精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件,期末考试必备Chapter 4
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It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
The
strong man tallest boy pretty girl
6
Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations observed by F. de Saussure.
They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations.
For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.
12
(preceded by) A pretty The tallest The African …
NP girl boy man
(followed by) smiles sings cries breathes …
Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.
15
2.2 Immediate Constituents
Ex:
the girl ate the apple The girl ate the apple. NP: Det. +N VP: V+ NP S: NP+VP
Constituent is a term used in structural analysis from the perspective of structural linguistics, referring to a component of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction.
14
2.1 Grammatical Construction
The boy ate
the apple. (clause)
Subject Predicate Object NP Verb NP Det.+N Det.+P External vs. Internal Properties of a GC
The president has resigned. He is reading a book. You may see her. John has tried to catch the bus. He bought an old car with his first pay check.
3
1.1 Positional Relation
The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject V Object One of the ways to convey the different grammatical roles of different constitutes in a clause is positional relation (word order).
NP=noun phrase AP=adjective phrase VP=verb phrase PP=preposition phrase S=sentence or clause
19
Bracketing
Bracketing is not as common in use, but it is an economic notation in representing the constituent structure of a grammatical unit.
For example,
5
The boy kicked the ball.
*Boy the ball kicked the. (ungrammatical) *The ball kicked the boy. (nonsensical)
The teacher saw the students. The students saw the teacher.
13
2. Grammatical construction and its constituents Syntactic studies from the different viewpoints of the three linguistic schools:
Structuralism: IC analysis Transformational-generative Grammar:
((The) (girl)) ((ate) ((the) (apple)))
20
Ex: Draw tree diagrams to represent the constitute structures of the sentences below by means of IC Analysis.
16
Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis)
The girl ate the apple
1. Constituent : A, B, C 2. Immediate Constituent: B, C 3. Nodes: 1) top-most node (mother node): A 2) lower nodes (daughters & sister nodes) : B, C 4. Immediate Constituent Analysis:
Relation of Co-occurrence means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
Generative rules: IP analysis (Inflection Phrase) Transformational rules: deep structure surface structure
Systemic-functional Grammar: Syntactic studies based on the three metafunctions, i.e., ideational function, interpersonal function, and textual function
Chapter Four From Word to Text
1
Ex: Happy cats and dogs live on the farm.
Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
smiles. yesterday. last week. the day before.
10
He went there
This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev.
2
1. Syntactic relations
Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds:
relations of position (positional positions) relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence
7
Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world:
SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order.
To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations or Choice Relations.
11
1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence
Ex:
three very comfortable dark blue chairs * three comfortably dark blue chairs The lucky boy sings. * The luckily boy sings.
4
Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a sentence of a language.
If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.
The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole. The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction‟s “make-up”.
8
1.2 Relation of Substitutability
The ______ smiles.
man student policeman boy girl …..
The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
17
A(S)
B
C
IC Analysis
Tree diagram
NP Det N V
S
VP NP
Det
N
The girl ate the apple
18
Word-level
Phrasal
N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction
It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
The
strong man tallest boy pretty girl
6
Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations observed by F. de Saussure.
They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations.
For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.
12
(preceded by) A pretty The tallest The African …
NP girl boy man
(followed by) smiles sings cries breathes …
Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.
15
2.2 Immediate Constituents
Ex:
the girl ate the apple The girl ate the apple. NP: Det. +N VP: V+ NP S: NP+VP
Constituent is a term used in structural analysis from the perspective of structural linguistics, referring to a component of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction.
14
2.1 Grammatical Construction
The boy ate
the apple. (clause)
Subject Predicate Object NP Verb NP Det.+N Det.+P External vs. Internal Properties of a GC
The president has resigned. He is reading a book. You may see her. John has tried to catch the bus. He bought an old car with his first pay check.
3
1.1 Positional Relation
The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject V Object One of the ways to convey the different grammatical roles of different constitutes in a clause is positional relation (word order).
NP=noun phrase AP=adjective phrase VP=verb phrase PP=preposition phrase S=sentence or clause
19
Bracketing
Bracketing is not as common in use, but it is an economic notation in representing the constituent structure of a grammatical unit.
For example,
5
The boy kicked the ball.
*Boy the ball kicked the. (ungrammatical) *The ball kicked the boy. (nonsensical)
The teacher saw the students. The students saw the teacher.
13
2. Grammatical construction and its constituents Syntactic studies from the different viewpoints of the three linguistic schools:
Structuralism: IC analysis Transformational-generative Grammar:
((The) (girl)) ((ate) ((the) (apple)))
20
Ex: Draw tree diagrams to represent the constitute structures of the sentences below by means of IC Analysis.
16
Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis)
The girl ate the apple
1. Constituent : A, B, C 2. Immediate Constituent: B, C 3. Nodes: 1) top-most node (mother node): A 2) lower nodes (daughters & sister nodes) : B, C 4. Immediate Constituent Analysis:
Relation of Co-occurrence means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
Generative rules: IP analysis (Inflection Phrase) Transformational rules: deep structure surface structure
Systemic-functional Grammar: Syntactic studies based on the three metafunctions, i.e., ideational function, interpersonal function, and textual function
Chapter Four From Word to Text
1
Ex: Happy cats and dogs live on the farm.
Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
smiles. yesterday. last week. the day before.
10
He went there
This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev.
2
1. Syntactic relations
Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds:
relations of position (positional positions) relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence
7
Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world:
SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order.
To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations or Choice Relations.
11
1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence
Ex:
three very comfortable dark blue chairs * three comfortably dark blue chairs The lucky boy sings. * The luckily boy sings.
4
Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a sentence of a language.
If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.
The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole. The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction‟s “make-up”.
8
1.2 Relation of Substitutability
The ______ smiles.
man student policeman boy girl …..
The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
17
A(S)
B
C
IC Analysis
Tree diagram
NP Det N V
S
VP NP
Det
N
The girl ate the apple
18
Word-level
Phrasal
N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction