美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
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Federalism
The power over commerce might … include the power to promote the economic welfare of the citizens throughout the country.
增加经济福利
国会有权“规制与外国的商业活动， 州际商业活动，以及与印第安部落的 商业活动。”
2013-8-6 法律英语 6
The brevity of this clause belies the fact
Its interpretation has played a significant role in shaping the concepts of federalism and the permissible uses of national power throughout our history. 这一条款的简短性误导了一个事实，即: 这一条款的解释在历史上联邦主义概念 的形成和国家权力的运用方面起了重要 作用。
(/)
2013-8-6
法律英语
4
General Provisions 总 则 Sales &Leases 销售与租赁 Negotiable Instruments 商业票据 Bank Deposit and Collections 银行存款和托收 Funds Transfers 资金过户 Letters of Credit 信用证 Bulk Transfers 大宗转让 Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title仓单、提单和其它所有权凭证 Investment Securities 投资证券 Secured Transactions 担保交易
2013-8-6 法律英语 2
Commercial law State law
The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws 统一各州法律全国代表大会 The Uniform Commercial Code
2013-8-6
Lesson Fourteen
Commercial Law
2013-8-6
法律英语
1
Background
Commercial Law ：
All the law which applies to the rights, relations and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade and sales. In recent years this body of law has been codified in the Uniform Commercial Code, which has been almost universally adopted by the states. (/)
The Tenth Amendment is no longer viewed as a reservation of certain subjects for state regulation. 宪法第10修正案不再被看作是对州就某 些事项进行管制的保留。
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法律英语
16
Amendment X
一旦大法官们将商务权力界定为独立授 权而不是第10修正案中的授权，生产-商 业和直接-间接的区分很快就失去了意义。
2013-8-6 法律英语 18
The Court now will defer to the legislature’s choice of economic rationale; the possible economic impact of an activity on commerce among the states will bring it within this power. 最高法院将遵从立法机关对经济原理的选 择；联邦政府一项行为对州际商务可能产 生的经济影响，将使该行为在联邦政府的 权力范围之内。
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
人们可以发现，缺少对国会权力的进一 步限制，这种权力可能就相当于一般化 的“公共权力”，因为许多发生在美国 甚至于某个州内的行为都可能与经济问 题有关。
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A broad reading of the clause would not only grant a sweeping power to the federal government but it would also restrict the ability of individual states to adopt laws which burden the forms of commerce which were committed to the control of the federal government.
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Today the Court will uphold the decisions of Congress
So long as there is some rational argument for finding that the items that the Congress regulates fall within the commerce power. 只要有合理的证据证明，国会管理 的事项在商务权力的范围之内，最 高法院将支持国会的决定。
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Part one
Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution(commercial clause) The Congress shall have power to “regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes”
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The old concepts of physical connection to commerce and the “current of commerce” theories have been discarded as inappropriate judicial restrictions on the commerce power.
宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行 使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人 民保留。
X
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Once the justices began to define the commerce power as an independent grant of power rather than in terms of the Tenth Amendment, the productioncommerce and direct-indirect distinctions soon passed away.
与商业有实质不恰当的限制 被抛弃
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The Court has finally returned to
Marshall’s definition of commerce among the states as that which concerns more states than one. 最高法院最终采纳了马歇尔的州际商业 活动定义，即涉及到一个以上州的商务 活动是州际商务活动。
给予国会权力也可以被看成是将这些事 项交给国会，并取消州管理地方事务的 某些权力。
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法律英语
10
It can been seen that
Absent some further restriction upon the power, it might indeed be the functional equivalent of a generalized “police power” because much of the activity which takes place within the country, and even within a single state, might be said to relate to economic issues and problems.
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The federal government
Was granted neither a general police power nor the inherent right to act on any subject matter in order to promote the health, safety or welfare of the people throughout the nation. 联邦政府既没有被赋予一般公共权力，也没 有被赋予改善全国人民健康、安全或社会福 利方面的天生的行为权利。 The framer did grant Congress a power to regulate commerce. 宪法制定者们确实赋予了国会规制商务活动 的权力。