托福综合写作TPO 19
TPO19
TPO 19Task1Talk about a skill or ability that you consider especially important for a student to have. Use details and examples to explain your answer.One of the most important abilities I think a student should strive to obtain is the critical thinking ability. Now, we are encountering an explosion of information in our daily lives. Critical thinking could help us make right decisions. For example, one person may tell you that it should be compulsory to give away your seat to the elderly when traveling on the bus, another person may consider it to be discretionary. Everyone makes their own choices based on their unique backgrounds. With critical thinking skills, one can tell what's right from what's wrong and shape his or her value system.Task2More and more people are buying items on the Internet and from magazines or catalogs. Other people prefer shopping in a store. Which do you prefer and why?I would like to take a mixed way of shopping, which means that I may try different ways of shopping under specific circumstances. When I am trying to purchase a piece of clothing, I would choose to shop in a store. Because, in the stores, I can try on some of the clothes to see if they actually fit. in the meantime, I can see the color with naked eyes and feel its texure with my hands. If, however, I am trying to buy something whose information can be fully obtained from the internet or magazines, I wouldn’t take the trouble to go outside. For example, ordering an airline ticket online is very convenient and safe nowadays. All I need to do is to pay my bills online and offer my ID card number, and an electronic ticket is bought. I wouldn’t even have to hold a real ticket when boarding.Task3Fee Increase for Recreation Center UseThe university administration today announced a $25 increase in the student fee for using the campus recreation center. The higher fee, which all students are required to pay, will provide funds to upgrade the facility and provide newer, more modern exercise equipment at the center. “We expect the improvements to increase student use of the facility,” explained David Smith, director of the student activities office. Mr. Smith also noted that the decision was approved because “We feel that $25 is a reasonable increase that will be affordable for individual students.”The man expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.TPO‐19 Question 3 sample answerThe university plans to increase the fee for using the campus recreation center in order to improve sports facilities and the increase is considered to be acceptable by the students. The man thinks that’s a good idea. He believes that upgrading the facilities can make more students go there and exercise, which is important for them. The purpose of the university’s plan can be realized. He also argues that the fee increase is not that much compared to the money thatstudents spend on CDs and movies. It is affordable for individual students to pay for.Task4Social LearningOne way people learn is by watching the behavior of others. Sometimes called social learning, this type of learning involves the process of learning to copy‐‐‐or not coy‐‐‐the action of another. By observing the results, or consequences, of another’s behavior, people tend to imitate the behavior of another when they see that it leads to a desirable consequence‐‐‐hoping to repeat it for themselves. Of course, the opposite is also true‐‐‐people tend to avoid imitating the behavior of another when they see it result in an undesirable consequence.Use the examples from the lecture to explain concept of social learning.TPO‐19 Question 4 sample answerThe professor provides an example to illustrate the concept of social learning, which suggests that people choose to or choose not to imitate other people’s behavior by observing the consequences resulting from that behavior. When a little boy observes that screaming and crying is helpful in helping her sister getting what she wants, he will probably do the same next time when he wants something. However, when the little boy sees that his sister gets punished because of her crying and screaming, he will probably not imitate that behavior to get what he wants. As he thinks if he did so, he would also get punished.TPO‐19 Question 5 sample answerThe problem the woman faces is that she has a conflict about time. Both her student teaching assignment and her Chinese history course happen to be on the same day. She has two options available: she could either take the Chinese history course in another semester or change her teaching assignment to a different day. Personally, I would prefer to take the course because as the woman suggested the course will be taught by an excellent visiting Chinese professor and it would be a real pity to miss this rare opportunity.TPO‐19 Question 6 sample answerThe professor talks about two special adaptations that seabirds have developed in order to find food. The first one concerns the length of wings and the other is an acute sense of smell. Firstly, he talks about the albatross. This kind of seabird has special long wings which enable them to glide or float on air instead of moving its wings up and down. In this way the albatross uses up a lot of energy. Another kind of seabird the professor mentions is the fulmar. Its food is difficult to see. However, this kind of seabird has a strong sense of smell that can help it find the food.。
托福TPO19阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO19ÔĶÁPassage3Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO19ÔĶÁPassage3Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Discovering the Ice Ages¡¡¡¡In the middle of the nineteenth century, Louis Agassiz, one of the first scientists to study glaciers, immigrated to the United States from Switzerland and became a professor at Harvard University, where he continued his studies in geology and other sciences. For his research, Agassiz visited many places in the northern parts of Europe and North America, from the mountains of Scandinavia and New England to the rolling hills of the American Midwest. In all these diverse regions, Agassiz saw signs of glacial erosion and sedimentation. In flat plains country, he saw moraines (accumulations of earth and loose rock that form at the edges of glaciers) that reminded him of the terminal moraines found at the end of valley glaciers in the Alps. The heterogeneous material of the drift (sand, clay, and rocks deposited there) convinced him of its glacial origin.¡¡¡¡The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.¡¡¡¡It soon became clear that there were multiple glacial ages during the Pleistocene, with warmer interglacial intervals between them. As geologists mapped glacial deposits in the late nineteenth century, they became aware that there were several layers of drift, the lower ones corresponding to earlier ice ages. Between the older layers of glacial material were well-developed soils containing fossils of warm-climate plants. These soils were evidence that the glaciers retreated as the climate warmed. By the early part of the twentieth century, scientists believed that four distinct glaciations had affected North America and Europe during the Pleistocene epoch.¡¡¡¡This idea was modified in the late twentieth century, when geologists and oceanographers examining oceanic sediment found fossil evidence of warming and coolingof the oceans. Ocean sediments presented a much more complete geologic record of the Pleistocene than continental glacial deposits did. The fossils buried in Pleistocene and earlier ocean sediments were of foraminifera¡ªsmall, single-celled marine organisms that secrete shells of calcium carbonate, or calcite. These shells differ in their proportion of ordinary oxygen (oxygen-16) and the heavy oxygen isotope (oxygen-18). The ratio of oxygen-16 to oxygen-18 found in the calcite of a foraminifer's shell depends on the temperature of the water in which the organism lived. Different ratios in the shells preserved in various layers of sediment reveal the temperature changes in the oceans during the Pleistocene epoch.¡¡¡¡Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature¡ªaround the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: In the middle of the nineteenth century, Louis Agassiz, one of the first scientists to study glaciers, immigrated to the United States from Switzerland and became a professor at Harvard University, where he continued his studies in geology and other sciences. For his research, Agassiz visited many places in the northern parts of Europe and North America, from the mountains of Scandinavia and New England to the rolling hills of the American Midwest. In all these diverse regions, Agassiz saw signs of glacial erosion and sedimentation. In flat plains country, he saw moraines (accumulations of earth and loose rock that form at the edges of glaciers) that reminded him of the terminal moraines found at the end of valley glaciers in the Alps. The heterogeneous material of the drift (sand, clay, and rocks deposited there) convinced him of its glacial origin.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO19ÔĶÁPassage3ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1. The word ¡°accumulations¡± in the passage is closest in meaning to¡¡¡¡O signs¡¡¡¡O pieces¡¡¡¡O types。
托福综合写作汇总
TPO01 (social, work)Employees’ working daysTPO02 (social, work)Assemble a group of people into a team in organizationTPO06 (social, web)Important problems that make communal online encyclopedia less valuable than traditional printed oneTPO08 (social, human)Critics raised doubt about the accuracy of Chevalier’s memoirTPO11 (social, book)Troubles of young people who are reading far less literature caused to cultureTPO19 (social, advertise)Critics to ban buzzers for advertising companiesTPO03 (art, painting)Doubts about whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by himTPO04 (environment, animal)Dinosaurs, a reptile, were endothermsTPO07 (environment protection)Reasons for wood companies in US not adopt ecologically friendly practicesTPO09 (environment protection)Advantages of fuel-cell engines over internal-combustion engines for car manufacturers and governmentTPO10 (environment protection)Pollution hypothesis is more likely reason to cause great population decline of sea otterTPO22 (environment, energy)Reasons for that ethanol is not a good replacement for gasolineTPO23 (environment, plants)Hypotheses to explain the decline of yellow cedarTPO24 (environment, animal)Actual tissues of animal found in a dinosaur’s fossilTPO14 (environment)Reasons why salvage logging is beneficial both to a damaged forest and to the economyTPO15 (environment)Several measures have been proposed to stop the spread of cane toad in AustraliaTPO17 (environment, animal)Because of the steady growth of the human population and the corresponding increase in agriculture and pesticide use, the number of birds in the US will necessarily declineTPO18 (environment, trees)Three ways to address the decline of Torreya taxifoha, a type of evergreen tree in FloridaTPO20 (environment, forest)3 kinds of damage caused by the ‘let it burn’ policyTPO13 (environment, fossil)Selling rare and important fossils to private ownership, a unfortunate development to both scientists and general publicTPO21 (environment protection)Benefits brought by planting genetically modified trees on a large scaleTPO05 ( history, architecture)Competing theories about the use of ‘great houses’ in Chaco CanyonTPO12 (history, human)Reasons to believe the subject in a painting is Jane AustenTPO16 (archaeology, history)Science of archaeology was faced with serious problems and limitations in Britain。
TPO19-3 Discovering the ice age
TPO 19-3 Discovering the ice age1. In all these diverse regions, Agassiz saw signs of glacial erosion and sedimentation. In flat plains country, he saw moraines (accumulations of earth and loose rock that form at the edges of glaciers) that reminded him of the terminal moraines found at the end of valley glaciers in the Alps.解析：括号中的内容是对前面moraines的解释，阅读中遇到一般可以略过。
后面的that 引导定语从句修饰前面的moraines. 后半句中的moraines found at the end of...可看成moraines(that were) found...隐含的定语从句。
Remind sb of sth提醒某人某事，此处语义是令某人想到某事的意思。
翻译：在所有这些多元的地区，Agassiz看见冰川侵蚀和沉淀的迹象。
在平原国家，他看到冰碛石（在冰川边缘的泥土和松石的积累）。
这使他想起了在阿尔卑斯山谷末端发现的终碛。
2. The heterogeneous material of the drift (sand, clay, and rocks deposited there) convinced him of its glacial origin.解析：heterogeneous多样化的，异种的。
括号中内容是对前面的解释。
Convince sb of sth 使某人相信某事翻译：漂流物（沉淀的沙子、粘土和岩石）的混杂异质材料使他相信这是冰山起源。
TPO19：
TPO19： THE ROMAN ARMYS IMPACT ON BRITAINThe Roman Army’s Impact on Britain1.遗漏精华信息。
改变重要含义或者遗漏精华信息以下哪⼀项能表达出⾼亮句⼦的精华核⼼精华核⼼含义？错误选项改变重要含义In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.罗马帝国在公元⼀世纪征服了⼤不列颠后，有⼤量的驻军留在的新的省份，这些驻军的营地、城防以及对当地经济的参与对⼤不列颠有很⼤的影响。
a)许多罗马⼠兵在征服了⼤不列颠之后留在了那⾥，他们留在那⼉有很强的影响⼒。
b)新的罗马⼤不列颠省份随着经济的改善，在公元⼀世纪苏醒。
c)营地、城防和经济变化帮助罗马征服了⼤不列颠。
d)随着罗马军队征服⼤不列颠，罗马帝国也获得⼤量的经济增长。
2.根据第⼀段，罗马军队对⼤不列颠哪些地⽅影响最⼤？（Factual Information Question）a)最先被征服的地区b)⼈⼝中⼼附近地区c)⽤作军事基地地区d)迅速并⼊帝国的地区解析：段落第四句“Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential.”意思是：在军队驻扎的地⽅，军队对当地的影响更⼤。
第五句“The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise he soldiers’ animals.”意思是：军事基地强迫征收当地⼟地⽤来建造城堡以及喂养训练⼠兵的动物。
tpo19写作范文
托福写作如何提高？我的托福作文分数是19-20分在托福作文备考中，尤其在开头段，结尾段以及中间各段的衔接，找到了漂亮的句式就从此永远用这个不要再改了，这就是自己独家的写作模板。
每段的第一句尤其要精彩一点，试着尝试倒装句，或用被动语态，总之别写干巴巴的简单句、主动句，这样给考官的感觉就是你接下来的论述也没有可期待之处。
平时在托福写作练习的时候可以用尽量多的句式，多尝试，找到适合自己的，既能记住，又能灵活运用，限时模考的时候就开始逐渐找到自己的句式表达和段落结构，形成自己固定的模板套路，也就是个人的写作风格吧。
在托福作文备考中找到自己托福写作的独特方法，对考试来说是一种很大的促进。
适合自己的最好托福写作评分标准在论证上提出了三点要求：1、要有说理；2、要有例子；3、要有细节。
这三条标准当中，中国学生最不缺的就是第一条。
一个没有经过任何写作训练的考生写出来的文章往往充满了说理性的语句，并且都表达着同一个意思，缺少例子和细节，显得十分苍白无力。
而一个接受了一段时间托福写作训练的学生往往会在论证当中使用举例说明的方法。
无奈这类例子大多为假设，泛泛而谈，语言空洞，很难有说服力。
事实上，当我们在阅读地道的英美人的文章时，我们就会发现，英美人的文章中是充满了细节的，而小马过河认为这才是中国学生在进行论证时最缺乏的。
细节分为两个方面，一是语言的细化，主要体现在用词的准确性上，这是需要一段时间的积累加上特别训练才能达到的。
二是例子的细化，体现在描述的细致性上，要做到这一点，除了刻意加上一些人名地名，显得描写细致以外，还需要学生多看原味英语，细细体味。
因此我们的学生在进行托福写作的时候，要注意对于be more specific这一标准的把握。
很多时候，细致的例子能够弥补遣词造句上的不足。
tpo独立写作范文,如何达到tpo独立写作范文的标准其二，逻辑清晰，论据具体。
tpo独立写作范文要求展开充分。
要求我们在保持平衡的基础上有所侧重。
托福写作批改：[综合+独立][TPO19]高分作文推荐
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托福写作批改：[综合+独立][TPO19]高分作文推荐写作批改前：Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific points made in the reading passage.Apparently, the speaker disputes the notion illustrated in the readingmaterial. According to the passage, there are three considerable factors about harmful effects of buzzing. However, none of them regard in the eye of the listening material.Initially, the author contends that with buzzing all information thatconsumers hear is incorrect. Actually, the speaker does not agree at all, by asserting that not all the individuals are paid to tell lies. Of course, they get money, but what they say is true, which means that they have already usedthe products and have felt fascinating so they make the recommendation. What\’smore, he takes his own experience as an example.Equally, the author claims that the consumers accept all the words fromprivate individuals rather than keep suspicious, which is refuted by the speaker. As a matter of fact, the speaker demonstrates that consumers definitely ask something. And people will consider to buy the products only if they get answers of their question.Finally, the writer believes that buzzing is likely to harm the trustful relationship among people. From the speaker\’s perspective, it is extremelystupid, because they praise the products only after finding it fabulous. In thisway, buzzing is helpful to the expectation of honesty.Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In order to be well-informed, a person must get information from manydifferent news sources.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Nowadays, we have definitely enter the totally new age of information due to the development of advanced technology. Keeping pace with the whole world appears to be of far more remarkable importance in the contemporary society thanbefore. For years and years, the issue is always being discussed that whether itis necessary to get information from different news sources. Whereas certain individuals contend that merely finding the most appropriate way is absolutely enough to be well-informed, others assert that it is a wiser choice to seize all the means. Actually, I would like to claim that it is our opportunity and obligation to figure out the truth from all kinds of news sources. Several reasons are cited in support of my recommendation.Initially, usually it is almost impossible to be good at covering all the scale of news as one kind of source alone. For instance, perhaps local radio station could have access to the latest the government policy in this region while it is a better experience to watch TV news to recognize what happen allover the world. I would rather search numerous ways than stick to one source alone.Equally, we might be misleading if just concentrating on one news source. These days, people hold more novel ideas and when discussing about one topic, there will even be two opposite views. In order to understand the world we live better, more sources are needed, in fact.Finally, thinking about efficient ways, we tend to choose get information from many different new sources. Through knowing the whole things deeply, we are enlightened to make the right decision and avoid mistakes. Maybe Internet websites bring us the news that is considered somewhat unconvincing, we are able to prove whether it is true by reading newspaper.To sum up, provided that sometimes it is a tough task to choose one perfect method and use it during entire time, we had better achieve our goals in different way. Believe it or not, even the same scene will be viewed as extremely different pictures. Realizing all these stuff, searching information from variable sources is quite favorable.点课台名师批改后：Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific points made in the reading passage.Apparently, the speaker disputes the notion illustrated in the reading material. According to the passage, there are three considerable factors about harmful effects of buzzing. However, none of them regard in the eye of thelistening material.Initially, the author contends that with buzzing all information thatconsumers hear is incorrect. Actually, the speaker does not agree at all, byasserting that not all the individuals are paid to tell lies. Of course, theyget money, but what they say is true, which means that they have already usedthe products and have felt fascinating 【fascinated】so they make therecommendation. What\’s more, he takes his own experience as an example.Equally, the author claims that the consumers accept all the words fromprivate individuals rather than keep suspicious, which is refuted by thespeaker. As a matter of fact, the speaker demonstrates that consumers definitelyask something. And people will consider to buy the products only if they getanswers of their question【to their questions，注意搭配answer to，key to】.Finally, the writer believes that buzzing is likely to harm the trustfulrelationship among people. From the speaker\’s perspective, it is extremelystupid, because they praise the products only after finding it fabulous. In thisway, buzzing is helpful to the expectation of honesty.1、信息点很完整也很准确，非常不错!2、对the reading passage与the lecture的内容进行了很好的paraphrase，非常符合综合写作的要求!3、语法词汇也是很好!Integrated TaskLevel :Good5.030Level: GOOD (4.0–5.0)ADVICE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF INTERGRATED TASK>> Continue to improve your ability to relate and convey information from two or more sources. For example, practice analyzing reading passages in English.>> Read two articles or chapters on the same topic or issue, write a summary of each, and then explain the ways they are similar and the ways they are different.>> Practice combining listening and reading by searching for readings related to talks and lectures with teacher or a friend.Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In order to be well-informed, a person must get information from manydifferent news sources.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Nowadays, we have definitely enter 【entered】the totally new age ofinformation due to the development of advanced technology. Keeping pace with thewhole world appears to be of far more remarkable importance in the contemporarysociety than before. For years and years, the issue is always being 【has alwaysbeen being现在完成进行时】discussed that whether it is necessary to get information fromdifferent news sources. Whereas certain individuals contend that merely findingthe most appropriate way is absolutely enough to be well-informed, others assertthat it is a wiser choice to seize all the means. Actually, I would like toclaim that it is our opportunity and obligation to figure out the truth from allkinds of news sources. Several reasons are cited in support of myrecommendation.Initially, usually it is almost impossible to be good at covering all thescale of news as one kind of source alone. For instance, perhaps local radiostation could have access to the latest the government policy in this regionwhile it is a better experience to watch TV news to recognize what happen allover the world. I would rather search numerous ways than stick to one sourcealone.Equally, we might be misleading if just concentrating on one news source. These days, people hold more novel ideas and when 【we are】discussing about onetopic, there will even be two opposite views. In order to understand the worldwe live better, more sources are needed, in fact.Finally, thinking about efficient ways, we tend to choose 【to】get informationfrom many different new sources. Through knowing the whole things deeply, we areenlightened to make the right decision and avoid mistakes. Maybe Internetwebsites bring us the news that is considered somewhat unconvincing, we are ableto prove whether it is true by reading newspaper.To sum up, provided that sometimes it is a tough task to choose one perfectmethod and use it during entire time, we had better achieve our goals indifferent way. Believe it or not, even the same scene will be viewed asextremely different pictures. Realizing all these stuff, searching informationfrom variable sources is quite favorable.1、观点明确，结构清楚!2、遣词造句做得很好，句式变化多样，很丰富，有很强的可读性!3、语法词汇也是没什么问题!Independent TaskLevel ：Good5.030Level: GOOD (4.0–5.0)ADVICE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF INDEPENDENT TASK>> Continue to improve your ability to express opinions by studying the ways that published writers express their opinions.>> Read articles and essays written by professional writers that express opinions about an issue (for example, asocial, environmental or educational issue).>> Identify the writer’s opinion or opinions.>> Notice how the writer addresses possible objections to the opinions, if the writer discusses these.Integrated TaskIndependent TaskScaled Score5.05.030 Good Good。
ets托福写作新题型19
ets托福写作新题型19
ETS TOEFL Writing Section 新题型 19 是一种新的写作题型，它要求考生针对一个给定的话题，阐述自己的观点，并提供支持观
点的理由和例子。
这种题型是托福写作中的一部分，旨在考察考生
的逻辑思维能力、组织和表达能力以及论证和支持观点的能力。
在回答这个题型的时候，考生可以按照以下结构进行组织：
1. 引言段，简要介绍话题，并提出自己的观点和立场。
2. 主体段落，分段陈述支持观点的理由和例子。
3. 反驳段（可选），针对可能的反对意见进行反驳，进一步加
强自己的观点。
4. 结论段，总结自己的观点，并强调其重要性或影响。
在回答这个题型时，考生应该注意以下几点：
1. 确保清晰的观点陈述，在引言段明确表达自己的观点，让读
者清楚地知道你的立场。
2. 提供有力的理由和例子，在主体段落中，用具体的事实、数据、经验或例子来支持自己的观点，使其更有说服力。
3. 适当使用转折词和连接词，使用适当的转折词和连接词，使文章的逻辑结构更加清晰，段落之间的关系更加流畅。
4. 考虑可能的反对意见，如果有必要，可以在反驳段中针对可能的反对意见进行反驳，以增强自己的观点的可信度。
5. 注意语言表达和语法准确性，在写作过程中，要注意语言表达的准确性和语法的正确性，以确保文章的流畅性和可读性。
总的来说，ETS TOEFL Writing Section 新题型 19 要求考生能够清晰地表达自己的观点，并能够用理由和例子来支持自己的观点。
通过充分准备和练习，考生可以在这个题型上取得好成绩。
TPO19-2 Succesion,climax and ecosystems
TPO 19-2 S uccesion, climax, andecosystems1. Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated.解析：regularity 规律succession演变but that...其中的that指代前面的lawlike regularity。
substantiate证实,证明翻译：Clements和其他早期生态学家从演变的顺序中看到一个类似定律的规律性，但这个规律性并没有得到证实。
2. The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition.解析：主语是the final stage of succession, 谓语是is，两个逗号之间的部分是同位语，解释说明前文，likewise同样地，（说明本句逻辑和前句可能一致）翻译：演变的最后阶段被Clements和早期生态学家称为顶峰群落。
顶峰群落同样也不可预测，组成也不单一。
3.An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances.解析：legitimately 合理地，正当地so...that...太...以至于... 。
TPO-19 Reading 3解析
Q1正确答案：D解析：accumulation“沉积，聚集”，所以答案是D deposit。
Q2正确答案：B解析：heterogeneous“由很多种类组成的”，所以正确答案是B varied“多样的”。
Q3正确答案：B解析：对应到第一段第二、三句。
提到Agassiz去了很多地方，在不同的地方都发现了冰蚀和沉积痕迹，所以答案是B。
D的regional difference与原文相反；A 的geologic difference原文未提及，C答非所问。
Q4正确答案：A解析：enjoy最常见的意思是“喜欢、享受”，但这里需要通过上下文情境去判断它的意思，原文提到Agassiz和其他地质学家使大众相信极地大陆冰川从极地扩展到了现在_____温带的地方。
根据意思可以判断应该是“处于”温带的地方，所以A正确，表示“正在…状态下”。
Q5正确答案：B解析：推断题。
对应到第二段第五句：我们现在知道通过测量碳14的方法计算冰川的年代。
言下之义之前在Agassiz他们所处的年代是不知道的。
Q6正确答案：B解析：以warm-climate plant fossils做关键词定位至第三段第三句，但这句没提到结论是什么。
而开头的主旨句说了在Pleistocene时期共有好几次冰川时期，而且期间有几次温暖时期。
可见后面证据的展开都是为了支持这一主旨句的，所以正确答案是B。
Q7正确答案：A解析：以modified their theory做关键词定位至第四段第一句，提到改变了idea 的原因是他们看了oceanic sediment里面的化石，所以证据是来自ocean sediment 的，答案是A。
Q8正确答案：C解析：reveal“揭示，揭开”，所以C show正确。
Q9正确答案：D解析：根据关键词foraminifera shells定位到第四段后三句，说到这个壳是什么，另外壳的普通氧(氧16)和重氧同位素(氧18)的比例不同，比例取决于生物居住的水域的温度，这种比例差异能反映出海洋气温变化。
托福TPO19阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO19ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO19ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The Roman Army's Impact on Britain¡¡¡¡In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.¡¡¡¡Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally[1] a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.¡¡¡¡Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.¡¡¡¡The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenshipon retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.¡¡¡¡This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO19ÔĶÁPassage1ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.¡¡¡¡O Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence。
TPO-19 Reading 1解析
Q1正确答案：A解析：高亮部分的主干意思是：大量军队驻扎在新省份，并对英国产生重大影响。
所以A正确。
in the wake of 意为“随着”，与awaken意义不同，B偷换概念，错误；C将原文的非主要成分camps, fortification变成了主要部分，改变了句子结构，意义也错误；D选项错在经济只是影响的一方面，不是全部，这里以偏概全了。
Q2正确答案：C解析：以area和most influence做关键词定位至第一段第四句，提到军队一直驻扎的地方，其影响最深远，所以答案是C，作为军事基地的地方。
AB都没提到，D与第三句相反。
Q3正确答案：B解析：以local population做关键词定位至第一段倒数第二句和最后一句，提到军事驻扎剥夺了当地人参加政府的权力，使发展停滞，种下仇恨的种子，然后又说军队只好继续驻扎，镇压叛乱、组织政府，所以正确答案是B。
A和C原文未提及，D与原文相反。
Q4正确答案：D解析：suppress“镇压，压制”，所以D stop by force是正确答案。
Q5正确答案：B解析：friction“摩擦”，所以正确答案是B “冲突”。
Q6正确答案：B解析：修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子只是单纯说出例子，所以不是答案，往前看，前面提到士兵必须有事做，否则就会闹事儿，后面再给出343名士兵从事工作的例子，所以是用例子来印证前面的观点，对应B选项。
Q7正确答案：A解析：entitle to“赋予权力，授权”，所以正确答案是A。
原句提到当地人与军人之间有不正式的婚约，紧接着解释直到AD 197年法律才_____他们结婚，既然之前都是不正式的，说明后来的应该是法律允许的，猜出“允许”之意，答案是A，B“承担得起”C“鼓励”D“要求”都不合文意。
Q8正确答案：D解析：这题最好用排除法做。
A与第三段第二句相反，原文是说在fort gates之外形成了繁荣经济，而不是within the fort；B偷换概念，原文第三句说的是有部分贸易是旅商完成的，而不是most；C信息未在原文体现，未提是否是士兵放假时去周边购买。
TPO-19 Reading 2解析
正确答案：C解析：用人名和succession做关键词定位至最后一句，提到很多因素都可以影响succession，所以正确答案是C。
Q2正确答案：A解析：substantiate“成为现实，确认”，所以正确答案是A confirm。
Q3正确答案：D解析：trend“趋势”，所以D的tendency正确。
原句提到一个总体的____能看出来，但具体的细节是看不出来的，能与细节形成对照的是总体趋势，所以很容易推出DQ4正确答案：B解析：likewise“同样地”，所以B similarly是正确答案。
第二段曾提到细节不可预测，而这里又说到最后一阶段也不能预测，说明跟前面情况类似。
选B。
Q5正确答案：D解析：legitimately“正当地，合法地”，所以正确答案是D的“官方地”。
Q6正确答案：A解析：修辞目的题，先读修辞点所在句子，原句提到为了强调这种互动的松散性，很多作者更愿意使用association，所以答案是A。
B的beneficial to all members，C的dynamic development和D的specific purpose原文都未提及。
Q7正确答案：A解析：以biome做关键词定位至第二句，由于这句只是给出了biome的概念，没有challenge，所以往下看，下句提到尽管有些动物与植物的关系是紧密的，但还是不能说biome，比如他们之间没有internal cohesion，所以答案是A，动植物之间没有紧密关系。
B和C原文都没提到；D的food原文也未提及，而且D也不是challenge上文提到的概念的，所以不正确。
Q8正确答案：D解析：修辞目的题，修辞点就是一个事实陈述，所以看前一句，前句提到spruce 种群不受moose是否存在的影响，依然是前面例子的延续，所以看中心句，注意这段文字的中心句不是第五段第一句，而是第三句，说spruce-moose biome这一说法是不正确的，所以答案是D。
TPO 19 integrated writing 2
Both the reading and the listening are talking about whether the advertising strategy ‘buzzer’ is good for society. The reading says that kind of people mislead the consumers and impairs the trustful relationship between people but the listening challenges each points in the passage.To begin with, the reading contends that buzzers are the people paid by company and exaggeratedly extol their product only for the reason of money. As a result, they provide misleading information to consumers. On the contrary, the listening rejects this ideal. Buzzers are selected from the people who have bought certain company's product and satisfied with it. Although they receive money from company, their introductions toward consumer is believable based on their experience.In addition the reading asserts that when consumers perceive information from buzzers during private conversations, they cannot judge the product as objectively as they do in other media. However, the listening disagrees with this view. The fact is opposite. During the conversation, consumers often ask more questions meticulously to buzzers, like buzzers' experience, product prize and quality. If consumers can't receive a satisfactory answer, they will refuse to buy the product.Finally, the reading claims that strategy of buzzer will make bad influence in social relationship. On the other side, the listening conflicts with this statement. Buzzers can let people be more trustful and open to each other. If the company doesn't have a good product, there will not be buzzers to promote for it. Vice versus, consumers can perceive information of nice product and benefit from it because of the buzzers, only to tend to trust more people in the society in the future.。
TPO16-19综合写作范文
By 亓晓冰TPO16The writer pointed out that archaeology in Britain had serious problems and limitations, whereas the professor introduced the new guidelines, implemented by UK in 1990, that improved the situation of archaeology in the passage.First, the new guidelines provide that a construction site be examined of its archaeological interest before any project planned on it can proceed. If the site owns certain archaeological value, relevant people must make a preservation plan to protect the archaeological artifacts. This measure successfully addresses the first problem mentioned in the reading -- the loss of precious artifacts resulted from construction projects.Second, the new guidelines state that the construction company must fund any archaeological work done on the construction site, from the initial examination to the following work under the preservation plan. This rule means a new source of financial support and allows more archaeological sites to be studied, which solves another problem listed in the reading -- the inadequate funding.Third, the new guidelines actually create many more jobs in archaeology. These expert archaeologists will be hired at various stages of process, such as examination, preservation, research and documentation. Increased career opportunities in this field boost the number ofprofessional archaeologists to the highest and eliminate the last problem in the reading -- the insufficient job positions.TPO17The reading passage claims that the number of birds in the US will definitely decline. Yet the professor argues that bird population will not shrink due to increase in human population, agriculture, and pesticide use as suggested by the author.First, the professor points out that urban growth, while harmful to some types of birds, could provide habitats for many other types. As a matter of fact, urban and suburban dwellers complain frequently about too many birds. This, however, contradicts the statement in the reading that urban development causes birds to disappear.Second, the professor explains that agricultural develop won’t affect bird population as the reading illustrates. Newly-introduced and highly productive crops continuously contribute to production enhancement and less land use, making it unnecessary for humans to destroy wilderness areas.Third, while convinced of the harmfulness of pesticide use to birds concluded in the passage, the professor don’t think it will be a problem in the future, in that people are increasingly aware of this problem, and are therefore developing less toxic pesticides and pest resistant crops assolutions.TPO18In the passage the author describes three ways to address the decline of Torreya. However the professor doubts the passage by stating that none of the three ways will work.To begin with, the professor points out that the first option mentioned in the passage, reestablishing Torreya, will not succeed. Why? Because many areas within Florida’s microclimate region are turning drier for either global warming, or the disappearing wetlands. Consequently this region fails to meet the condition Torreya needs to survive.Additionally, the professor claims that the second option, relocating Torreya, will definitely result in vain. To illustrate this argument the example of another tree, which was moved to a new environment and then quickly spread to kill off other plant species, including some already endangered ones, is introduced.Finally, the professor argues against the third option in the reading, preserving Torreya in research centers. The population of Torreya, she explains, has to be genetically diverse in order to resist diseases. Nevertheless, research centers, different from the wild, are not capable of maintaining such a size.For all the above analysis, the solutions in the reading lose their value.TPO19As stated in the reading, many critics would like buzzing to be banned. Yet a buzzer Bill, dissenting from those critics, argues for buzzing in three aspects.First, he contends that the point made in the reading, that buzzers don’t tell the truth, is not true. Buzzers, he explains, although they are paid by companies, are actually previous users having enjoyed the product and willing to share their real thoughts with us.Second, he argues against buzzers’role in misleading consumers as illustrated in the reading, by saying that consumers remain clear and skeptical when being buzzed. They question about details such as price, service and the buzzer’s familiarity before drawing their final decision according to the responses.Third, about the harmful effects imposed by buzzing on civilization mentioned in the reading, he indicates that buzzers are only employed to promote worthy products they ever used to leave consumers a nice experience, as a result of which buzzing benefits social relationships.热门网658S13sOw4w5。
【托福写作备考】TPO19综合写作文本与解析
【托福写作备考】TPO19综合写作文本与解析TPO 19首先来看综合写作的阅读材料：Many consumers ignore commercial advertisements. In response, advertisingcompanies have started using a new tactic, calling “buzzing.” The advertisershire people - buzzers - who personally promote (buzz) products to people theyknow or meet. The key part is that the buzzers do not reveal that they are beingpaid to promote anything. They behave as though they were just spontaneouslypraising a product during normal conversation. Buzzing has generated a lot ofcontroversy, and many critics would like to see it banned.中文：很多消费者都无视商业广告。
为了应对这种情况，广告公司开始采取一种名为”托儿”的新策略。
广告公司雇佣托儿，让他们向他们认识的或者遇见的人推荐产品。
这种策略的关键是托儿是会隐藏他们受雇佣来推荐产品这一事实的。
他们表现出他们只是在日常的交流中无意地推荐某种产品。
这种营销方式引来了很多争议，而许多批评家希望能够禁止这种方式。
First, the critics complain that consumers should know whether a personpraising a product is being paid to praise the product. Knowing this makes a bigdifference: we expect the truth from people who we believe do not have anymotive for misleading us. But with buzzing what you hear is just paidadvertising, which may well give a person incorrect information about the buzzedproduct.中文：首先，批评家认为消费者有权利知道向他推荐产品的人是否是有报酬的。
托福TPO19综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO19综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO19综合写作阅读原文文本： Many consumers ignore commercial advertisements. In response, advertising companies have started using a new tactic, called “buzzing." The advertisers hire people,buzzers,who personally promote (buzz) products to people they know or meet. The key part is that the buzzers do not reveal that they are being paid to promote anything. They behave as though they were just spontaneously praising a product during normal conversation. Buzzing has generated a lot of controversy, and many critics would like to see it banned. First, the critics complain that consumers should know whether a person praising a product is being paid to praise the product. Knowing this makes a big difference: we expect the truth from people who we believe do not have any motive for misleading us. But with buzzing what you hear is just paid advertising, which may well give a person incorrect information about the buzzed product. Second, since buzzers pretend they are just private individuals, consumers listen to their endorsements less critically than they should. With advertisements in print or on TV, the consumer is on guard for questionable claims or empty descriptions such as "new and improved." But when consumers do not know they are being lobbied, they may accept claims they would otherwise be suspicious of. This may suit the manufacturers, but it could really harm consumers. And worst of all is the harmful effect that buzzing is likely to have on social relationships. Once we become aware that people we meet socially may be buzzers with a hidden agenda, we will become less trustful of people in general. So buzzing will result in the spread of mistrust and the expectation of dishonesty. 托福TPO19综合写作听力原文文本： Hi, my name is Bill. Um, I was talking your professor in the subway about the great phone service that I was using. And it turned out we're both interested in marketing. So he asked me to talk in his marketing classes. You see, I am a buzzer, part time, you know. During the day, I'm a student just like you. Now, I read that piece attacking buzzing, it is really misleading. How would it describe buzzing leading a lot, and gives a wrong impression?First, it makes it sound like buzzers don't tell the truth about the products they're buzzing. That's not true. How buzzing works this. Companies find people who use their products and who really think product is good. So buzzing is not like ordinary advertisement where an actress is paid to read some lies. Um, yes, I get paid for telling you what I am thinking, but you get the truth from buzzers. I really do think my phone service is great. That is why the company hired me.Second, the reading makes it seem that when a buzzer talks to someone, the person believes whatever they hear from the buzzer. Not true. In fact, the opposite is true. People talk to ask a lot of questions about the products I buzz, that is about the price, service and how long I used the product. If I don't have good answers,they won't buy the products.Finally, if you believe what you read, buzzing will destroy civilization, that is stupid. If a product is bad, the company can't recruit buzzers. So what you get from a buzzer is not only sincere but is likely to be about a good product. If you try the phone service I use, you're gonna love it. So people who try buzzed products are going to have a good experience. So end up being more trustful and open up to people. 托福TPO19综合写作满分范文1： As stated in the reading, many critics would like buzzing to be banned. Yet a buzzer Bill, dissenting from those critics, argues for buzzing in three aspects. First, he contends that the point made in the reading, that buzzers don’t tell the truth, is not true. Buzzers, he explains, although they are paid by companies, are actually previous users having enjoyed the product and willing to share their real thoughts with us. Second, he argues against buzzers’ role in misleading consumers as illustrated in the reading, by saying that consumers remain clear and skeptical when being buzzed. They question about details such as price, service and the buzzer’s familiarity before drawing their final decision according to the responses. Third, about the harmful effects imposed by buzzing on civilization mentioned in the reading, he indicates that buzzers are only employed to promote worthy products they ever used to leave consumers a nice experience, as a result of which buzzing benefits social relationships. 托福TPO19综合写作满分范文2： In the passage the author describes three ways to address the decline of Torreya. However, the professor doubts the passage by stating that none of the three ways will work. To begin with, the professor points out that the first option mentioned in the passage, reestablishing Torreya, will not succeed. Why? Because many areas within Florida’s microclimate region are turning drier for either global warming, or the disappearing wetlands. Consequently, this region fails to meet the condition Torreya needs to survive. Additionally, the professor claims that the second option, relocating Torreya, will definitely result in vain. To illustrate this argument the example of another tree, which was moved to a new environment and then quickly spread to kill off other plant species, including some already endangered ones, is introduced. Finally, the professor argues against the third option in the reading, preserving Torreya in research centers. The population of Torreya, she explains, has to be genetically diverse in order to resist diseases. Nevertheless, research centers, different from the wild, are not capable of maintaining such a size. For all the above analysis, the solutions in the reading lose their values. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO19综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO19阅读原文 题目 答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystem
托福TPO19阅读原文题目答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystemsThe McMillan PlanAs the city approached its centennial; there was a call to develop a comprehensive park system for the As early as 1898, a committee was formed to meet with President William McKinley to propose the erection of a monument to commemorate the centennial of the A joint committee formed by Congress held its first meeting in February 1900 with Senator James McMillan of Michigan as chairman, and Charles Moore as At the same time, plans were put forward for the development of a Mall which would include the newly reclaimed Potomac As the bureaucracy planned for the centennial, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) joined the AIA leaders envisioned the nation's capital as the perfect place for the group to express the ideals of the City Beautiful movement promoted by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in The architect of this pivotal fair designed Beaux Arts Classical architecture in a grand and ordered civicWhen the Senate Commission was formed in 1901 to explore and plan the design of the city, the project then encompassed the historic The illustrious committee was comprised of Daniel Burnham, a visionary of the World's Columbian Exposition, as well as landscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted, , architect Charles , and sculptor Augustus Foremost in the minds of these men was the amazing foresight and genius of Pierre L' The committee lamented the fragmented Mall marred by a railroad station and focused upon restoring it to the uninterrupted greensward envisioned by L' In total, the forward-looking plans made by the McMillan Commission called for: re-landscaping the ceremonial core, consisting of the Capitol Grounds and Mall, including new extensions west and south of the Washington Monument; consolidating city railways and alleviating at-grade crossings; clearing slums; designing a coordinated municipal office complex in the triangle formed by Pennsylvanian Avenue, 15th Street, and the Mall, and establishing a comprehensive recreation and park system that would preserve the ring of Civil War fortifications around theTo protect the new goals introduced by the McMillan study, the AIA appealed to President Theodore Roosevelt to form a fine arts Established by Congress in 1910 during the Taft Administration, the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) was created as a consulting organization to the government on the design of bridges, parks, paintings, and other artistic matters; an executive order later that year added the design review of all publicInfluenced by the designs of several European cities and 18th century gardens such as France's Palace of Versailles, the plan of Washington, DCwas symbolic and innovative for the new Only limited changes were made to the historic city-bounded by Florida Avenue on the north and the waterways on the east, west and south-until after the Civil The foremost manipulation of L’Enfant plan began in the 19th century, and was codified in 1901 when the McMillan Commission directed urban improvements that resulted in the most elegant example of City Beautiful tenets in the L’Enfant plan was magnified and expanded during the early decades of the 20th century with the reclamation of land for waterfront parks, parkways, an improved Mall and new monuments and Two hundred years since its design, the integrity of the plan of Washington is largely unimpaired-boasting a legal enforced height restriction, landscaped parks, wide avenues, and open space allowing intended Constant vigilance is needed by the agencies responsible for design review, it their charge to continue the vision of L'。
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Furthermore, the author holds the opinion that pretending to be just private individuals, consumers will listen to buzzers' endorsement less critically. On the contrary, the lecturer confutes it by saying that costmers do not believe everything provided by buzzers, resulting from the fact that customers will ask a great many questions, such as the product's price, service and how long the buzzer has been using it. Customers will not buy the buzzed product unless buzzers give them satisfactory answers.
Furthermore, the author holds the opinion that consumers accept buzzing less critically since buzzers often pretend to be private individuals. On the contrary, the lecturer confutes it by saying that customers do not believe everything from buzzers easily, resulting from the fact that customers will ask a lot of questions about the buzzed product such as the price, service and how long it has been used. People will not purchase it easily unless their questions are satisfactorily answered.
The reading and the listening both discuss whether the buzzing should be banned or not. The author presents several complaints from critics about buzzing. However, what the lecturer states rejects most of the main idea in the reading.
To begin with, the author points out that buzzers who are paid to praise the product may offer customers incorrect information about the buzzed product. Whereas, the lecturer demonstrates a different idea that it is not true. The reason is that buzzers are not people hired by companies to read lines. Conversely, they are also customers who feel satisfied with the company's product and paid to promote the sale. Thus the information obtained from the buzzers are trustworthy.
Finally, the author maintains that buzzing is likely to ruin social relationship since it may spread mistrust and dishonesty. In contrast, the lecturer opposes it by raising that it is impossible for buzzing to trigger such problem. Because company can not recruit buzzers if their products are inferior. Thus messages provided by buzzers are sincere and trustworthy which means more customers will enjoy their good experience with the product. Trust and openness will be enhanced in this way.
Finally, the author maintains that buzzing will affect adversely the social relationship, thus resulting in the spread of mistrust and dishonesty. In contrast, the lecturer opposes it by raising that it is not the real case. The truth is that companies may fail to recruit buzzers if their products are in crude fom, which means information offered by buzzers are sincere and trustworthy. Since customers can enjoy the good experience using the product, the trust and honesty will not be undermined.
To begin with, the author points out that buzzer may mislead customers by giving incorrect information about the buzzed product. Whereas, the lecturer demonstrates a different idea that buzzers do provide true message about the product. The reason is that unlike ordinary advertisement in which actors are paid to read prepared lines, buzzers are employed by company to convey their real feeling about the good service the buzzed product provide, which undermines the validity of the information in the reading.