英文学术论文的语言特点
学术论文的常见语言表达
1学术论文的语言表达征求意见稿总则语言风格清晰流畅的书面语言注意向已发表的文章学习语言专业术语必须从该领域的文献中学习避免自创的新奇语句 应注意的问题一时态时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时需要注意的语法In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.二数数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数单数复数criterion criteria 依据phenomenon phenomena 现象medium media 介质radius radii 半径index indices 指数appendix appendices 附录stimulus stimuli 刺激basis bases 基础2synthesis syntheses 合成matrix matrices 基体Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词data, kinetics 通常作复数名词research, work: 不可数名词The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些结构的数<主谓的统一>one of 复数名词单数none of 复数名词复数none of 单数名词/不可数名词单数no 复数名词复数no 单数名词/不可数名词单数a kind of 单数名词单数this/that kind of 单数名词单数these kinds of 复数名词复数复数名词of this/that kind 复数sort 与kind 类似a type of 单数名词单数a series of 复数名词复数a class of 复数名词复数the number of 复数名词单数a number of 复数名词复数Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agent s, especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.One of possibilitie s for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial.3Controlled drug delivery technology represent s one of most rapid advancing area s of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several model s have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbone s that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text.The number of mechanism s which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 复数名词: 整个做主语时谓语应为单数; 但此句的动词have 是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如: One of the mechanism s which have been……A series of telomer s reported in table 1 were then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanism s have been developed.Polymer s are a promising class of biomaterial s that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.The most important class of poly(amide s) for controlled release are the poly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydride s) are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymer s have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言various differentmost all many severalone of many ofkinds ofa number of the number ofa (wide) variety of a class ofa series of a wide range ofDozens of different type s of receptor s are present on the average mammalian cell.4In a number of special application s (e.g. contact lens es and skin-grafting material s), additional requirement s such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane protein s are receptor s.Some polymer s are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing, while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymer s, both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可数名词的量词a few many a number of形容不可数名词的量词a great/small/certain amount of a great/good deal of形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词a lot of lots ofAlthough a few polymer s may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymer s are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kind s of IPN have been synthesized with different composition s.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers.以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as……由较靠近谓语动词的决定not only……but also……either……or……neither……nor……三冠词冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠词最普通的规则如下单数名词前一般要加冠词 a , the 等但有些情况可不加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the, these, those.5The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationshipK = A e -E/RTWhere A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energy, and T the Kelvintemperature. A plot of lnK versus 1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slopeand intercept, respectively.When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fractiondissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interiorhydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomerdroplets.被修饰的名词前要加 the:There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis ofnew polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available.The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them becomeheterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 .四从句分词不定式这些是写作时常用且必须用到的结构一定要掌握在学术论文中从句分词不定式通常用来作修饰Applications in the relatively new field of tissue engineering, where polymers are used to assistregeneration of three-dimensional tissue structures, are more and more integrated with biological demands.There are three general synthetic approaches that have been used to produce polymers withincreased thermal stability.If certain symmetry requirements are met, the molecules are able to pack into an ordered, latticearrangement and crystallization occurs. The temperature at which this occurs is Tm. There are at least two mechanisms through which the infectivity of a vector can be blocked.Biodegradable polymers containing ˋhydrolysable ˊgroups in their chains, which are susceptible to biodegradation to low molecular weight, nontoxic products, have also beenconsidered for controlled drug delivery systems.Polymers possessing high strength, solvent and chemical resistance, and serviceability at hightemperatures would find a variety of uses.6The challenge facing cell and molecular biologists is to decipher how cellular events occur.A general problem encountered in many of the polymerization systems has been a difficulty inobtaining polymers of sufficiently high enough molecular weight to have reasonable strengthproperties.Another approach to obtain rigid polymer chains is by the synthesis of spiro polymers. 五标点英文中一句话结束要用句号注意避免过长的句子这点与汉语中常用逗号的习惯不同请注意以下结构的标点…… such as A and B ………… such as A, B and C ………… , such as A, ………… , for example, ………… , for example ………… ,e.g., ………… ,i.e., …………, respectively.六掌握一些学术论文常用的短语结构可大大降低写作的难度In order to meet all of these criteria, the vector must deliver the gene accurately. To overcome this problem, it would be advantageous to pseudotype lentiviral vectors withtargeted MLV envelopes.Besides identifying suitable proteases for targeting, the success of thisprotease-targetingstrategy relies on the accessibility of the linker to protease cleavage.We have focused our investigations on the in vitro and in vivo biological response of a mousecell line.On the contrary, the homotelomer derivative 11 exhibits no substantial loss of cytotoxicitycompared to free Ara-C.After more than three decades of development, in which numerous polymers have been used toreplace body parts, clinical success is still relatively rare.7In some cases, polymeric materials for drug delivery must satisfy additional requirements, suchas environmental responsiveness (e.g. pH- or temperature dependent phase or volume transformation s.)Owing to the nature of these interactions, surface modification strategies have been used tooptimize specific surface properties.Several approaches to surface modification exist. In general, both chemical and physicalmodifications of the polymeric surface may significantly increase the biocompatibility.A host of new polymers have been developed specially for surgical applications, particularlydrug delivery.For roughly the past three or four decades, biology has been undergoing a revolution towarda quantitative mechanistic understanding of cell and organism behavior.They offer improved mechanical properties and ease of synthesis.Specific gel systems are described in more detail in the following sections.Perhaps the strongest motivation for polymeric delivery systems is that many of the more recently discovered molecules require delivery at a very localized level due to their mechanismof action.A particular challenge in addressing materials issues for tissue engineering is that the biologicalprocesses are not yet understood well enough to allow a clear set of design parameters to bespecified a priori.Over $20 billion is spent annually on therapeutic management of CHF treatments alone but theoverall outcome is not highly successful.Unless tissue-specific gene targeting techniques have been developed, intravenous injection ofrecombinant viral vectors is unlikely to be the choice of gene delivery due to systemic infectionand low efficiency of gene transfer.In most instances, there is some molecular weight range for which a given polymer property willbe optimum for a particular application.The control of molecular weight is essential for the practical application of a polymerizationprocess.Solid polymers differ from ordinary, low molecular weight compounds in the nature of theirphysical state or morphology.8On the other hand, the highly flexible chain leads to very low value s of Tg and Tm. Molecular symmetry of polymer chains also plays an important role in determining Tg and Tm.The reason for this is that the extent of crystallinity developed in a polymer is bothkineticallyand thermodynamically controlled while the melting temperature is only thermodynamicallycontrolled.This explains clearly why even the moderately high degree of syndiotacticity present in apolymer such as PMMA is not enough to allow it to crystallize extensively.Polymer s vary widely in their mechanical behavior depending on the degree of crystallinity, thedegree of crosslinking, and the values of Tg and Tm.The general order of thermodynamic stability of different sized ring structures is, thus, given by3,4,8 to 11 < 7,12 and larger < 5 < 6There are two important aspects with regard to the control of molecular weight in polymerizations.The rate constants for these reactions are orders of magnitude greater than those for thecorresponding reactions of the diacid or diester reactants.The discussions until this point have been concerned with the polymerization of bifunctionalmonomers to form linear polymers.Of the polymers discussed in the previous section, only the polyimides have been far into thedesired …This corresponds to a two- or three-fold rate increase for a 10°C temperature increase. While the H values vary over a wide range for different monomers, the S values are insensitive to structure –being relatively constant within the range of 20-30cal/K mol.Some polymerizations show a rapid rise in Rp followed by a rapid decrease to thesteady-statepolymerization rate.Emulsion polymerization refers to a unique process employed for some radical chain polymerization.To a large extent, the molecular weight and polymerization rate can be varied independently ofeach other.The system undergoes a very significant change after only a few percent of the total monomer9has been converted to polymer.As a consequence the monomer droplets are no longer stable and will coalesce if agitation isstopped.Each of the curves in Fig.1 is relatively typical of emulsion polymerization behavior.The mechanism is not well understood due to the experimental difficulties involved in the study.The monomers have been arranged in Table 1 in their general order of reactivity.The classification of a ring-opening polymerization as a chain or step polymerization can bemade on two bases.This is explainable in terms of the differences in the reaction mechanisms involved. 学术论文中避免语言等错误的建议在稿件寄出前请按以下程序分别检查各项内容1 是否有人称和动词的不统一第三人称单数的动词是否都加了-s2 是否有时态的错误3 是否有数的错误4 是否有冠词的错误5 是否有单词拼写的错误6 是否有大小写的错误7 是否有标点的错误8 是否有标题格式编号错误9 是否有文献格式的错误10 是否有页码的错误有无漏页颠倒<包括全文和附图表>11 是否有寄信的地址姓名的拼写的错误__。
英文论文怎么写
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图 8.1 引言的结构布局之一
值得注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。这一点与摘要大不一样，摘要 中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各自所占的篇幅大体比例一样(见 7.2 节)。而在引言 中，第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅。对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。 研究目的可能会比较简短。
引言与摘要还有一点不同的是，摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出，而在引言中(如果摘要与 正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写，这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results)，不必在引 言中重复。
下面这段引言的例子摘自一篇关于混合电动汽车的研究论文，大部分篇幅介绍研究背景。
例 1
A Hybrid Internal Combus on Engine/Ba ery Electric Passenger Car for Petroleum Displacement I. Forster and J. R. Bumby INTRODUCTION [1] The finite nature of the world's oil resources and the general concern about automobile emissions have prompted the adop on of energy conserva on policies and emphasized the need to transfer energy demand from oil to other sources of energy, such as natural gas, coal and nuclear. [2] A transfer of energy from oil to electricity can be achieved to a limited extent in the road trans- port sector by the increased use of electric vehicle. However, such vehicles are limited in range due to the amount Of energy that can he realis cally stored on-board the vehicle without affec ng payload. As a consequence of this, electric vehicles must he used in situa ons where daily usage is well defined, for example, in urban delivery duty. Indeed, it has been in such vehicles as the urban milk delivery vehicles that electric trac on drives have been tradi onally applied with a great deal of success. Currently the demand is for urban electric vehicles to he developed with greater traffic compa bility in terms of speed and range分. 析：第一层(第 1—5 段)：介绍混合电动汽车的研究背景、意义、目前
英语语言学权威学术论文题目结构和语言特征的对比研究
英语语言学权威学术论文题目结构和语言特征的对比研究赵聪超【摘要】The titles of linguistics play a key role in connecting readers with authors, which is very important for the academic articles' reading and embodying.The paper takes the articles from the journals of ESP and JOP as examples to analyze their structures and linguistic features.According to the statistical data, composite structures are in first place, and then noun phrases are in second place.However, using colons in composite structures is its most prominent symbol;there exist some prepositions in noun phrases that are used more frequently.Hence, this paper is helpful and valuable for scholars to compose English linguistic titles.%语言学论文的题目是连接作者与读者的关键步骤,在论文的评阅和发表中起着十分重要的作用.以发表于ESP和JOP 中的英语论文为例分析其标题的结构和语言特征.统计结果表明,标题中以复合型结构为主,其次才是名词短语结构;复合型结构中,以冒号为其显著标志,名词短语结构性标题中还出现了使用频率较高的介词.分析语言学论文题目的结构和语言特征对英语语言学论文题目的撰写具有一定的参考价值.【期刊名称】《兰州工业学院学报》【年(卷),期】2017(024)002【总页数】5页(P137-141)【关键词】语言学论文;标题;复合型标题;名词性标题【作者】赵聪超【作者单位】兰州理工大学外国语学院,甘肃兰州 730050【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H313论文标题是连接读者和作者的桥梁，是科研成果精炼的概括，能使科研工作者在查找相关文献时准确地了解文章的主要内容，缩小查找范围，因此，其在论文的录用、发表、阅读和检索过程中起着举足轻重的作用[1]。
浅谈英语学术论文语言特征及翻译技巧
2422020年10期总第502期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS浅谈英语学术论文语言特征及翻译技巧文/甄伟红【摘要】英语学术论文有着鲜明的语言特征，可体现在名词化、模糊限制语和被动句式等方面。
本文提出为使译文客观严谨地传达源文本的信息，译者需要充分体现上述三个语言特征，并以一篇英语科技学术论文为例，列举了在涉及名词化现象、模糊限制语和被动句式的翻译时应采取的翻译技巧。
【关键词】学术论文；语言特征；翻译技巧【作者简介】甄伟红(1979.12-)，女，汉族，河北石家庄人，广西大学外国语学院硕士研究生，河北经贸大学外语教学部，讲师，研究方向：翻译理论与实践。
【基金项目】该论文为2018年度河北省高等学校科学研究计划项目“基于知识图谱的国内外学术英语研究对比分析”的阶段性成果(项目编号：SQ181173)。
当今社会，科学研究的进步日新月异，各研究领域的最新成果都刊载在学术期刊中。
而英语作为语言载体，在国际学术期刊中占据着当之无愧的霸主地位，因此，英语学术论文承载着世界各国的前沿研究成果。
为了促进我国学者更好地了解领域内最新进展，更多地参与国际间学术交流，学术论文的翻译显得尤为重要。
对于学术英语语言特征的研究，国外已经取得了丰硕的成果。
Halliday 等人于1964年提出了语域分析(register analysis)的概念，对特定交际场合和职业语言变体的描述成为语言学中的一个研究主题(周薇薇、邓晓明 2017：92)。
学术语言是指用于学术交流的语言。
为了达到这个目的，学术语言自成一体，成为具有特定风格的一个语域。
这里学术交流的方式包含但不限于期刊论文。
以英语为载体进行学术交流的语言，即学术英语。
结合学术英语语言特点来探索学术论文的翻译技巧，可使译文更好地贴合源文本的语言特征，达到更理想的翻译效果。
一、学术英语语言特征学术英语的语言特征与学术文本的功能紧密相连。
学术文本语言需要体现出学术成果的信息性、客观性、严谨性等。
学术论文英文摘要的结构要素及语言特点探讨论文
学术论文英文摘要的结构要素及语言特点探讨论文文章在阐明科技论文英文摘要的基本结构和语言特点的基础上,从写作要素、时态、句子结构和基本句型几个方面对英文摘要的特点进行了详细讨论 , 以下是店铺为大家精心准备的：学术论文英文摘要的结构要素及语言特点探讨相关论文。
内容仅供参考，欢迎阅读!学术论文英文摘要的结构要素及语言特点探讨全文如下：摘要：摘要是对一篇文献要点的总结和概括，是构成完整论文的不可或缺的部分。
它不仅为读者提供信息、帮助读者在最快时间内定位文献的基本内容、还为电子期刊的文献检索提供了便利。
因此，旨在对一些已发表论文摘要的结构要素及摘要的语言特点做出分析及评论，以便能为学术论文摘要写作的规范化提供一些建议。
关键词：学术论文;英文摘要;结构要素;语言特点一、摘要的结构要素摘要的结构要素，主要由以下几部分构成：(1)主题阐述;(2)背景信息;(3)目的陈述;(4)方法论和语料;(5)研究结果/发现;(6)研究所带来的启示/结论[1]。
我们发现中文摘要在译成英文时，描述往往所占篇幅更大。
因此，英文摘要应简洁明了，对资料进行精心筛选，做到简明扼要。
例1：摘要：在跨文化交际过程中，语言信息的编码综合和解码分析并不是绝对机械的反映和转换。
发话人传递的信息和受话人接收的信息不等值的现象时有发生，容易导致交际双方产生误解。
从交际过程中的信道干扰、交际双方的文化差异以及个体的认知差异等三个方面研究言语信息差产生的原因，有利于跨文化交际者的言语信息差的调控，从而达到交际语言准确、得体的目的。
Abstract：(1)The integrated encoding of language information and its decoding analysis cannot be mechanically reflected and transformed in inter - cultural communication.(2)Frequently，what the speaker says and what the receiver understands cannot be equalized in its intentional meaning，thus causing misunderstandings and conflicts. (3)Three causes for information gap have been analyzed：interference of the information channel，the different cultural factors，and the speakers’different cognitive ability，for the purpose of adjusting information gap to effectuate successful communication.这篇英文摘要中的“ information gap” 和“three causes”说明了该研究的领域是信息差及其产生的原因;句(1)中出现的“language information ”和“ intercultural communication” 则进一步补充说明了该研究的主题是在跨文化交际过程中，言语信息差的产生原因;前2句都是对该研究背景信息的描述;句(3)则点明了研究的方法并部分预示了语料的可能来源和该研究的目的;但是摘要结构要素的第五、六部分并未体现在摘要中。
中外学者语言学类论文英文摘要中的语步结构对比研究
中外学者语言学类论文英文摘要中的语步结构对比研究王亚静(江苏师范大学外国语学院)摘要：摘要作为一篇研究论文的开头，是整篇论文的完整缩影，对论文的整体质量也起着至关重要的作用。
然而对许多学生来说，摘要是论文中相对比较困难的一个部分。
本文以Santos的五语步模型(five moves model)为理论基础，考察中外学者在实证语言学研究论文英文摘要中的语步结构特征，并为英文摘要的写作提供一些建议。
结果发现，中外论文的英文摘要在语步结构上存在着显著差异。
与中文期刊论文相比，外文期刊论文摘要的语步结构更为规范和清晰，据分析,这一结果可能是受母语迁移的影响。
这个发现对实证性语言学论文的英文摘要写作有一定启示。
关键词：语步结构;摘要;实证性研究论文;对比研究0.引言体裁是一系列有目的的交际性活动,其交际目的决定了体裁的具体结构和内容(Swales,1990)。
摘要作为一种特殊的文体，有其独特的特点(Hyland，2000)，摘要是对学术论文内容的高层次概括,也是检索或收录论文的重要依据。
专业读者总是通过阅读论文的摘要来判断论文的价值。
然而，许多中国学生在撰写英文摘要时遇到了困难，这应该引起我们的注意。
笔者通过大量的研究发现，语步结构分析可以提高论文摘要的写作水平。
巴赫金认为，言语体裁是指特定的社会交际者在特定的话语交际领域中形成的一种较为稳定的言语表达方式，在学术论文写作中，每一章节都有其规定的结构和表达顺序，被称之为“语步”。
有研究者指出%Bondi&Hyland,2006)，通过对学术论文这一体裁的分析,可以让研究者了解某学科论文的写作规范、团体价值观、文化与实践方式等。
所以，本文试图从对比的角度，以Santos的五语步模型为理论基础,考察本族语学者和中国学者所写语言学类论文英文摘要中的语步结构差异。
语料来自2015-2018年国内外学者发表在外语类核心期刊上的论文，以英文摘要为主要分析对象。
英文摘要文本特征 3
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Capacity. The full amount that something can hold, contain, or receive.
ACCURACY, PRECISION Accuracy. The degree of conformity of a measurement to the known or true value of the quantity measured. Precision. Broadly, the degree of refinement with which a measurement is made or reported. I wasn’t convinced about the accuracy of the report.
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英文学术论文摘要的体裁分析与话语特征
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这样才能帮 助他们 更好地 利用 目的语正确有效地读 、 写学术 论文摘要 ； 学术论文摘要 在格式 和 内容 上做 到规 范和全 面 ，
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篇语言 特征的简单描述 ， 着 眼解 释语篇 建构 ， 探讨 语篇结 构 背后 的社会文化 因素和心理认 知因素 ， 从而揭示实现交 际 目
的特殊 方式 和语 篇建构的规范性。因此 ， 体裁分析具有 了解 释性 （ ｅ ｘ ｐ ｌ ａ ｎ ａ ｔ ｏ ｒ ｙ ） 的特 点 ， 将语 言学 、 社会 学 和心理 学研 究 方法 紧密结 合在一起。
摘
要： 基于Ｅ Ｓ Ｐ体 裁分析理论 的摘要四语步模式 ， 对 随机抽 样的五 十篇英 文金 融 学学术论 文摘要 的体裁结 构和
不同类型英语学术论文摘要语篇的宏观结构：共性与特性--以计算机学科本族语者和非本族语者为例
不同类型英语学术论文摘要语篇的宏观结构：共性与特性--以计算机学科本族语者和非本族语者为例施金花;陈欣【摘要】采用Swales提出的体裁分析法对计算机学科不同类型英语学术论文摘要语篇的宏观结构进行分析，选取两种典型的学术论文类型———研究报告型和综述型，并分别从本族语者和非本族语者两个方面进行分析，探讨论文类型以及本族语者与非本族语者对英语学术论文摘要宏观结构的影响。
结果显示：研究报告型和综述型英语学术论文摘要对本族语者来说无明显差异，都符合Swales的摘要宏观结构；对于非本族语者，研究报告型英语学术论文摘要虽然遵从Swales的摘要宏观结构，但是还存在一些差异，而研究关注较少的综述型英语学术论文摘要则差异较大，呈现出了其特殊的语步特征。
【期刊名称】《英语教师》【年(卷),期】2016(016)014【总页数】5页(P19-23)【关键词】计算机学科;英语学术论文;体裁分析;宏观结构【作者】施金花;陈欣【作者单位】212013，江苏镇江，江苏大学外国语学院;212013，江苏镇江，江苏大学外国语学院【正文语种】中文19世纪以前，体裁还不是语言学家的关注和研究对象。
但自从20世纪80年代John Swales引入体裁（genre）这一概念，并把它与语篇交际功能结合起来后，学术论文体裁分析的研究便方兴未艾，引起了学术界的广泛注意。
体裁分析是一种特殊的语篇分析模式，它集语言学、社会学和心理学方法于一体，超越了对语篇语言特征的简单描述，将语篇分析从表层推进到更深的层面。
国内学者庞继贤在1993年发表的《“语篇体裁分析”理论评析》是中国最早引述体裁分析的文章。
之后，便有越来越多的学者，如秦秀白、方琰等，对“体裁”（方琰称之为“语类”）进行介绍和述评，体裁分析的文章受到越来越多的人的关注和研究，其研究成果也在不断增加。
目前，学界对学术论文体裁的研究主要从两个方面进行，一是学术论文结构层面，包括论文的宏观结构以及论文各部分的语步结构（move structure）；二是论文语言特征层面，如情态、时态、转述和措辞等。
学术论文英文摘要特点分析
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动语态的句子结构调节余地较大 ， 有利于译文 的衔接和连贯（ 李海
随着以科学技术为背景的全球化发展 ， 国际学术交流 日趋增 多， 学术论文作为学术交流的主要方式鼓励和吸引着各界学术人
士积极发表 自己的科研成果 ， 摘要作为学术论文不可缺少的一部
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是摘要中最常用的句式 ， 其次是名诃化结构 ， 从句占第三位。这三 种句式在摘要中出现的频率高是因为这些句式本身符合学术论文
客观 、 的特点 。 严谨
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关 键词 ： 被动 语 态 ； 名词 化 ； 句 ； 译 方 法 从 英 Ｄ Ｉｌ． ９ ９ｊｉ ｎ １０ —４ ５ ． ０ｏ ０ ． ４ ０ ：Ｏ ３６ ／． ｓ． ０ ９ ４８ ２ １． ４ １９ ｓ
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文检索中发挥的重要作用 ， 论文能否被国际检索机构收录英文摘
英语学术论文写作
学年论文(TERM PAPER)：大学高年级阶段在有经验的教师指导下完
成的为获取学分的论文。属于比较正规的论文写作。要求学生在已有 知识的基础上稍稍深入研究一些专业性的问题，并力所能及地提出一 些新见解，新观点，新认识等，在行文写法方面逐渐走向规范。
THE LENGTH OF A RESEARCH PAPER
•Scholarly magazines or journals
• very short, 3-5 pages in length
•PhD thesis
• hundreds of pages
•Required paper
• 10-15 pages, 20 pound space, 4000-5000 words
artistic touch.
MORE EXAMPLES
• SUBJECT
• Second language acquisition
• TOPIC
• Learner error analysis
• QUESTION
• How did spell and grammar checkers change the error patterns in college students’ English writing exercises?
• 5） 避免使用双重否定表达法。如： • 劣：this reaction is not uncommon. • 优：this reaction is common; 或： this reaction is rare; 或： this reaction occurs
英文学术论文写作
英文学术论文写作学术论文写作用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流;二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。
不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。
了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。
对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。
用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。
关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。
此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。
一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。
在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。
也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。
因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。
学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。
英文论文怎么写
对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。
用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。
关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。
此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。
一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference 等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。
在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。
也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction 写得好坏。
因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。
学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。
这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。
Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。
它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。
标题的写法论文标题是全文内容的缩影。
读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。
科技论文英文摘要的特点及写作
科技论文英文摘要的特点及写作Ξ沈育英(华南农业大学人文学院外语系 广州市 510642)摘 要 英文摘要的规范化写作将有助于我国科技学术界的国际交流,从而有利于扩大我国科技成果的影响。
本文从英语文体学的角度,分析了科技论文英文摘要在选词、时态、语态、句型等方面的特点,指出语体正式、句法结构规范、用词准确精炼、篇章结构紧凑完整是科技论文英文摘要的文体特点。
作者据此提出科技论文英文摘要写作要求逻辑连贯、表达明晰、畅达,并分别从时态、语态、常用句式、长短等方面就科技论文英文摘要写作中应遵循的原则逐一进行了归纳总结。
即,写作科技论文英文摘要时,应多用规范正式的专业词汇或使用范围较窄、意义更准确的“大词”;多用现在时态;多用被动语态。
关键词 科技论文 英文摘要 文体特点 写作技巧Abstract As the concentration of the main points of the scientific paper,abstract is the showpiece of the devel2 opment of scientific research.Therefore,the standardization of En glish abstract writing will be beneficial to the scientific research papers to be quoted by international abstract journals,and to the impacts of scientific research results in China to be s pread over the world.From the point of view of English stylistics,this paper first at2 tempts an analysis of the stylistic features of abstract for scientific research papers concerning grammar,vocabu2 lary and structure.It points out that English sbstract for scientific research papers should be accurate and concise in diction,complete and formal in syntax,as well as logical and well-knit.Then a move will be carried to the dis2 cussion of principles in writing abstract for scientific research papers.It is suggested that coherence,clearness, and fluency should be followed in writing English abstract for scientific research papers.The emphasis,however, falls on a tentative categorization of strategies in writing English abstract for scientific research papers,touching upon diction,tense,voice,and patterns.That is,in diction,s pecialized words as well as“big”words that are usu2 ally limited in scope should be preferred;in tense,present tense is more popular than past tense;whereas in voice,passive voice is mostly used instead of active voice.K ey w ords Scientific research paper English abstract stylistic features writing skill 科技论文英文摘要是了解科技成就的捷径,是打开科技宝库的一把钥匙。
中外学术期刊论文英文摘要语言特点比较研究
Modern Linguistics 现代语言学, 2018, 6(3), 516-523Published Online August 2018 in Hans. /journal/mlhttps:///10.12677/ml.2018.63060A Comparative Study of LanguageCharacteristics in English Abstract between Chinese and Foreign Academic JournalsYue ZhanHeilongjiang University, Harbin HeilongjiangReceived: Aug. 4th, 2018; accepted: Aug. 16th, 2018; published: Aug. 21st, 2018AbstractThe paper chooses 50 English abstracts from Mind & Language and 50 abstracts from foreign lan-guage journals. The writer builds a small corpus, and then uses Antconc 3.4.4 and other software to analyze the corpus. The differences in lexical density, subject words, parts of speech, authorial identity, modal verb and collocation of English abstracts written by scholars at home and abroad are compared, which provide references for domestic scholars to write English abstracts.KeywordsEnglish Abstracts, Academic Papers, Linguistic Features中外学术期刊论文英文摘要语言特点比较研究展悦黑龙江大学，黑龙江哈尔滨收稿日期：2018年8月4日；录用日期：2018年8月16日；发布日期：2018年8月21日摘要本文选取近三年国外Mind & Language和国内外语学刊语言哲学专栏学术论文英文摘要各50篇，自建小型语料库，用Antconc 3.4.4等软件进行语料分析，比较语言哲学方面国内外学者撰写英文摘要在词汇密度、主题词、词性、第一人称使用、情态动词使用及词语搭配等词汇层面的差异，为国内学者撰写英文展悦摘要提供参考。
高质量英文学术论文的要素和写作注意事项
高质量英文学术论文的要素和写作注意事项十大要素：（1）原创性（2）创新性（3）题目合适（4）好的摘要（5）论文组织论证严密（逻辑性强）（6）图表清晰可靠（7）英语表达好，语法拼写等错误少（8）精选参考文献（9）LETTER 要求投的文章要适合该期刊（10）可读性，好的文章通俗易懂，有影响力现在来谈谈英文文章的写作和注意事项：（1）题目：概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项：英文题目以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
例如：The fabrication of …。
短语型题目要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。
题目一般不应是陈述句，因为题目主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题目具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题目，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。
题目中的缩略词语：已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题目中，否则不要轻易使用。
另外，还要注意题目字数的限制，国外科技期刊一般对题目字数有所限制，这些规定可供我们参考。
总的原则是，题目应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题目词数越少越好。
（2）摘要：与结论不重复，体现整个文章的结论和思想，包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等。
摘要写作注意事项：摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
具体地讲，就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。
A．英文摘要的时态：时态运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
2 学术论文的语言特点(1)
2 学术论文的语言特点一．长短句的结合重要论点或技术性很强的信息－－－短句几个长句＋一个短句的节奏二．人称的使用I------>WeWe believe, We recommend, We propose三．主动－>被动We prove that the results reflect the…Revised: It is proved that the results reflect the…避免使用youYou can see from the results in Figure 1,…Revised: As is shown in Figure 1,…四. 选择更加正式的语言表达A．正式的形容词a lot, many --->numerous, various, …例：There are many different reasons.Revised: There are numerous reasons.对于方法的评价语言必然涉及到的形容词:少用good,bad,great, nice, poor，寻求更加书面的表达描述研究的“好”和“坏”的正式形容词归纳：Positive Negative innovative flawed significant unsatisfactory rigorous thin impressive sloppy remarkable unwarranted elegant limitedB. 正式的副词Very---> highly, extremely, quite, rather…C. 正式的动词Get---> receive, obtain, achieve…The author reported/showed/proposed/developed/observed/demonstrated/presented……The author contends/maintains/implied/claims……The authorpoints out/notes/stresses/emphasizes/pays particular attention to……D. 其他正式用语惯例(1)避免使用缩写Don’t,can’t,isn’t do not, can not, is not(2)否定形式的否定句肯定形式的否定句does not, do not, have not, can not…fail, miss, lack, neglect, deny, far from…(3)避免不确定的语言etc.标题TitleInclude the topic of the studyInclude the scope of the studyMake it easy to understand without reading firstInclude key words to categorize and find in searchesFollow standard capitalization for your field (NOT ALL)IEEEScience DirectAmerican Mathematical Society反例：What is memory？Optimum Associative Neural Network Utilizing Maximum Likelihood摘要Abstract全文的缩影Conference ProgramAbstract 所应该包含的内容：developed method of …Concluding sentencesThe result of the experiments indicate that …Our work involving … proving to be encouraging.In this paper, a new learning rule and theoretical analysis of an extended bidirectional associative memory network (MLBAM) is presented, by using the maximum likelihood criterion based on two well recognized and essential criteria, i.e., the convergence of the learning rule, and the noise tolerance of this network. Traditional methods fail to distinguish highly approximative patterns. However, the method in our study can improve this by using the newly developed method of maximum likelihood criterion. In addition, the learning approach guarantees that correlatedpatterns could be associated as a stable state and the network possesses excellent anti-noise property by using likelihood function, namely, the learning approach specializes in the situation including stochastic disturbance. Additionally, the associative capability of the bidirectional associative memory is specifically discussed. Finally, two experiments are used to certify the validity and efficiency of our method, especially the method’s excellent anti-noise property by using likelihood function.介绍IntroductionEstablish and Narrow the topic 建立/缩小主题Literature review 研究评价（发展过程趋势）Investigation needed(Gap) 指出空白Purpose of your research 研究目的Value of your research 研究价值Outline 文章结构Establish the topicGeneral statement about the area of research being focused onestablishing the narrowed research topic研究大主题/背景--->论文研究小主题Establishing expression例：The solution of ……is a fundamental mathematical problem which arises in many fieldsof ……. The aim is to solve a set of ……simultaneously.The solution of a linear system of equations is a fundamental mathematical problem which arises in many fields of engineering and science. The aim is to solve a set of linear equations simultaneously.例:Recent advances in molecular biology such as cloning demonstrate that increasingly complex micromanipulation strategies for manipulating individual biology cells are required. Microrobotic systems have the potential to change the way in which biological cells are studied and manipulated by enabling complex biomanipulation techniques. ( International Journal of Robotics Research, pp. 64-75,2002 )Literature ReviewTrends in the researchHistorical development of this areaDifferent methodologies used研究发展趋势-->不同方法的优缺点-->最具特征的研究方法……have been noted to be conducive tools for many applications. ……is one of the major topics in neural networks. …… introduced ……which is powerful and has been universallynoted[1]-[2]……. has been extended to be ……by ……[3]-[4]. In ……, …… presented the theory of …… by generalizing ……. However, the defect of this traditional learning rule is obviousthat …… is limited and it fails to ……[8]-[17].……have been noted to be conducive tools for many applications. ……is one of the major t opics in neural networks. …… introduced ……which is powerful and has been universallynoted[1]-[2]……. has been extended to be ……by ……[3]-[4]. In ……, …… presented the theory of …… by generalizing ……. However, the defect of this traditional learning rule is o bvious that …… is limited and it fails to ……[8]-[17].……have been noted to be conducive tools for many applications. ……is one of the major topicsin neural networks. …… introduced ……which is powerful and has been universallynoted[1]-[2].……. has been extended to be ……by ……[3]-[4]. In ……, …… presented the theory of …… by generalizing ……. However, the defect of this traditional learning rule is obvious that …… is limited and it fails to ……[8]-[17].Establish the Gap (Need)---指出不足Several studies have suggested associations between estrogen and mood states such as depression and anxiety. Similarly, many studies have explored the relationship between smoking and depression. However, little has been done to investigate the direct effect of estrogen on smoking in women smokers.说明不足的方法和句式总结构成否定（negative constructions）Little research has been done on…Little work has focused on…XXX has been given limited attentionFew attempts have been made to …Few studies have examined…No data have found a relationshipbetween…None of the findings indicate…二. 构成比较（Contrastive Construction）Although much research has been devoted to (A)… rather less attention has been paid to (B)…Research to date has tended to explore the area of (A)…, rather than(B)…While many studies have examined(A)… far fewer have examined(B)…三. 构成疑问（Question Construction）It remains unclear, however, whether…These findings suggest that there remainsdoubt about…Thus, it would be of interest to learnhow…四. 非完全否定承接(Without being completely negative)(kinder/gentler)Previous work shows that the XXX method is useful for analyzing…This paper uses the XXX method to further explore…Recent development in the use of computer-aided instruction technology cleary has great potential in the classroom. In this paper, we further demonstrate how…五. 否定动词(Negative Verbs)However, research to date hasbeen limited on…been restricted on…suffered from…overlooked…neglected to consider…disregarded…否定形容词(Negative adjectives)However, explanations about XXX to date areincompleteunconvincingquestionableunsatisfactorymisguidedflawedState the Purpose of Your Research( Purpose and Larger field )Purpose Sentences：The aim of the present research is to give…This study was designe d to calculate/evaluate…This study describes and analyzes the problemsof …and then presents a solution of …The primary focus of this paper is to …Asecondary purpose is …Larger Field Sentences:This research may contribute to the field of …by…It is ho ped that this study will provide further insights into…The results of this research have the potential to…This topic was identified as being of importance to researchers in providing them the necessary background to…How is the paper organized?After a b rief discussion about…, we describe the methodology and the broad context of the study. We then discuss…The outline for this paper is as follows: Section II oulines the assumptions for …Section III lays out the framework for…Section IV describes…The paper is concluded in Section V which presents…Section 2 describes the neural model that has been developed for the application and the operation of BAM based on the maximum likelihood criterion. Section 3 describes the learning algorithm that is used to train the network. In Section 4, certain essential performances of this algorithm are presented. Section 5 provides three experiments to certify the validity and efficiency of our method.Method/Formula 方法/问题描述公式的描述用词Let p stand for…Let N equal…Consider…No te…Notice…Compare…Suppose/Supposing …WhereConclusion Section 讨论部分重申研究的目的和基本假设研究结果以及结果的含义更广义的研究价值研究结果的缺陷和不足进一步的工作重申研究的核心和基本假设Restate the original hypothesis or focus of the study例句：This study focused on assessing twotheories of …....研究结果的含义Explain the significance of this research例句：The result found in the study indicatethat ……更广义的研究价值Explain how these findings may be applied to a broader area例句：This research can be useful in the areas of …....研究结果的缺陷和不足Explain the limitations or weaknesses of the findings---what it did not or could not measure 例句：1. The study did not allow us to ……2. It should be noted that this study isrestricted to ……说明进一步的工作Implications for future work例句：1. This approach provides a novelapproach for future st udies on……2. The result encountered in this studyleads us to speculate that ifadditional studies are done, ……willbe found.Acknowledgement 致谢部分The authors wish to thank……References[1] Kosko B..Bidirectional Associative Memories[J]. IEEE Trans. System,Man,and Cybernetics, 1988,18(1):49-60.[2] Kosko B.Adaptive Bidirectional Associative Memories[J]. Applied Optics,1987,26(23):4947-4960.。