英语语义学讲义(上)

语言学导论
任课教师： 任课教师：沈园
• • • • •
预设 (presupposition) 是否为真， 为真。 要判断 A是否为真，必须先假定 为真。 是否为真 必须先假定B为真 A: Rodney has quit smoking. B: Rodney smoked before. A: Rodney went to Philadelphia again. B: Rodney had been to Philadelphia before.
语言学导论 任课教师： 任课教师：沈园
Experiencer and Benefactive
• Experiencer The students love syntax. EXPERIENCER THEME • Benefactive Tony gave Carmen AGENT BENEFACTIVE
语言学导论
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预设 (presupposition)
(1) Polonius quit biting his nails Presupposes: Polonius used to bite his nails Asserts: Polonius stopped biting his nails (2) Polonius didn’t quit biting his nails Presupposes: Polonius used to bite his nails Asserts: He still does!
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the • The Prince of Denmark is(n’t) crazy • Presupposes: There is a Prince of Denmark • The French king is bald.
语言学导论
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• It was yesterday that he flew to London. • He flew to London.
语言学导论
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Q: 如何区分预设与蕴含 如何区分预设与蕴含? • A: Rodney hasn’t quit smoking. • B: Rodney smoked before. • A: Rodney didn’t go to Philadelphia again. • B: Rodney had been to Philadelphia before.
语言学导论
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主语与参与者角色的对应
• 施事 > 受事 受益者 > 工具 > 场所 受事/受益者
语言学导论
百度文库
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• Pete broke the computer. agent theme • The computer broke. theme
语言学导论
语义学
语言学导论
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• 涵义 (Sense) • 指称 (Reference) Morning Star is the Evening Star. Morning Star is the Morning Star.
语言学导论
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意义 词的意义 | 词组的意义 | 句子的意义 | 言语(utterance)的意义 言语 的意义
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• Pete ate the chicken. agent theme • The chicken ate. agent / *theme
语言学导论
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句子意义之间的关系
蕴含（ 蕴含（Entailment） ） 如果A为真 为真， 一定为真 一定为真. 如果 为真，B一定为真 A: Rodney talked to Paul and Sally. B: Rodney talked to Paul. A: Most linguists are vegetarians. B: At least one linguist is a vegetarian.
语言学导论 任课教师： 任课教师：沈园
语言学导论
任课教师： 任课教师：沈园
Beckham kicked the ball. Agent Predicate Theme – Agent – Beckham – Theme – the ball
语言学导论
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• Agent Carmen browsed the webpage. AGENT THEME Angie took the book. AGENT THEME • Theme The ball rolls. THEME
语言学导论 任课教师： 任课教师：沈园
参与者角色（题元角色） 参与者角色（题元角色）
• • • • • • • 施事 (Agent) 受事 (Theme) 目标 (Goal) 方位 (location) 经验者 (Experiencer) 来源 (source) 受益者 (benefactive)
语言学导论
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regret, quit • Lear regretted yelling at Goneril • Lear didn’t regret yelling at Goneril • Both presuppose: Lear yelled at Goneril
语言学导论
a pencil. THEME
语言学导论
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Goal, Location and Source
• Goal Beckham kicked the ball into the goal. AGENT THEME GOAL
Location
He is in Hong Kong. THEME LOCATION
Source
Ann borrowed the book from the library. AGENT THEME SOURCE
语言学导论
任课教师： 任课教师：沈园
练习
Peter told the story to his friends. Mary heard the cry. The book is on the desk.