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Lecture 1
讲座一：
HOW AND WHEN TO WRITE
怎样写和何时写
Scientific writing is part of the research work.
科技写作时研究工作的一部分。

Research is not completed until it is published.
直到写作完成，研究才算完整。

Scientific writing demands exactly the same qualities of thought that are needed in the rest of science: logic clarity and precision.
科技写作需要同样准确的想法，这些想法是剩下的科学中需要的，清晰精确的逻辑。

Apply the scientific principals to the writing
应用这写主要的科学的方法来写作。

Planing, Design, Execution
计划，设计，实施
Logically structured
逻辑结构
Clearly expressed
清晰的表述
Precisely worded
准确的用词
The way you write must follow from the way you work, not vice versa.
你所写的必须与你的研究相对应，而不是反之。

In your scientific work you should have
在你的科学工作中你应该有
An observation
观察
A question followed by an hypothesis
假设并提出问题
How are you going to test the hypothesis? (Better adapt the negative approach).
你怎样验证你的假设（最好适应相反的方法）
You can't PROVE it. What you want to do is find data that will support or object your working hypothesis.
你不能证明它。

你要做的是找到支持或反对你的假设的数据。

Have the experimental design described in detail.
将实验设计详细的描述。

Remember: Scientific work is based on the assumption that it must be reproducible. You must thus provide the information to others what should be done in order to be able and repeat your experimental work.
记住：科学工作是基于可重复的设想。

因此，你应该为其他人提供什么需要被做的信息才能重复你的实验。

Finish the writing with the discussion of your result. Include the next working hypothesis for further evaluating it.
用你结果的讨论来结束你的写作。

包括为了将来评估它的接下来的工作的设想。

When to write and were to start?
什么时候写和什么时候开始写
Only after you have the full structure of the material in your head will you know the best way (for example, the best order) to transmit the components of that structure to the reader.
只有当你头脑的材料有一个完整的结构后，你才会知道将你结构的每一个部分传递给你的读者的最好方法。

Let the readers to understand the material by reconstructing the structure of the material for them, guided by the writer. You must therefore understand your readers as well as the material, and simulate your targeted reader (layman, peer, etc) in your own mind.
作者引导读者通过重组材料结构来理解材料。

因此，你必须像理解你的材料一样理解你的读者，并且在你自己的头脑里模拟你的目标读者（律师，青少年等）。

Moreover, it is only after you hold the full structure in your head that you can mould it successfully to the standardized structure of scientific documents.
此外，只有当你的头脑里有完整的结构后，你才能成功的用标准的科技文件的结构来模拟它。

Follow the narrative path which best allows readers to reconstruct the structure of your scientific thinking / work
跟随叙事的途径，这个途径是能够允许读者重组你的科学思想/工作的结构的最好途径。

Let the reader join you in a search after truth. In many cases the best way to do is by questions that are explicitly posed and answered. What you would like to achieve is to stimulate the readers to raise for themselves the point you tackle next.
在真理后让读者加入你的研究。

在很多例子中最好方法的是通过提问，这个提问是清晰的提出并且回答。

你想要的成功是刺激你的读者培养他们自己来指出你接下来处理。

The reconstruction needs to be explicitly guided by knowledge of what end you are working towards.
重组需要明确的指导，通过知道是什么结束你的研究工作的。

Readers are pulled along the path by the author, who is at every moment just ahead in the right direction.
通过作者，读者应该被沿着方法途径被拉进，作者是每时每刻都在前面指引正确的方向的人。

Give readers the building blocks, tell them where these go, and above all why.
给读者构建的材料，告诉他们这些将带他们去哪里，和最重要的为什么。

If you fail to do so readers will wonder why each step,
如果你失败了，读者会对你的每一步都产生疑问，
Readers need to be told in advance what the author is trying to do, to see how each step advances toward that goal.
读者需要被提前告知作者在试图做什么，为了见到每一步是怎么朝着目标前进的。

Failure to do this means that readers will not see the point until very close to the end.
没有做好这个意味着读者将会看不懂关键点直到接近结束。

They will then have to go back and fill in the hierarchy of guiding purposes for themselves, and the writing will not be comprehensible in a single pass.
然后他们将会回过头去并且进入指导目的的假设中去，而且写作将不会是在单程中被理解。

When to write? Once you hold the full structure of your work in your head
什么时候写？一旦你的研究在你的头脑中有一个完整的结构时。

How to write? Allow the readers to reconstruct this structure.
如何写？允许读者重组结构。

Be teleological.
目的论的。

Lecture 2
The structure of a scientific paper:
科技报告的结构：
1.Title
1.标题
• keywords
关键词
• author(s) and affiliation(s)
作者和作者单位
• submission information
提交信息
2. Abstract or summary
摘要或总结
3. Introduction
引言
4. Experimental or Material and methods
实验或材料与方法
5. Results
结果
6. Discussion and conclusions
讨论与结论
Acknowledgements
致谢
7 References / Literature cited
参考文献/文学引用
tables , figures and legends
表，图和图例
1. Title
1.标题
Describe the contents of the paper in few words,
用简短的语言描述这篇报告的内容，
Catch the attention of the people that you want to know about your work.
抓住想了解你研究的人的注意。

A good title, which fulfils these requirements, is therefore vital.
因此，一个好的标题是至关重要的，它能包含这些要求。

Remember there are many papers and you are given only one chances to attract the attention of the casual browsers.
记住，报告有很多，并且你只有一个机会去吸引那些随意的浏览者。

If you fail to describe the contents accurately, most people will not read further
如果你没有准确的描述你报告的内容，大多数人将不会再继续往下读
Even if you had given a title at the beginning of the writing the title should be finalized once the paper is finished. At the end of the writing you have gained the best perspective on the material. 即使在写作的开头你就有了一个标题，但是一旦你的报告结束，你的标题也应该被定下来了。

在写作的结束时，你就已经在材料上获得了最好的观点。

Some practical tips in title composition are:
在文章标题中一些实际的建议：
Try to increase the curiosity of the expert reader.
试着增加专业读者的好奇心。

Emphasize the main novelty
强调主要的创新点
Use keywords
使用关键词
Do not use unnecessary words. Try to avoid
不要使用不必要的词语。

避免使用
A study of……
一个研究是……
Various ……..
变化的…….
Preliminary…….
准备的…….
Ensure that the keywords which best specify your work appear in the title. Avoid terminology familiar only to specialists, especially acronyms and other abbreviations; y
确保能够详细说明你研究的关键词出现在标题中。

避免使用只有专家才能看懂的专业术语，特别是首字母缩写和其他缩写词；
You can consider writing the title as a question, or as an affirmation or negation. Question titles challenge the reader to continue further.
你可以考虑写标题时将其作为一个问题，或者作为一个肯定的断言或一个否定观点。

提问式标题可以挑战读者进一步的继续。

Phrasing the title as an assertion is dramatic; it implies and answers a question.
分节式的标题作为断言是引人关注的；它暗示并且回答了一个提问。

Keywords: are increasingly used in automated literature searching, you want to make sure that any one interested in your field will pick up the paper in his literature search.
关键词：在自动化的文献检索中被越来越多的使用，你想要确保的是每一个对你的专业感兴趣的人将会在他的文献检索中找到你的论文。

Remember, though, that many journals and searching systems only use titles, so that use of the most important keywords in your title is still vital.
记住，尽管很多杂志和检索系统只用标题，因此在你的标题中使用最重要的关键词是至关重要的。

Author(s) and affiliation(s)
作者和作者单位
Provide the information that is required by the journal. Make sure that an Interested reader can contact you for further information
提供杂志所需要的信息。

确保对你的文章感兴趣的读者能用进一步的信息联系到你。

2. Abstract or summary
摘要或总结
There are different kinds of abstracts
有多种不同的摘要
“informative” abstract, used in research pape rs
信息摘要，在研究报告中使用
“indicative” abstract, used in tutorial and review papers.
陈述性的摘要，在指导和综述性的报告中使用。

The abstract or summary should be:
摘要或总结应该：
- balanced,
-平衡的
- self-contained
-独立的
- outline of the paper,
-报告的总体概括
- state what you did
-叙述你所做的
- how you did it
-怎样做的
- give your conclusions
-给出你的结论
Do not elaborate on the WHY for that you will have the introduction
不要详细说明原因，因为在的你前言中会有
It serves as an intermediate between the title and the full paper text.
它是在标题和全文中间起过渡性的作用。

The abstract of a research paper is designed to inform readers who persist beyond the title what the paper is about, without their having to read the whole work.
一份研究报告的摘要是用来告知除了对标题以外还坚持阅读的读者，在没有阅读全文的情况下，报告的内容是什么。

This purpose is mutually beneficial: there is insufficient information in a title for readers to decide reliably whether they wish to read the whole; writers will carry a larger audience beyond the title than without an abstract.
这个目的是相互有益的：标题的信息不全对读者来说确实决定是否他们希望阅读全文；在标题以外作者将会带有更多的读者在没有摘要的情况下。

Abstracts are also published in Abstracts reference volumes as a service to browsers. 摘要同样会出版在摘要文献参考卷中作为浏览者的服务。

When to write the abstract?
什么时候写摘要？
Since the author’s perspective is clearest after the paper has been completed, that is when the abstract should be written.
当报告已经完成后，作者的观点是最清晰的，那就是摘要应该写的时候了。

Imagine you are explaining your work verbally to a colleague over three minutes Write it after the rest of the paper has been completed
想象用3分钟向你的同事口头解释你的研究。

在剩下的报告已经被完成之后写下来
Length - 150-250 words
长度是150-250词
3. The Introduction
前言
The Introduction is the start of the paper proper;
前言是一篇报告合适的开头；
This is where you introduce the reader to the way you have approached the scientific problem. Not as in the abstract it is not self-contained: it leads the reader into the main working hypothesis.
这就是你向读者介绍你接近科技工作问题的方法。

它与摘要不同，也不是独立的，它将读者引导进入主要研究设想。

Introduces the reader to the concerns you have.
向读者介绍你所关心的。

Introduce the logical structure of the work
介绍研究工作的逻辑结构
Explain the overall purpose of the work and the motivation for it
解释研究工作的全部目的和动机
Remember what we discussed in the first lecture about the scientific dogma
记住我们在第一份报告中所讨论的关于科学的条理性
What was the question that made you curious, (THE OBSERVATION)
使你好奇的问题是什么，（观察）
In the introduction you are drawing a map of your work.
在前言中你是在绘制你研究的蓝图。

The readers will then hold the whole map in their heads as they navigate through the separate components - which they must do in order to learn successfully.
读者在他们的头脑中将会有这整个图作为他们阅读不同部分的导向-这是他们为了成功了解所必须做的。

The first step in constructing a map is to define its borders and set the context of the paper,
第一步是构建一幅图来定义它的边界并且设定报告的范围，
What is the knowledge that the reader has to have in order to follow your rational.
读者所掌握的知识是为了跟随你的合理性。

In doing this you will need to refer to other works; refer to as many as you need but not more
做这个你将会需要设计其他工作；涉及很多你需要但不是更多的
- A research paper is not a literature survey.
一份研究报告不是一个文献调查。

- In setting context it is helpful to quote review papers, or books.
在设定内天是引用他人的综述报告或者图书是有用的。

A little history is often an effective way of telling your story. (There used to be too much of this; today there is too little.) If your work follows on from other published papers, quote them, but also outline what you need from them in order to make your paper readable by itself.
少量的历史经常是述说你的经历的有效方式。

（过去这个是很多的；但是现在变得很少了）。

如果你的研究是跟随着别人发表的文章，引用他们，而且简要概括你从他们那里需要的为了确保你的论文有可读性。

The Introduction should make clear what was the position before your paper, and how your work changes it. Be clear about what existing material is re-interpreted or explained in your own words to assist your purpose, and what is genuinely original in your work.
前言应该在你论文前清晰的确定你的位置，并且你的研究怎么改变它。

要清晰的用你自己的语言解释目前的材料来支持你的观点，并且在你研究工作中真诚的来源。

Since the Introduction is the start of the paper proper, that is where you should begin your writing. Having written the paper, you then tailor the Introduction more closely to what emerged. Think of this tailoring as the last stage in writing the first draft.
因为前言是一篇报告的开头，是你开始写作的地方。

写一篇报告，你应该将前言剪辑得更加的贴近出现的东西。

想着这个剪辑是作为写初稿的最后阶段。

At this stage it is also best to start and construct you reference list
在这个阶段也是最好开始的地方并且构建你的参考单。

A good introduction should contain three parts
一个好的前言应该包括3个部分
Begin writing the paper with the Introduction;
前言是写报告的开始；
Revise it as soon as you reach the end of the paper
当你写完报告是就开始修改它
i - states the general field of interest.
i-陈述一般领域的兴趣。

ii - presents the main finding of others that will be further developed or challenged
ii-呈现其他人的主要发现，这些发现将会被进一步的发展或挑战
iii - the question to which the present paper is addressed.
iii-本篇报告解决的问题。

It may also include
它也许还包括
-What were the means by which the question was examined
-意味着哪一个问题被分析
-State the main conclusion
-陈述主要的结论
MAKE SURE THAT AFTER READINGTHE INTRODUCTION NO ONE WILL ASK
确保读完前言之后没有人会有疑问
Why ???
(Dobbing, J. 1963. “The Entry of Cholesterol into Rat Brain During Development.” J.
Neurochem. 10: 739. Reproduced by permission of the author and of Pergamon Press).
“Previous experiments have shown a remarkable persistence of cholesterol laid down at the time of myelination in the chick and rabbit brain. In these experiments cholesterol-4-14C was injected into the yolk sac of day-old chicks and intraperitoneally into 17-day-old rabbits (1, 2). It was recovered from the brain up to one year later, labeled in the same place in the molecule and at no other (3).
“An incidental finding was that the cholesterol molecule itself could enter the developing brain, although brain cholesterol has hitherto been considered to be entirely derived from synthesis within the organ. This new finding has recently been challenged in experiments with rats (4).
“In the present work rats have again been used in case there should be an unexpected species difference. The experiments were undertaken to determine (a) whether cholesterol as such could enter the brain; and if so (b) whether its rate of entry was as dependent on the timing of myelination as is the entry of other myelin-sheath constituents and their precursors.”
4. Material and Methods
4.材料与方法
Some consider this part as the easiest part of writing the paper.
这部分的考虑应该是写报告最早的部分。

There is a big deal of common sense as to what should be included and how detailed should it be. The general guideline that should be used is out come of the scientific dogma.
这是一个重要的常识，应该包括什么和它应该有多详细。

过去通用的指南是跳出科技性的教条。

Provide sufficient information that will allow the reader to repeat the experiment.
The question is who is the reader.
提供充分的信息能够允许读者重复这个实验。

问题是读者是谁。

How much details should be provided when using " old " methods
当使用老方法时该提供多少详细的细节。

Lecture 4
Results
结果
In the "Results" section you are presenting evidence that you have generated to support your working hypothesis or to reject others’ hypothesis.
在结果部分你展示出已经产生的证据来支持你研究的假设或者反对别人的假设。

If you have designed and prepared the material correctly, this section is relatively easy to write.
如果你已经设计并准备了精确的材料，相对来说这部分是容易写的。

You are reaching the stage of writing the Results section after you already summarized and organized the data in tables and/or figures.
在你已经在表格或图中总结和组织好你的数据后，你就到达了写作结论的部分。

Before you start the writing, make sure that you have put them in a logical order: Go from the simple to the most complicated.
在你写作之前，确保你将他们按照逻辑的顺序编排的：从简单到最复杂。

You are now going to compose tables and figures that will show the results of your experimental work based on your experimental design.
你现在开始撰写图表，这将会显示基于你实验设计的研究工作的结果。

This includes not only putting numbers or lines together; it should include composing the title and footnote (legend) names of axes and labels.
不仅包括将数字或线索排在一起；它应该还包括标题的构成与坐标轴和标签的注释。

1- Tables have to be clearly designed including complete titles and informative footnotes.
1-表格应该清楚的设计，包括完整的题目和注释信息。

Figures can be comprehended at a glance; The reader can get a great deal of information not only of the results but also part of the experimental design without reading the text.
图应该在看第一眼时就能被理解；读者能够获得大量的信息，不仅包括结果，而且还有在没有阅读全文时的实验设计。

2- The figures and tables will give you as well as the reader and extended synopsis of the paper. This will help you as the author to once more evaluate whether the idea you want to develop is indeed well presented. You may end up modifying it or the way/ order of presentation.
2-图表将会给你和读者延伸报告的大纲。

这将帮助你作为作者再次评估是否这个想法你想发展的效果确实不错。

你也许会结束修改它或者呈现的方式/顺序。

Each set of data, be it a table or preferably a figure, should be a summary of an experiment. Together with its legend and title, it can be completely informative itself. 每一个数据的设置，作为表格或者更好的是图，应该是一个实验的总结。

与它的图例和标题一起，它自己能够是一个完整的信息。

The data should be integrated within the text rather than appended to the composed text.
数据应该与全文是一个整体而不是构成全文的附录。

Design and re-design the tables or figures to be clear and informative. This will make the writing easy and the section will gain clarity.
设计和重设计的图表应是清楚和充满信息的。

这将会使写作能见到并且增加此部分的阐明性。

Ask yourself “What is this table or figure supposed to do”?
问你自己“这个图表是用来做什么的？”
If the answer is to “show data” – you are not clear enough, and the figure is purposeless.
如果回答是“呈现数据”-那么你就不够清楚，并且图是没有意义的。

Tables and figures are supposed to show meaningful data: reveal changes or show comparisons. Try to indicate why they are significant.
图表被用来显示有意义的数据：揭示改变或展示比较。

试着表明为什么它们是重要的。

- Tables and Figures should tell a short story of how and why.
-图表应该是一个简短说明怎样和为什么的内容
- Tables should also present accurate numbers that can be compared
表应该是呈现能够被比较的精确的数字
- Figures should show trends and relationships
图应该显示趋势和关系
This will help you to decide how to present your data – a Table or a Figure.
这将会帮助你觉得怎样呈现你的数据-一个表或是一幅图。

What is it that you want to present?
你想呈现的是什么？
absolute values
绝对值
Trends
趋势
Use a Table
使用表格
To summarize research findings.
来总结研究发现。

To group together specific data sets to compare and relate.
来将特殊的数据集合起来比较和联系
To document an account of experimental procedure and results.
用文件来证明关于实验的程序和结果。

To enable the reader to make calculations from experimental data.
保证读者从实验数据中做出计算。

To enable the reader to produce the experiment.
使读者能重复试验。

Criteria for a Good Table
一个好的表格的标准
A table must be complete; i.e., it must be understandable without detailed reference to the text.
一个表格应该是完整的；也就是，它必须能够在没有与全文的详细相关时能被理解。

Use units that are complete and easily understood.
使用的单位应该是完整的并且易于理解的。

The data in a table must be not only accurate, but also pertinent and significant.
表格中的数据必须不仅是准确的，而且还应是切题的和重要的。

Select the important aspects of the information.
选择信息的重要部分。

Keep the format clear and simple. Do not waste space, and be consistent in style and terminology.
保持格式简洁。

不要浪费篇幅，并且在形式和术语上保持一致。

Make groupings logical.
使组织具有逻辑。

Design the table to fit the format of a slide, page, or poster.
表格的设计要适合幻灯片，页，或是海报的格式。

Most of those criteria will apply for a good figure; Most of the software available will help you to make good quality drawings.
大多数的这些标准将会适用于一个好的图；大多数可用的软件都将会帮助你制作一个高质量的绘图。

Remember:
记住：
The figure is going to be reduced by several folds
图将会被几个粗体降低。

It is going to be in black and whites
它将会是白纸黑字
Choose your fonts and symbols accordingly
选择你的字体和相应的符号
Text
文本
The text is used to guide the reader between the sets of data.
文本是用于在数据集之间指导读者。

See if you can sub-divide the results into sections put them in such an order that will make it:
看看你能不能把这些结果分成的几部分，将它们按这样一个顺序排放，那将会使它：
easy to follow
简单易学
understand the logic
了解逻辑
support you next experimental step
支持你的下一个实验步骤
Always state at the start of a section or sub-section what its aim is so as to guide the reader throughout it to its end. Make it so that the reader is ready to the next question just as you are ready to provide him with the answer.
总是的一部分或小节开始的部分陈述它的主旨是什么来指导读者将其贯穿全文。

让读者准备接下来的问题就像你准备给他提供答案一样。

Do not worry if you find you need to re-order the material; this is the first time that you are considering the reader’s point of view instead of your own.
不要担心,如果你发现你需要再订购材料;这是第一次,你正在考虑读者的观点而
不是你自己的。

You may include at the end of each section an obvious conclusion. Just the one that will help you to justify the next step.
你也许包括在每个部分的最后都有一个明显的总结。

其中一个会帮助你证明你的下一个步骤。

Remember the in-depth discussion will come in the next part of the paper.
记住在报告接下来的部分将会有进一步深入的讨论。

Graphic Software
图表软件
The one you are most familiar with is the best for you to use. Most of the manufactures will be happy to provide you with specific information. Many will even send you a Demo program that will work like the real one but will not save or print. 一个你最熟悉的和最合适你用的。

大部分的生产企业将乐于给你提供特殊的信息。

许多甚至会送你一个演示程序,将像真的一样工作,但不会保存或打印。

The following is a list of the most commonly used one at the time of preparing this lecture notes.
在准备这个课堂讲稿时，下面列出了最常用的一些软件。

CA Cricket Graph
CA板球图
KaleidaGraph
万花筒图
Sigma Plot
Delta Graph Pro
三角洲图
Harvard Graphics
哈佛图形工具
Lecture 5
Lecture notes; Scientific writing
The Discussion / Conclusion
讨论/结论
The paper should end with a summing-up. Your purpose is to convey that your data supports the working hypothesis or suggests a new insight to a scientific problem. The title of this section varies throughout the literature; commonly you will find Conclusion,
报告应该以一个总结结束。

你的目的是传达你的数据支持你的研究设想或为一个科学问题支持一个新的视角。

这一部分的标题变化贯穿整个文献；通常你会找到一个结论，
Discussion, Conclusions, Concluding Remarks, Summary.
讨论，总结，结束语，结论。

Whatever it is called, this last section is a summing up of the data you have generated and putting it in its wider context so as to give the reader an accurate perspective on it after the close-up view.
无论叫什么，最后的部分是你所生成的数据的总结并且将它们放在全文中来使读者在全部观察完后有一个准确的观点。

This section is the heart of the paper; it is the section in which the author is assessing the meaning of his results.
这部分是报告的核心；
Nothing should be stated which has not already been covered in the paper itself. Emphasize the main points of the paper and how they alter the picture from before the paper was written.
在报告中没有涉及的东西不应该被记录。

强调报告的主要观点并且他们在写报告之前怎样改变蓝图的。

Do they alter the wider field in which the material is located?
他们改变了更广泛的领域中材料的位置？
Do they propose a new hypothesis?
他们提出了一个新的假设？
Do they modify an accepted hypothesis?
他们改变了一个已经被接受的假设？
Do they verify or disprove a hypothesis, or imply large changes in its plausibility?
他们改变或是反驳了一个假设，或是暗示它的说服性有了大的改变？
Explain to what extent the questions raised in the Introduction have been answered. 解释在前言中提出的延伸的问题已经被回答了。

Remember that not every detail of the work has the same importance.
记住不是研究的每一个细节都有同等的重要性。

Do not get carried away by the small details you may loose the reader before you get to the main conclusion. Try not to score over another investigator just in order to show-off.
不要被一些小的细节所带走这样你也许会在得出主要的结论前失去读者。

不要试图想胜过其他调查者仅仅是为了炫耀。

Watch for symptoms of megalomania
小心狂妄自大的症状
Discuss controversial data fairly,
公平的讨论有争议的数据，
Point out results that that no obvious explanation can be provided.
指出结果,没有明显的解释可以提供。

Point out anomalies rather then trying to hide them
指出异常而不是试图隐藏他们
You may also state what points need following up, what lines now look promising or unpromising, and you may speculate concisely as to what lies along them. Try to come up with an hypothesis that will explain the results.
你也许还陈述接下来需要什么观点，什么线索现在看起来有前景或前景渺茫，并且你也许简明的推测在它们之中倾向什么。

试图提出一个可能会解释这个结果的假设。

Don't be carried away by piling hypothesis upon hypothesis
不要被一个又一个的假设所困住
Explain (if it is not obvious) why your paper stopped where it did.
解释（如果不明显）为什么你的报告在它做的地方停止了。

Check-list
核对表
• Stress the main theme –
•强调主要的主题
• Do not provide new data
不要提供新的数据
• Integrate between the results and the introduction
将结果和引言之间进行整合
• How the paper has altered things.
报告是怎么改变那些东西的。

• New questions raised and brief speculations
新问题的提出和简洁的推测
• If not obvious, state why you stopped where you did
如果不明显，陈述为什么你停止你做的
Acknowledgements
致谢
Thank by name those people without whose personal intellectual influence the paper would have been significantly different. Explain briefly why you’re thanking each person or group.
通过名字谢谢这些人，没有他们个人的知识影响，这篇论文不会那么与众不同的重要。

简短的解释你感谢的每个人或团队的原因。

It is a matter of professionalism and courtesy to offer your thanks, and to do it gracefully.
表示感谢是一种职业精神和礼貌,并且这么做是优雅的。

Thank founders if required or desired
如果需要或有意愿的或感谢创建人
Thank those having a direct intellectual influence on the paper
感谢那些对报告有直接明智影响的人
Simply thank
简短的谢谢
References
参考文献
Keep a running list during writing
在写作过程中保持一个列表
Then store full details of each
然后保存每一个的所有细节
Then write them in the house style of the target journal at the very back of the preprint, beyond the figures
随后在目标期刊预印本的后部以共同的方式写下来，超越数字。