中国文化导读重点

第一章概述

Chinese people’s political consultative conference （CPPCC）中华人民共和国政治协商会议Communist party of china (CPC)中国共产党the national people’s congress (NPC)全国人民代表大会the Han Dynasty（汉朝206BC-AD220）was established by Liu Bang with its capital at Chang’an 西安it is divided into two periods western Han Dynasty（西汉206BC-AD25）and Eastern Han Dynasty（东汉AD25-220）according to the constitution of the PRC China’s administrative units are currently based on a three-tier system（三级建制）dividing the nation into provinces counties and townships根据宪法,中国的行政单位，目前正在根据全国分为省，县和乡镇的三级建制

第二章哲学和宗教

Chinese philosophy（中国哲学）is the collective designation for the various schools of thought是各大流派的总称。世界3大哲学体系western philosophy and Indian philosophy 百家争鸣 a hundred schools of thought contend. The philosophy in pre-Qin times先秦子学 the most influential schools were Confucianism （儒家）Taoism（道家）Mohism（墨家）and Legalism(法

家) Confucius（孔子）and Mencius（孟子）it advocates benevolence and justice allegiance and forbearance(仁义忠宽)the doctrine of the golden mean and values the ethical relations of men中庸之道和重视人的伦理关系it emphasizes the importance of family and societal order. Children must respect and be dutiful to their parents. The younger must obey the elder. The junior must follow the senior. The servants must serve their rulers.它强调的是家庭和社会秩序的重要性。儿童必须尊重和孝顺父母。年轻的必须服从长辈。初中必须按照高级。下级必须服从统治者。

Taoism is a school of thought founded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi.道德经Dao De Jing 无为（non-action）Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble道教提倡的信念，一个人要过简单的生活，而不是争取财富，名誉或权力，只会给一个忧虑和麻烦

Mohism cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another , there would be no hatred, calamities, and hostilities. In politics and ethics Mohism advocates honouring

virtuous people, opposing fatalism and aggressive wars and upholding thriftiness and simple funerals.墨家珍视兼爱，其中规定如果心爱的人，所有的人在世界上就没有仇恨，灾害，和敌对。在政治和道德墨家主张履行贤惠的人，反对宿命论和侵略战争，并坚持节俭和简单的葬礼。Legalism, begun by Han Feizi, espouses laying down laws to unify the thought of people法家，韩非子开始，拥护统一人们的思想奠定了法律

两汉经学（the orthodox philosophy during the han dynasty）banning all schools of thought except Confucianism 罢黜百家独尊儒术orthodox philosophy advocates that heaven affects human affairs and human behavior finds responses in Heaven（天人感应）and the power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven（君权神授）正统哲学主张天上影响人类事务和人类行为的认定，在天堂的响应和皇帝的权力是由天授权integral part nature天人合一

Metaphysics during the wei and jin dynasties魏晋玄学three profound studies三玄 the book of changes易经Lao Zi老子Zhuang Zi庄子the Buddhist philosophy during the sui and tang dynasties隋唐佛学

It mainly discusses the relationship between the