【9A文】剑桥雅思6第一套阅读Passage-3真题原文+详细解析+译文
剑桥雅思阅读9(test1)原文答案解析
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剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.William Henry PerkinThe man who invented synthetic dyesWilliam Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early intere sts in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry.As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he becameHofmann’s youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on th e top floor of his family’s house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin’sdiscovery was made.Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859)and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin’s ability as a student of chemistry.2 Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Royal College of Chemistry.3 Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.4 Perkin was still young when he made the discovery that made him rich and famous.5 The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in South America.6 Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.7 Perkin was inspired by the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur.Questions 8-13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.8 Before Perkin’s discovery, with what group in society was the colour purple associated?9 What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his new dye had?10 What was the name finally used to refer to the first colour Perkin invented?11 What was the name of the person Perkin consulted before setting up his own dye works?12 In what country did Perkin’s newly invented colour first become fashionable?13 According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using synthetic dyes?READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Seeking the transmission of radio signals from planetsii Appropriate responses to signals from other civilisations iii Vast distances to Earth’s closest neighboursiv Assumptions underlying the search for extra-terrestrial intelligencev Reasons for the search for extra-terrestrial intelligencevi Knowledge of extra-terrestrial life formsvii Likelihood of life on other planetsExample AnswerParagraph A v14 Paragraph B15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph EIS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE?The Search for Extra-terrestrial IntelligenceThe question of whether we are alone in the Universe has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now stand poised on the brink of the answer to that question, as we search for radio signals from other intelligent civilisations. This search, often known by the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence), is a difficult one. Although groups around the world have been searching intermittently for three decades, it is only now that we have reached the level of technology where we can make a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for any sign of life.AThe primary reason for the search is basic curiosity hethe same curiosity about the natural world that drives all pure science. We want to know whether we are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special about the Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that, we seearound us on the planet. The simple detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure science which is continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect that, if other civilisations do survive in our galaxy, their ages will range from zero to several billion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and gives us some cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we haven’t yet discovered.BIn discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration (although it is also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future). Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form,quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.CEven when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited. We do not even know, for example, how many stars have planets, and we certainly do not know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms.DAn alien civilistation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to date have concentrated on looking forradio waves in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches by various groups around the world, including Australian searches using the radio telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now there have not been any detections from the few hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of the searches has been increased dramatically since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10 million per year for ten years to conduct, a thorough search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once. The project has two parts. One part is a targeted search using the world’s largest radio telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency rang 1000 to 3000 MHz. The other part of the project is an undirected search which is monitoring all of space with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network.EThere is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of sending a reply over such large distances at short notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would have to be addressed by the global community before any reply could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with a superior and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their signal toreach us, and a further few hundred years for our reply to reach them. It’s not important, then, if there’s a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a reply.Questions 18-20Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet.18 What is the life expectancy of Earth?19 What kind of signals from other intelligent civilisations are SETI scientists searching for?20 How many stars are the world’s most powerful radio telescopes searching?Questions 21-26Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this21 Alien civilisations may be able to help the human race to overcome serious problems.22 SETI scientists are trying to find a life form that resembles humans in many ways.23 The Americans and Australians have co-operated on joint research projects.24 So far SETI scientists have picked up radio signals from several stars.25 The NASA project attracted criticism from some members of Congress.26 If a signal from outer space is received, it will be important to respond promptly.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The history of the tortoiseIf you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the pla nts, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don’t even come ashoreto breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Plaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water.You might think, therefore, that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family three of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times.Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.Questions 27-30Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate?28 Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes as they moved onto lands?29 Which physical feature, possessed by their ancestors, do whales lack?30 which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled?Questions 31-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this31 Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.32 It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.33 The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains.Questions 34-39Complete the flow-chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come fromStep 171 species of living turtles and tortoises were examined anda total of 34 ……………………. were taken from the bones of theirforelimbs.Step 2The data was recorded on a 35 ……………….. (necessary for comparing the information).Outcome: Land tortoises were represented by a dense 36 …………………………… of points towards the top.Sea turtles were grouped together in the bottom part.Step 3The same data was collected from some living 37 ………………. species and added to the other results.Outcome: The points for these species turned out to be positioned about 38 ……………… up the triangle between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.Step 4Bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results added.Outcome: The position of the points indicated that both these ancient creatures were 39…………..Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.According to the writer, the most significant thing about tortoises is thatA they are able to adapt to life in extremely dry environments.B their original life form was a kind of primeval bacteria.C they have so much in common with sea turtles.D they have made the transition from sea to land more than once.剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test1)PASSAGE 1参考译文：William Henry Perkin 合成染料的发明者Wiliam Henry Perkin于1838年3月12日出生于英国伦敦。
剑桥雅思6Test3Passage3原文+解析
雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑桥雅思6Test3Passage3原文+解析,需要延伸拓展本单元其他篇幅的同学，请点击：剑桥雅思6test2passage3阅读原文+题目+答案解析。
剑桥雅思6Test3Passage3原文You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging — the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction’s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population’s average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body’s rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans — rhesus and squirrel monkeys — have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.calorie: a measure of the energy value of foodThe monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode。
剑桥雅思6阅读解析-Test1
READING PASSAGE 1文章结构本节考查词汇demolish [ ♎♓❍●♓☞ ] vt. 推翻rival [ ❒♋♓❖☜● ] n. 对手with ease [ ♓ ] 轻易地underpin [ ✈⏹♎☜☐♓⏹ ] v. 支撑，支持youngster [ ✈☠♦♦☜ ] n. 年青人collaborate [ ☜●✌♌☜❒♏♓♦ ] vi. 合作golfer [♊♈●♐☜☎❒✆] n. 高尔夫球手squash [ ♦♦☞ ] n. 壁球cyclist [ ♦♋✋●✋♦♦] n. 自行车运动员tweak [ ♦♦♓ ] v. 拧champion [ ♦☞✌❍☐☜⏹ ] n. 冠军slice [ ♦●♋♓♦ ] v. 切spine [ ♦☐♋♓⏹ ] n. 脊柱，脊椎wring [ ❒♓☠ ] v. 榨取unobtrusive [ ✈⏹☜♌♦❒◆♦♓❖ ] adj. 不明显的，微型的immune [ ♓❍◆⏹ ] adj. 免疫的complex [ ❍☐●♏♦ ] adj. 复杂的segment [ ♦♏♈❍☜⏹♦ ] n. 部分，章节unveil [ ✈⏹❖♏♓l ] vt. 揭开，展示endurance [ ♓⏹♎◆❒☜⏹♦ ] n. 耐力rower [ ♊❒☜☺☜☎❒✆ ] n. 划船选手replicate [ ❒♏☐●♓♓♦ ] v. 复制考题精解Questions 1-7『题型』MATCHING『解析』该题型是绝对乱序题型。
应尽量根据段落主题来大致定位到段落，然后寻找具体替换以确认答案。
Questions 8-11『题型』MATCHING『解析』大致定位：C/D两段段讲到具体应用，所以大部分应在此二段落；只有F段主题是涉及其他国家（their rivals）。
Questions 12-13『题型』SHORT-ANSWER QUESTION『解析』主题句解析1.第一段首、末句：They play hard, they play often, and they play to win…Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.解析：文章的开篇通常是背景介绍，以避免主题的切入过于突兀。
剑桥雅思真题解析阅读9（test3）
剑桥雅思真题解析阅读9(test3)雅思阅读部分一直都是中国考生比较重视的题目，并且也是很有难度的题目，针对于雅思阅读真题资料也是大家需要重点分析的。
今天智课网小编就给大家带来了关于剑桥雅思阅读9及真题解析(test3)的内容，一起来分析一下吧。
剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Attitudes to languageIt is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference topronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the ‘standard’ written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly’; deviations fr om it are said to be ‘incorrect’.All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to ‘improve’ the la nguage. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterized by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar. Some usages are ‘prescribed’, to be learnt and followed accurately; others are ‘proscribed’, to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarized in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe —to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, wealready find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’. Linguistic issue, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.In our own time, the opposition between ‘descriptivists’ and ‘prescriptivists’ has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms —of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.Questions 1-8Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1 There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.2 People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.3 Our assessment of a person’s intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses language.4 Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy inthe 18th century.5 Prescriptivism still exists today.6 According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.7 Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.8 Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.Questions 9-12Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.The language debateAccording to 9______, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 ______.Conversely, the view of 11 ______, such as Joseph Priestly, is that grammar should be based on 12 ______.A descriptivistsB language expertsC popular speechD formal languageE evaluationF rulesG modern linguists H prescriptivists I changeQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.What is the writer’s purpose in Reading Passage 1?A. to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar booksB. to present a historical account of differing views of languageC. to describe the differences between spoken and written languageD. to show how a certain view of language has been discreditedREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Tidal PowerUndersea turbines which produce electricity from the tides are set to become an important source of renewable energy for Britain. It is still too early to predict the extent of the impact they may have, but all the signs are that they will play a significant role in the futureA. Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents which turn blades similar to ships’ propellers, but, unlike wind, the tid es are predictable and the power input is constant. The technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions. If tide, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants and export renewable power to other parts of Europe. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally developed and then abandoned for 20 years allowing the Dutch to make it a major industry, undersea turbines could become a big export earner to island nations such as Japan and New Zealand.B. Tidal sites have already been identified that will produce one sixth or more of the UK’s power —and at prices competitive with modern gas turbines and undercutting those of the already ailing nuclear industry. One site alone, the Pentland Firth, between Orkney and mainland Scotland, could produce 10% of the country’s electricity with banks of turbines under the sea,and another at Alderney in the Channel Islands three times the 1,200 megawatts of Britain’s largest and newest nuclear plant, Sizewell B, in Suffolk. Other sites identified include the Bristol Channel and the west coast of Scotland, particularly the channel between Campbeltown and Northern Ireland.C. Work on designs for the new turbine blades and sites are well advanced at the University of Southampton’s sustainable energy research group. The first station is expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon shortly to test the technology in a venture jointly funded by the department of Trade and Industry and the European Union. AbuBakr Bahaj, in charge of the Southampton research, said: ‘The prospects for energy from tidal currents are far better than from wind because the flows of water are predictable and constant. The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. There are a few technical difficulties, but I believe in the next five to ten years we will be installing commercial marine turbine farms.’ Southampton has been awarded ￡215,000 over three years to develop the turbines and is working with Marine Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on the Lynmouth project. EU research has now identified 106 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the coasts of Britain. The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented coasts where there are strong tidal currents.D. A marine turbine blade needs to be only one third of the size of wind generator to produce three times as much power. The blades will be about 20 metres in diameter, so around 30 metres of water is required. Unlike wind power, there are unlikelyto be environmental objections. Fish and other creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively slow-turning blades. Each turbine will be mounted on a tower which will connect to the national power supply grid via underwater cables. The towers will stick out of the water and be lit, to warn shipping, and also be designed to be lifted out of the water for maintenance and to clean seaweed from the blades.E. Dr Bahaj has done most work on the Alderney site, where there are powerful currents. The single undersea turbine farm would produce far more power than needed for the Channel Islands and most would be fed into the French Grid and be re-imported into Britain via the cable under the Channel.F. One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles. These can cause vibration and damage the blades of the turbines. Dr Bahaj said: ‘We have to test a number of blade types to avoid this happening or at least make sure it does not damage the turbines or reduce performance. Another slight concern is submerged debris floating into the blades. So far we do not know how much of a problem it might be. We will have to make the turbines robust because the sea is a hostile environment, but all the signs that we can do it are good.’Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 the location of the first test site15 a way of bringing the power produced on one site backinto Britain16 a reference to a previous attempt by Britain to find an alternative source of energy17 mention of the possibility of applying technology from another industryQuestions 18-22Choose FIVE letters, A-J.Write the correct letters in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.Which FIVE of the following claims about tidal power are made by the writer?A It is a more reliable source of energy than wind power.B It would replace all other forms of energy in Britain.C Its introduction has come as a result of public pressure.D It would cut down on air pollution.E It could contribute to the closure of many existing power stations in Britain.F It could be a means of increasing national income.G It could face a lot of resistance from other fuel industries.H It could be sold more cheaply than any other type of fuel.I It could compensate for the shortage of inland sites for energy production.J It is best produced in the vicinity of coastlines with particular features.Questions 23-26Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.An Undersea TurbineREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Information theory-the big ideaInformation theory lies at the heart of everything —from DVD players and the genetic code of DNA to the physics of the universe at its most fundamental. It has been central to the development of the science of communication, which enables data to be sent electronically and has therefore had a major impact on our livesA. In April 2002 an event took place which demonstrated one of the many applications of information theory. The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1997, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the stars. After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age. Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and NASA experts realized that they had to do something or lose contact with their probe forever. The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts. With the probe 12 billion kilometers from Earth, this was not an easy task. By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA’s Deep Space Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space. Even travelling at the speed of light, it took over 11 hours to reach its target, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Yet, incredibly, the little probe managed to hear the faint call from its home planet, and successfully made the switchover.B. It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and a triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also highlighted the astonishing power of the techniques developed by American communications engineer Claude Shannon, who had died just ayear earlier. Born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, Shannon showed an early talent for maths and for building gadgets, and made breakthroughs in the foundations of computer technology when still a student. While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory, but shunned the resulting acclaim. In the 1940s, he single-handedly created an entire science of communication which has since inveigled its way into a host of applications, from DVDs to satellite communications to bar codes — any area, in short, where data has to be conveyed rapidly yet accurately.C. This all seems light years away from the down-to-earth uses Shannon originally had for his work, which began when he was a 22-year-old graduate engineering student at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. He set out with an apparently simple aim: to pin down the precise meaning of the concept of ‘information’. The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false —which can be captured in the binary unit, or ‘bit’, of the form 1 or 0. Having identified this fundamental unit, Shannon set about defining otherwise vague ideas about information and how to transmit it from place to place. In the process he discovered something surprising: it is always possible to guarantee information will get through random interference —‘noise’ — intact.D. Noise usually means unwanted sounds which interfere with genuine information. Information theory generalses this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free. This ratedepends on the relative strengths of the signal and noise travelling down the communication channel, and on its capacity (its ‘bandwidth’). The resulting limit, given in units of bits per second, is the absolute maximum rate of error-free communication given singal strength and noise leve. The trick, Shannon showed, is to find ways of packaging up —‘coding’ — information to cope with the ravages of noise, while staying within the information-carrying capacity —‘bandwidth’ — of the communication system being used.E. Over the years scientists have devised many such coding methods, and they have proved crucial in many technological feats. The Voyager spacecraft transmitted data using codes which added one extra bit for every single bit of information; the result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000 — and stunningly clear pictures of the planets. Other codes have become part of everyday life — such as the Universal Product Code, or bar code, which uses a simple error-detecting system that ensures supermarket check-out lasers can read the price even on, say, a crumpled bag of crisps. As recently as 1993, engineers made a major breakthrough by discovering so-called turbo codes —which come very close to Shannon’s ultimate limit for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted reliably, and now play a key role in the mobile videophone revolution.F. Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient ways of storing information, by stripping out superfluous (‘redundant’) bits from data which contributed little real information. As mobile phone text messages like ‘I CN C U’ show, it is often possible to leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning. As with error correction, however, there’s a limit beyond which messages become too ambiguous. Shannonshowed how to calculate this limit, opening the way to the design of compression methods that cram maximum information into the minimum space.Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.27 an explanation of the factors affecting the transmission of information28 an example of how unnecessary information can be omitted29 a reference to Shannon’s attitude to fame30 details of a machine capable of interpreting incomplete information31 a detailed account of an incident involving information theory32 a reference to what Shannon initially intended to achieve in his researchQuestions 33-37Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS form the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.The Voyager 1 Space ProbeThe probe transmitted pictures of both 33______ and ______, then left the 34 ______.The freezing temperatures were found to have a negative effect on parts of the space probe.Scientists feared that both the 35 ______ and ______ wereabout to stop working.The only hope was to tell the probe to replace them with 36 ______ —but distance made communication with the probe difficult.A 37 ______ was used to transmit the message at the speed of light.The message was picked up by the probe and the switchover took place.Questions 38-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passge 3?In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this38 The concept of describing something as true or false was the starting point for Shannon in his attempts to send messages over distances.39 The amount of information that can be sent in a given time period is determined with reference to the signal strength and noise level.40 Products have now been developed which can convey more information than Shannon had anticipated as possible.剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test3)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：对语言的态度对于语言进行系统、客观的研究并不容易。
TPO-6 Reading 3 解析
Q1正确答案：C解析：本文的结构是：第1段先抛出问题，第2段给出几种不靠谱的解释，以便抛砖引玉，第3段往后就开始介绍作者认可的三种解释，最后一段进行小结。
因此C为正确答案。
其余几项都是对文章的结构关系没理清所产生的曲解，故排除。
Q2正确答案：B解析：第2段所介绍的几种解释其实是作者要推翻的，作者在文中也用了一些暗示性的表达，seemingly plausible（看似合理的）就是其中之一。
plausiible意为“合理的”。
选项A意为“灵活的”，B意为“可信的”，C意为“可争辩的”，D意为“可预测的”，只有B符合条件，故为答案。
Q3正确答案：C解析：原文中说，那些认为婴幼儿健忘症反映了孩子们对充满性欲的插曲的压抑或隐藏的假设同样也解释不了这种现象。
其中的phenomenon意为“发生的事情，现象”。
选项A意为“例外”，B意为“重复”，C意为“发生的事情”，D意为“主意”，只有C符合条件，故为答案。
Q4正确答案：D解析：选项A对应原文的adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier。
选项B对应原文的infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development。
选项C对应原文的repression — or holding back — of sexually charged episodes。
D是针对该段最后一句设置的干扰项，不是驳斥的对象。
Q5正确答案：B解析：根据题干中的long-memory找到第3段中间的部分。
原文提到，婴幼儿长期记忆的形成，还会涉及到他们之前早期看到的或者自身经历的活动的重复，比如：到黑暗的环境里取东西，把瓶子塞到了洋娃娃的嘴里，或者将玩具撕成两半等。
剑桥雅思6第一套听力Section-3真题-+-解析
剑桥雅思6第一套听力Section-3真题-+-解析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－剑桥雅思6第一套听力Section 3真题+ 解析SECTION 3 Questions 21-30Question 21Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.21 What is Brian going to do before the course starts?A attend a classB write a reportC read a bookQuestions 22-25Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.College Facility InformationRefectory inform them 22................ about special dietary requirements 23................long waiting list，apply now Careers advice drop-in centre for information Fitness centre reduced 24................ for studentsLibrary includes books，journals，equipment room containing audio-visual materials Computers ask your 25................ to arrange a password with the technical support team Questions 26-30Complete the summary below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.Business CentreThe Business Resource Centre contains materials such as books and manuals to be used for training. It is possible to hire 26................... and 27................... .There are materials for working on study skills (e.g.28................... ) and other subjects include finance and 29................... 30................... membership costs ￡50 per year.题型：选择，表格填空，句子填空考查技能：听出具体信息场景：课程咨询场景背景介绍学校经常会接到很多关于课程设置、课程内容及学校周边环境和设施的咨询电话。
剑桥6 培训类 阅读答案
剑桥6 培训类阅读答案剑桥雅思6test1Reading3阅读答案解析Question 27答案：i关键词：段落匹配题，暂无关键词定位原文: B段倒数第2句“…they believe their best hope of…”解题思路: B段主要介绍了因纽特人不满足于自己袖手旁观而让外国们告知他们北极的现状，他们要把祖先的知识和现代科技进行结合来解决环境变化问题。
很明显可以看出，这是对于环境变化的一种反应和对策。
因此答案为i。
Question 28答案：vi关键词：段落匹配题，暂无关键词定位原文: C段第1句“The Canadian Arctic…”解题思路: C段详细地描述了位于加拿大北极圈里面的地貌，而且还提及了因纽特人的祖先顽强地适应了下来并定居在这片土地上。
因此逐个分析答案可以看到只有vi符合原段意思。
Question 29答案：iii关键词：段落匹配题，暂无关键词定位原文: D段后半部分：food / clothing / provisions / meat解题思路: 此段重点描述了过去因纽特人依靠自然提供食物和衣服，而现在则是更加先进的飞机和船运进口必需品，所以可以看出一个转变的过程。
纵观题干，不难看出答案是iii，即生活必需品的替代的来源。
Question 30答案：vii关键词：段落匹配题，暂无关键词定位原文: E段第1句“... there has certainly been an impact on peopled health.”解题思路: 首先E段开头用while，则可判断主题句应该在后半句。
意思是这些气候变化会对人们的健康有影响。
通过下一句的举例：肥胖，心脏病和糖尿病就可以判断出是一个负面的影响那么对应题干negative effect，故答案是vii。
答案：iv关键词：段落匹配题，暂无关键词定位原文: F段句和引言句“... the Inuit are determined to play a key role in …in the Arctic. / ...in recent years, IQ…weight.”解题思路: F段首句提出了因纽特人决定在应对北极环境变化要起关键作用。
剑6test1阅读答案
with the cooperative research centre for micro technology in melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athletes clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athletes ability to run. theres more to it than simply measuring
f of course, theres nothing to stop other countries copying-and many have tried. some years ago, the aisunveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. at the atlanta olympic games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists and rowers times. now everyone uses them. the same has happened to the ?altitude tent,
剑6test1 阅读解析
篇章结构体裁说明文主题澳大利亚的体育成就结构A段：澳大利亚体育成绩斐然B段：科技是第一生产力C段：精确测量和数据分析D段：精确测量和数据分析的实例E段：数据的实际应用F段：不可复制的成功必背词汇A段fair adj.合理的pro n.职业运动员demolish v.击败；破坏，毁坏under the eye of 在……的注意下rival n.竞争者，对手body n.团体，机构seeming adj.表面上的(通常事实并非如此) finance v.给……提供经费ease n.不费力，轻松excellence n.优秀，卓越extensive adj.广泛的，涉及面广的intensive adj.强化的underpin v.以……为稳固基础nutritional adj.营养的B段centre stage 中心地位squash n.壁球collaborate v.合作instrument n.仪器，器械golfer n.打高尔夫球的人ethereal adj.飘渺的，引申为不切实际的C段come down to(sth.)可归结为wire-frame adj.线框的second-by-second 每秒的slice v.划开；切开output n.输出slow motion 慢动作wring…out of 原义为扭，榨取，此处引申为从……中(经过努力)获得side-on 从侧面stroke n.划动，划水tweak v.扭，用力拉spine n.脊柱world-beating adj.举世瞩目的swivel v.旋转prototype n.原型biomechanical adj.生物力(学)的profile n.原义为轮廓、外形，此处意为模型velocity n.速度，速率lap n.一圈budding adj.发展中的spit out 原义是吐出，此处引申为显示出、分析出frame n.帧，画面D段turn time 转身时间immunoglobulin n.免疫球蛋白unobtrusive adj.不显眼的，不醒目的present adj.存在的sensor n.传感器saliva n.唾液embed v.使插入；使嵌入ease v.减轻，减弱sweat v.出汗，发汗remarkably adv.显著地，引人注目地；非常地experimentation n.实验，试验immune-system 免疫系统的E段complex adj.复杂的transform v.转换，转变，改变championship n.冠军赛arguably adv.可论证地(可辩论地)，有理由说地gear v.调整，(使)适合segment n.部分F段unveil v.展示(新产品)；揭开altitude tent 高原帐篷coolant-lined 流线型散热replicate v.复制endurance n.耐力；忍耐力encompass v.包含或包括某事物slice v.减少，降低难句解析1. A lot of their work comes down to measurement—everything from the exact angle of a swimmer's dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist.参考译文：许多工作都涉及具体测量，测量内容包括从游泳运动员潜水的精确角度到自行车运动员每秒功率输出的所有数据。
剑桥雅思阅读6（test3）原文翻译答案
剑桥雅思阅读6(test3)原文翻译答案雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读6test6原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.C One of the Lumiere Brothers’earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’. ‘As the train approached,’wrote Tarkovsky, ‘panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching amere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.’D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted — but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded — at least in film fiction —have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery —the cars, the cities, the cowboys —became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.G The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalitieshave such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television —as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories — early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.J And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again —that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.1 the location of the first cinema2 how cinema came to focus on stories3 the speed with which cinema has changed4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures5 the attraction of actors in filmsQuestions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this6 It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema.7 The Lumiere Brothers’ film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.8 Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.9 Storylines were important in very early cinema.Questions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A B, C to D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrateA the simplicity of early films.B the impact of early films.C how short early films were.D how imaginative early films were.11 In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that itA aims to impress its audience.B tells stories better than books.C illustrates the passing of time.D describes familiar events.12 When cinema first began, people thought thatA it would always tell stories.B it should be used in fairgrounds.C its audiences were unappreciative.D its future was uncertain.13 What is the best title for this passage?A The rise of the cinema starB Cinema and novels comparedC The domination of HollywoodD The power of the big screenREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-18Reading Passage 2 contains six Key Points.Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Ensure the reward system is fairii Match rewards to individualsiii Ensure targets are realisticiv Link rewards to achievementv Encourage managers to take more responsibilityvi Recognise changes in employees’ performance over time vii Establish targets and give feedbackviii Ensure employees are suited to their jobsExample AnswerKey Point One Viii14 Key Point Two15 Key Point Three16 Key Point Four17 Key Point Five18 Key Point SixMotivating Employees underAdverse ConditionsTHE CHALLENGEIt is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose — those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing oneanother with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.KEY POINT ONEThere is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.KEY POINT TWOThe literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with theemployees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisation’s culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.KEY POINT THREERegardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.KEY POINT FOURSince employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.KEY POINT FIVEManagers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee’s specific goals. Consistent withmaximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone’s remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.KEY POINT SIXThe way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers’list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.Questions 19-24Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 27?In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this19 A shrinking organization tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees.20 It is easier to manage a small business than a large business.21 High achievers are well suited to team work.22 Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.23 The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees.24 Employees’earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organization.Questions 25-27Look at the following groups of workers (Questions 25-27) and the list of descriptions below.Match each group with the correct description, A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.25 high achievers26 clerical workers27 production workersList of DescriptionsA They judge promotion to be important.B They have less need of external goals.C They think that the quality of their work is important.D They resist goals which are imposed.E They have limited job options.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging — the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie_et nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posedthis question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction’s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population’s average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body’s rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans — rhesus and squirrel monkeys — have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.calorie: a measure of the energy value of foodThe monkey projects demonstrate that, compared withcontrol animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation.When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.Questions 28-32Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this28 Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.29 There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.30 Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.31 Diet-related diseases are common in older people.32 In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorterliver than rats on a low-calorie diet.Questions 33-37Classify the following descriptions as relating toA caloric-restricted monkeysB control monkeysC neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeysWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.33 Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.34 Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.35 Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.36 Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.37 Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.Questions 38-40Complete the flow-chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.How a caloric-restriction mimetic worksCR mimeticLess 38..............is processedProduction of ATP is decreasedTheory 1: Theory 2:Cells less damaged by disease because Cells focus on 40..............becausefewer 39..............are emitted food is in short supply剑桥雅思阅读6原文参考译文(test3)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.A 一百多年前，在1895年12月8日，吕米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14号向100名买票人场的观众放映了他们制作的电影。
新航道雅思 剑桥6阅读题目讲解
剑桥雅思6阅读试题重点讲解TEST ONEReading Passage 1 Australia’s Sporting Success平行的顺序：1-7题单独看8 (C段) 9, 10 (D段) 11 (F段) 12 (E段) 13 (F段)颜老师重点点评:1.1-7题都比较好定位2.第6题里的funded对应A段里的underpin和finance3.第3题主要是通过看它和B段后半部分的对应，这里可能会误选C4.第8题要把camera看成前面所说的SWAN的一部分，所以为澳洲独有Reading Passage 2 Delivering the Goods平行的顺序：14-17单独看18(A段) 19(B段) 20(C段) 21(D段) 22(E段)23(从全文来看) 24(E段) 25(G段) 26(I段)颜老师重点点评:1.14-17题都比较好定位2.第22题NG的判断来源是E段3.23-26题要通过篇章中关键词在原文里的定位，如24题component和25题bulk cargo;4.26题定位在I段，这里可以采取排除法，fares没有tariff概括全面Reading Passage 3 Climate Change and the Inuit平行的顺序：27-32单独看33(C段L3) 34 35(C段L5) 36(C段倒数L2) 37(D段L2) 38(D段L4)39(D段L5) 40(D段倒数L2)颜老师重点点评:1.27-32题都比较好定位，干扰项也比较简单2.33-40题也要把握篇章里已经给出的信息的提示3.33题impossible对应原文out of the question4.40题因为后面讲的是expensive, 所以这里应该定位到原文里的$7,000,用importedTEST TWOReading Passage 1 Advantages of Public Transport平行的顺序：1－5 (单独平行，有明显提示)6 7(第1段) 11 8(第2段) 9 (第3段) 10 (第5段) 12 (第6段)13 (第A段)颜老师重点点评:该文1－5平行得非常清楚，6－10题出现得也非常集中，要善于把握; 11－13题原文分隔较远，但是地名定位非常明确；1.第3题干扰项可能为VIII，但是相比IV明确提到incomes的问题则逊色；2.第8题选择NG是老技巧概念(tram network)重现而关系(dangerous)不重现；3.11－13题配对干扰项很弱，答案较唯一，但注意11题里讲Perth拥有minimaltransport是说其不好Reading Passage 2 Greying Population Stays in the Pink平行的顺序：14(第1段) 15 (第2段) 16(第3段) 17 18(第4段) 19(第5段) 20(第6段) 21 22(第7段)23(第8段) 24(第9段) 25(第10段) 26(第11段)颜老师重点点评:该文实在算是大礼！！！平行不需要，定位也很明显，期望你在此文抢分！1.第17题可能会选C，但严格根据原文还是M-medicine更符合Reading Passage 3 Numeration平行的顺序：32 27 (第2段) 33 28 34 (第3段) 35 36 29 37(第4段) 38 30 (第5段) 39 31(第6段) 40 31(第7段)颜老师重点点评:该篇27－31题可以算是第2－7段的概括，而32－40都是细节题；虽然该篇题材有些深奥，但是总体上每题定位都很明确，27－31的干扰项也很弱；1.第27题对应第2段倒数第4行，尤其是题目里的necessary对应原文的paramount (very important之意)；2.第28题对应第3段倒数第1－3行，hand signal对应第4行的gestures;3.第29题对应第4段最后，尤其是civil role是witness in court的意译；4.第30题对应第5段全段到最后to arithmetic;5.第31题可以和第39题的解答互相提醒；6.36和40题的NG答案都符合概念重现而关系不重现；TEST THREEReading Passage 1平行的顺序：1－5 (单独平行，有明显提示)6 7 10 (C段) 11(D段) 8(E段) 12(H段) 9 (I段)13 (全文)颜老师重点点评:该文1－5平行得非常清楚，所有题目的定位也非常明确；4.第4题干扰项可能为F段，但是相比E段明确提及cultures则逊色；5.第7题注意原文只是说某人的观点，所以为NG；6.第8题选择NG是考察E段的整体含义，并无biased之义；7.第10题可以和第6题互相促进Reading Passage 2 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions平行的顺序：14-18 (单独平行)19(THE CHALLENGE第1段) 20 21 (KEY POINT ONE) 22 25 (KEY POINT TWO) 23(KEY POINT THREE) 24(KEY POINT FIVE) 26 27(KEY POINT SIX)颜老师重点点评:把握小标题！该文关于人力资源管理，术语简单但是关系复杂，一定要把题目里的名词定位准确，而14-18及25-27题里的干扰项作用都很弱；2.第16，17，18题都谈到了reward的问题，FOUR的主题句在第2句(personalize对应选项里的match)，FIVE和SIX的都在第1句(contingent对应选项里的link;transparent对应选项里的fair);3.第21题题目里的teamwork和原文里的independent矛盾，故选N；4.第23题属于概念重现但是关系不重现，故选NG;5.第25题的定位在POINT TWO而不是ONE，这里主要抓原文里的internallymotivated和B选项里的external对应；Reading Passage 3 The Search for the Anti-aging Pill平行的顺序：28 29(第1段) 30 31 (第2段) 32 (第3段)34 36 33 35 (第6段) 37 (第5段)38 39 40(第8段)颜老师重点点评:该篇平行上没有任何难度，像做听力一样，所以虽然题材深奥，但也算是题目送出的大礼了，特别是38-40题，定位准确后解决起来则没有任何难度；7.第31题选择NG有通过第30和32题‘两边夹’的意味；8.第35题的答案对应的是第6段倒数第4行的however, 所以选择neither; TEST FOURReading Passage 1 Doctoring Sales平行的顺序：1－7 (单独平行，有明显提示)8(B段) 9 (C段) 10(D段) 11(E段) 12(F段) 13(G段)颜老师重点点评:该文平行的压力几乎没有，希望你珍惜，1-7题备选项都写得概括，有些存在干扰项，可以先试验性地解答8.第1题干扰项可能为ii，但是这里明显是在举例；9.第3题主要是通过该段最后一句得出10.第12题选择NG是考察drug samples的概念重现，关系不重现；Reading Passage 2 Do literate women make better mothers?平行的顺序：14-18 (Summary单独平行) 15(第1段) 17 18(第2段) 14(第3段) 16(第4段)19(第4段) 20(第5段) 21 23(第5,6段) 22 24(第6段) 26(第8段) 27(第9段)颜老师重点点评:该文平行开始有一定难度，但是在看到第5段起一定要能把14-18题限定在前4段，而这里干扰项都不算难；而25-26的平行还是比较明显的；另20-24集中在第6段，一定要能看清楚实验的不同对象，这些不同对象的特征，以及实验前后不同对象的变化；6.第14题对应第3段里的adults;7.第15和18题都可以猜，maternal指母亲方面的；8.第17题的定位可以借鉴题目里给出的attitude to children；9.第19题对应第4段，原文只是提到总数3,00, 所以局部1,000属于NG;10.第23题里的woman是84，虽然进步了但还是比5段里提到的80高，所以选N;11.第24题对应第6段最后一句，这里只有比较，所以表示程度的severely属于NG；malnutrition是mal(不好的，坏的)作前缀Reading Passage 3平行的顺序：27-30 (单独平行) 40 (单独平行)31 (A段) 32 (B段) 33 (C段) 34 (D段)35 (E1段1行) 36(E1段2行) 37 (E2段2行) 38 (E3段2行) 39 (E4段2行)颜老师重点点评:该篇平行上没有任何难度，像做听力一样，F段不需要看，而且题材也不深奥，干扰项也不太难，真算是题目送出的大礼了！！！9.第27-30题没有任何干扰项影响！！10.第31题可能对A段最后一个生词有疑惑，但是还是要判断出B选项最明显；recalcitrant这里和difficult同义；11.第33题C选项对应C段第一句话里的knowledge和help;12.第35题定位时候注意题目里produce对应原文develop;13.第36题定位时候注意题目里detailed对应原文explicit;14.第37题定位时候注意题目前面的through以及后面的useful;15.第38题定位时候注意题目后面的trained对应原文里的training;16.第39题定位时候注意题目里的recognize对应原文distinguish, 分辨;17.第40题选出来不难，这里前半部分crisis management对应A-D段，prevention对应E；G TEST ONE15-21注意可以多次使用选项16. 可能会误选A，但是注意A说的是学生来自不同的国家，而不是学校本身在这些国家有分校17. 对应every second yearReading Passage The Water Crisis平行的顺序：28-34单独平行35(A段第2行) 36(A段倒数第3行) 37(C段第2行) 38(E段第1行)39(F段第2行) 40(G段倒数第2行)颜老师重点点评:该文平行没有任何难度，尤其是摘要方面，十分分散，定位好第35题后即非常流畅，一定要加以利用；同时标题选择干扰项也不算多；12.第28题，A段全文没有明显主题句，主要这里要把握demand;13.第30题, C段主题句是第一句，这选项里some指的就是国家；14.第35题要注意把握全部摘要定位的开始，所以rising dramatically对应原文的upward trend,该题本身定位可以考虑people和increasingly对应原文citizens 和more;15.第36题题干里的global对应原文里的world;16.第37题题干里的recycling对应原文里的recycling;17.第38题定位比较遥远，主要是题干后面的used water对应原文里的used water;18.第39题题干里的environmental对应原文里的environment;19.第40题可能会误写agricultural yield, 但是题干里后面说的是suffered by manycountries, 所以要注意搭配，应该从原文后面找，故写water deficit, 这里主要是题干里的worsen和原文里的add to对应.G TEST TWO5. hotel对应G选项里的hospitality, 这里说的permanent实际上主要是为了和J选项里的casual区分12. 答案为T，因为学生们在半小时之上就可以了，题干里的45分钟属于半小时之上；15. 选项里的prioritize是个很好的词，是priority的动词形式，即:使…优先；这里选项是section B内容的最好概括；25. acknowledge, 承认；对应H段里的plagiarize为剽窃之意Reading Passage PTEROSAURS平行的顺序：28-34单独平行36 37(D段) 39(E段) 35(G段) 40(H段) 38(I段)颜老师重点点评:该文平行没有任何难度，35-40题的定位和解答都非常容易，问题主要在28-34的倒标题选择上，需要把握速读( 尤其是C, F,G段)，暂时的放弃和试验性的解答；20.第29题题干的意思是“被确认实际称为ptersaur的该种生物的鉴定”，这里creature和pterosaur之间省略了that/which；D段主要说的就是petersaur的命名过程，所以符合答案；21.第30题的干扰项可能是C段，但是F段更加明显地突出了conflicting theories的意思，比如第1句里的disagreement和中部的the competing argument; C段虽然也有controversy的说法，但是C段其实只说明了1种，即现在的观点，起的是和B段contrast的作用，所以C段不存在conflicting的问题；22.第34题的干扰项也可能是C，但是这里G段拥有更concrete的evidence, 而C段说的还主要是believe的情况;。
剑桥雅思6第一套阅读原文+详细解析
AUSTRALIA'S SPORTING SUCCESSA They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one - such as building muscle strength in golfers - to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can't waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don't help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,' says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.C A lot of their work comes down to measurement - everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical pro coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason's contribution to sport also includes the development of the SW AN (SWimming ANalysis)system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer's performance into factors that can be analysed individually - stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SW AN spits out data on each swimmerD ‘Take a look,' says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,' says Mason. ‘I f he can improve on his turns, he can do much better’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists' research is bringing to a range of sports.With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete's ability to run. There's more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AlS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes' saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgAlevels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model', based on what they expect will be the winnin g times. ‘You design the model to make that time,' says Mason. ‘A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.' All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world's most successful sporting nation.F Of course, there's nothing to stop other countries copying-and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists' and rowers' times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent', developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia's success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated6 an overview of the funded support of athletes7 how performance requirements are calculated before an eventQuestions 8-11Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states theyA are currently exclusively used by AustraliansB will be used in the future by AustraliansC are currently used by both Australians and their rivalsWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.8 cameras9 sensors10 protein tests11 altitude tentsQuestions 12 and 13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?13 By how much did some cyclists' performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?篇章结构体裁说明文主题澳大利亚的体育成就结构A段：澳大利亚体育成绩斐然 B段：科技是第一生产力C段：精确测量和数据分析 D段：精确测量和数据分析的实例E段：数据的实际应用 F段：不可复制的成功必背词汇A段fair adj.合理的pro n.职业运动员demolish v.击败；破坏，毁坏 under the eye of 在……的注意下rival n.竞争者，对手 body n.团体，机构seeming adj.表面上的(通常事实并非如此) finance v.给……提供经费ease n.不费力，轻松 excellence n.优秀，卓越extensive adj.广泛的，涉及面广的 intensive adj.强化的underpin v.以……为稳固基础 nutritional adj.营养的B段centre stage 中心地位 squash n.壁球collaborate v.合作 instrument n.仪器，器械golfer n.打高尔夫球的人 ethereal adj.飘渺的，引申为不切实际的C段come down to(sth.)可归结为 wire-frame adj.线框的second-by-second 每秒的 slice v.划开；切开output n.输出 slow motion 慢动作wring…out of原义为扭，榨取，此处引申为从……中(经过努力)获得 side-on 从侧面stroke n.划动，划水tweak v.扭，用力拉 spine n.脊柱world-beating adj.举世瞩目的 swivel v.旋转prototype n.原型 biomechanical adj.生物力(学)的profile n.原义为轮廓、外形，此处意为模型 velocity n.速度，速率lap n.一圈budding adj.发展中的 spit out 原义是吐出，此处引申为显示出、分析出frame n.帧，画面D段turn time 转身时间 immunoglobulin n.免疫球蛋白unobtrusive adj.不显眼的，不醒目的 present adj.存在的sensor n.传感器 saliva n.唾液embed v.使插入；使嵌入 ease v.减轻，减弱sweat v.出汗，发汗 remarkably adv.显著地，引人注目地；非常地experimentation n.实验，试验immune-system 免疫系统的E段complex adj.复杂的 transform v.转换，转变，改变championship n.冠军赛 arguably adv.可论证地(可辩论地)，有理由说地gear v.调整，(使)适合segment n.部分F段unveil v.展示(新产品)；揭开 altitude tent 高原帐篷coolant-lined 流线型散热 replicate v.复制endurance n.耐力；忍耐力 encompass v.包含或包括某事物slice v.减少，降低难句解析1. A lot of their work comes down to measurement—everything from the exact angle of a swimmer's dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist.参考译文：许多工作都涉及具体测量，测量内容包括从游泳运动员潜水的精确角度到自行车运动员每秒功率输出的所有数据。
剑桥雅思6阅读解析
READING PASSAGE 1stun [ ] vt. 使晕倒, 使惊吓 thrill [] v. 发抖 routine [ ]n. 例行公事, 常规 leap [ ]n. 跳跃, 飞跃 imagination [ ]n.想象,想象力initial[] 最初的文章结构 本节考查词汇image[ ]n.图像，影像unique[ ]adj.唯一的, 独特的hypnotic[ ]adj.催眠的dynamic[ ]adj.有活力的，动态的genius[ ]n.天才panic[ ]n.惊慌mere[ ]adj.仅仅embrace[ ]vt.拥抱whim[ ]n.突发奇想，心血来潮objective[ ]adj.客观的capture[ ]捕捉realism[]n.现实主义，真实感overwhelming[ ]adj.压倒性的，无法抗拒的fiction[ ]n.小说，虚构的故事dominate[ ]v.支配，主导imagery[ ]n.影像intimate[ ]adj.亲密的，密切的massive[ ]adj.巨大的，大规模的encyclopaedic[ ]adj.百科全书式的preceding[ ]adj.之前的consequence[ ]n.结果presence[ ]n.出席, 到场, 存在inevitably[i nevit bli]adv.不可避免magnify[ ]vt.夸大，放大enduring[ ]adj.持久的legacy [ ]n. 遗赠(物)lease [ ]n. 租借novelty[]n.新颖, 新奇, 新鲜, 新奇的事物worn off 消失 fade away逐渐凋谢 gimmick [ ]n. 小发明，小玩意 fairground[] n.集市，赶集documentary [ ] adj. 文件的，记录的 narrative [ ] n. 叙述medium [] n.媒体, 方法, 媒介conceived [ ]adj. 假想的 reel []n.卷dominant[]占优势的, 支配的convinced [ ]adj. 确信的 astonishing []adj. 令人惊讶的Questions 1-5『题型』MATCHING『解析』绝对乱序题型，建议先读完所有选项并确定关键字。
剑桥雅思6阅读test3
Passage1Question 1答案： A关键词：location/ first cinema定位原文: A段第1句“The Lumière Brothers opened…”解题思路: 吕米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14号放映了他们制作的电影……，正确答案为A。
Question 2答案：I关键词：focus on stories定位原文: I段第3句“But what happened…”解题思路: 然而，事实上，电影已经成为一种叙事的媒介。
正确答案是I。
Question 3答案： J关键词：speed…has changed定位原文: J段第1句“And it has…”解题思路: 电影的发展是如此迅速。
对应J选项。
Question 4答案：E关键词：teaches…other cultures定位原文: E段第3句“Long before people…”解题思路: 早在人们到美国或其他地方旅行之前，他们就已经欣赏过目的地的风光，也领略过当地人的工作与生活方式，答案是E。
Question 5答案：G关键词：attraction of actors定位原文: G段第1句“The ‘star’ was…”解题思路: 明星是电影随之带来的另一个自然产物。
这句话和题干表达的意思一致。
Question 6答案：YES关键词：first audiences reacted to the cinema定位原文: B段第2句“But it is worth trying…”解题思路: worth 与 important 属于同义表达。
Question 7答案： NOT GIVEN关键词：train, the greatest films定位原文: C段第3句“…described the film…”解题思路: 相关定位处只是说到俄罗斯导演形容电影是天才的作品，并没有评价吕米埃兄弟的作品如何，这个属于未知信息。
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剑桥雅思6第一套阅读Passage3真题原文+詳細解析+译文:READINGPASSAGE3Roushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingP assage3onthefollowingpages.Questions27-32ReadingPassage3hassevenparagraphs,A-G.ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-Gfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-iR,inboRes27-32onRouranswersheet.27ParagraphB28ParagraphC29ParagraphD30ParagraphE31ParagraphF32ParagraphGAUnusualincidentsarebeingreportedacrosstheArctic.Inuitfamiliesgoingoffonsno wmobilestopreparetheirsummerhuntingcampshavefoundthemselvescutofffrom homebRaseaofmud,followingearlRthaws.Therearereportsofiglooslosingtheirins ulatingpropertiesasthesnowdripsandrefreezes,oflakesdrainingintotheseaasper mafrostmelts,andseaicebreakingupearlierthanusual,carrRingsealsbeRondthere achofhunters.ClimatechangemaRstillbearatherabstractideatomostofus,butinth eArcticitisalreadRhavingdramaticeffects-ifsummertimeicecontinuestoshrinkatit spresentrate,theArcticOceancouldsoonbecomevirtuallRice-freeinsummer.Thek nock-oneffectsarelikelRtoincludemorewarming,cloudierskies,increasedprecipita tionandhighersealevels.ScientistsareincreasinglRkeentofindoutwhat'sgoingonb ecausetheRconsidertheArcticthe'canarRinthemine'forglobalwarming-awarningo fwhat'sinstorefortherestoftheworld.BFortheInuittheproblemisurgent.TheRliveinprecariousbalancewithoneofthetoug hestenvironmentsonearth.Climatechange,whateveritscauses,isadirectthreattot heirwaRoflife.NobodRknowstheArcticaswellasthelocals,whichiswhRtheRarenotc ontentsimplRtostandbackandletoutsideeRpertstellthemwhat'shappening.InCan ada,wheretheInuitpeoplearejealouslRguardingtheirhard-wonautonomRinthecountrR'snewestterritorR,Nunavut,theRbelievetheirbesthopeofsurvivalinthischan gingenvironmentliesincombiningtheirancestralknowledgewiththebestofmodern science.Thisisachallengeinitself.CTheCanadianArcticisavast,treelesspolardesertthat'scoveredwithsnowformosto ftheRear.VentureintothisterrainandRougetsomeideaofthehardshipsfacinganRon ewhocallsthishome.Farmingisoutofthequestionandnatureoffersmeagrepickings. HumansfirstsettledintheArcticamere4,500Rearsago,survivingbReRploitingseam ammalsandfish.Theenvironmenttestedthemtothelimits:sometimesthecolonists weresuccessful,sometimestheRfailedandvanished.ButaroundathousandRearsa go,onegroupemergedthatwasuniquelRwelladaptedtocopewiththeArcticenviron ment.TheseThulepeoplemovedinfromAlaska,bringingkaRaks,sleds,dogs,potter Randirontools.TheRaretheancestorsoftodaR'sInuitpeople.DLifeforthedescendantsoftheThulepeopleisstillharsh.Nunavutis1.9millionsquar ekilometresofrockandice,andahandfulofislandsaroundtheNorthPole.It'scurrentl Rhometo2,500people,allbutahandfulofthemindigenousInuit.Overthepast40Rea rs,mosthaveabandonedtheirnomadicwaRsandsettledintheterritorR's28isolatedc ommunities,buttheRstillrelRheavilRonnaturetoprovidefoodandclothing.ProvisionsavailableinlocalshopshavetobeflownintoNunavutononeofthemostcostl Rairnetworksintheworld,orbroughtbRsupplRshipduringthefewice-freeweeksofs ummer.ItwouldcostafamilRaroundf7,000aReartoreplacemeattheRobtainedthe mselvesthroughhuntingwithimportedmeat.Economicopportunitiesarescarce,an dformanRpeoplestatebenefitsaretheironlRincome.EWhiletheInuitmaRnotactuallRstarveifhuntingandtrappingarecurtailedbRclimat echange,therehascertainlRbeenanimpactonpeople'shealth.ObesitR,heartdiseas eanddiabetesarebeginningtoappearinapeopleforwhomthesehaveneverbeforebeenproblems.TherehasbeenacrisisofidentitRasthetraditionalskillsofhunting,trapp ingandpreparingskinshavebeguntodisappear.InNunavut's'iglooandemail'societ R,whereadultswhowereborniniglooshavechildrenwhomaRneverhavebeenoutont heland,there'sahighincidenceofdepression.FWithsomuchatstake,theInuitaredeterminedtoplaRakeRroleinteasingoutthemR steriesofclimatechangeintheArctic.Havingsurvivedthereforcenturies,theRbeliev etheirwealthoftraditionalknowledgeisvitaltothetask.AndWesternscientistsarest artingtodrawonthiswisdom,increasinglRreferredtoas‘lnuitQaujimajatuqangit’,or IQ.‘In theearlRdaRsscientistsignoreduswhentheRcameupheretostudRanRthing. TheRjustfiguredthesepeopledon'tknowverRmuchsowewon'task them,’saRsJohn Amagoalik,anInuitleaderandpolitician.'ButinrecentRearsIQhashadmuchmorecr edibilitRandweight.'InfactitisnowarequirementforanRonehopingtogetpermissio ntodoresearchthattheRconsultthecommunities,whoarehelpingtosettheresearch agendatoreflecttheirmostimportantconcerns.TheRcanturndownapplicationsfro mscientiststheRbelievewillworkagainsttheirinterests,orresearchprojectsthatwill impingetoomuchontheirdailRlivesandtraditionalactivities.GSomescientistsdoubtthevalueoftraditionalknowledgebecausetheoccupationoft heArcticdoesn'tgobackfarenough.Others,however,pointoutthatthefirstweathers tationsinthefarnorthdatebackjust50Rears.Therearestillhugegapsinourenvironm entalknowledge,anddespitethescientificonslaught,manRpredictionsarenomoret hanbestguesses.IQcouldhelptobridgethegapandresolvethetremendousuncertai ntRabouthowmuchofwhatwe'reseeingisnaturalcapriciousnessandhowmuchisthe consequenceofhumanactivitR.Questions33-40CompletethesummarRofparagraphsCandDbelow.Choose NOMORETHANTWOWORDS fromparagraphsCandDforeachanswer.WriteRouranswersinboRes33-40onRouranswersheet.IfRouvisittheCanadianArctic,RouimmediatelRappreciatetheproblemsfacedbRpe opleforwhomthisishome.ItwouldclearlRbeimpossibleforthepeopletoengagein33. ...................asameansofsupportingthemselves.ForthousandsofRearstheRhav ehadtorelRoncatching34....................and35....................asameansofsusten ance.TheharshsurroundingssawmanRwhotriedtosettletherepushedtotheirlimits,altho ughsomeweresuccessful.The36....................peoplewereaneRampleofthelatter andforthemtheenvironmentdidnotproveunmanageable.Forthepresentinhabitan ts,lifecontinuestobeastruggle.TheterritorRofNunavutconsistsoflittlemorethanice ,rockandafew37....................InrecentRears,manRofthemhavebeenobligedtogi veuptheir38....................lifestRle,buttheRcontinuetodependmainlRon39........ ............fortheirfoodandclothes.40....................produceisparticularlReRpensi ve.体裁议论文主题气候变化与因纽特人结构A段：概述北极罕见事件敲响警钟B段：因纽特人对于环境变化做出的反应C段：艰苦恶劣的自然条件D段：生活必需品来源的替代品E段：安逸生活的负面影响F段：因纽特人对于环境的建议逐渐被考虑和重视G段：人们对于环境的认识十分有限A段incidentn.事件abstractadj.抽象的snowmobilen.雪地汽车shrinkv.收缩thawn.融雪ice-freeadj.不冻的igloon.圆顶建筑knock-onadj.连锁的insulatingadj.绝缘的precipitationn.降水permafrostn.永久冰冻(永久冻土，永久冻地)canarRn.金丝雀B段urgentadj.急迫的，紧要的，紧急的hard-wonadj.难得的，来之不易的precariousa.不确定的；危险的autonomRn.自治.自治权threatn.威胁liein在于contentadj.满足的combinev.结合standback退后(靠后站，不介入)ancestrala.祖先的，祖传的C段vastadj.广阔的vanishv.消失polaradj.两极的，极地的adaptto适应venturev.冒险copewith对付(应付，克服)terrainn.地带Thulen.古人相信存在于世界北端的国家，极北之地meagreadj.瘦的，不足的eRploitv.开发，开拓kaRakn.(爱斯基摩人用的)皮船mammaln.哺乳动物sledn.雪撬D段descendantn.子孙，后代relRon依赖，依靠harshadj.艰苦的；苛刻的provisionn.供应品，必需品indigenousadj.本土的replacewith取代，以……代替abandonv.放弃scarceadj.缺乏的，不足的nomadicadj.游牧的E段curtailv.缩减，减少identitRn.身份；特性obesitRn.肥胖，肥大depressionn.沮丧，情绪低落；忧郁症diabetesn.糖尿病F段atstake在危险中(处于成败关头)credibilitRn.可信性teaseout梳理，挑出consultv.商议；请教vitaladj.至关重要的；所必需的agendan.议程wisdomn.明智的行为：智慧impingev.侵犯G段occupationn.占有tremendousadj.巨大的，惊人的onslaughtn.冲击capriciousnessn.任性；善变predictionn.预言，预报难句解析1.WhiletheInuitmaRnotactuallRstarveifhuntingandtrappingarecurtailedbRclima techange,therehascertainlRbeenanimpacton people’s health.参考译文：即使气候变化阻碍了狩猎和诱捕，因纽特人或许也不会真的挨饿受冻，但气候变化的确影响了人们的健康。