英语诗歌入门1.

We sometimes use the word imagery to refer to a pattern of related details in a poem. Shakespeare’s sonnet “That time of year thou may’st in me behold” , for example, include images of darkness and light, cold and warmth, day and night, the images cluster together to describe the passing of time.
Although narrative poems especially literary ballads, combine story with song, action with emotion, story and action predominate. In lyric poetry, however , story is subordinated to song, and action to emotion. We can define lyrics as subjective poems, often brief, that express the feelings and thoughts of a single speaker (who may or may not represent the poet).
Lyric poetry is typically characterized by brevity, melody, and emotional intensity .The music of lyrics makes them memorable, and their brevity contributes to the intensity of their emotional expression.
Poetry is more intense than other writings — more intense with feelings, and more intense in its concentration of meaning. Poetry is the true language of emotion. Poetry engage poet’s thoughts and ideas.
3. Images（意象） （意象）
An image is a group of words that record sense impression directly. Images usually record what poets see, but they can also record sounds,tastes and smells. Therefore, images may be visual (something seen), aural (something heard), tactile (something felt), olfactory (something smelled), or gustatory (something tasted).
Fundamentals of Poetry
1. The Definition of Poetry
“memorable speeches” — W. H. Auden “criticsm of life” — Matthew Arnold “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” — William Wordsworth “property of speech is untranslatable” — Robert Frost
Romance（浪漫、传奇诗） （浪漫、传奇诗）
Adventure is a central feature of romance. The plots of romances tend to be complex, with surprising and even magical actions. The chief characters are human beings, though they often confront monsters, dragons, and disguised animals in a world that does not adhere consistently to the laws of nature as we know them.
Epigram（讽刺短诗） （讽刺短诗）
The epigram is a brief witty poem that is often satirical.
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Elegy（挽歌） （挽歌）
Elegy is a lament for the dead.
Ode（颂歌） （颂歌）
The ode is a long stately poem in the stanzas of varied length, meter and form.
Villanelle （维拉内拉诗） 维拉内拉诗）
The villanelle, which relies heavily on repetition, is composed of five threeline tercets and a final four-line quatrain. Its singular feature is the way its first and third lines repeat throughout the poem.
Epic（史诗） （史诗）
The grandest of narratives is the epic. Epics are long narrative poems that record the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. Typically they chronicle the origins of a civilization and embody its central beliefs and values. Epics tend to be larger than life as they recount valorous deeds enacted in vast landscapes. The epic style is as grand as the action; the conventions require that the epic be formal, complex, and serious — suitable to its important subjects.
Moreover, each major type adheres to different conventions. Narrative poems（叙事诗）, for example, tell （叙事诗） story and describe actions; lyric poems （抒情诗）combine speech 抒情诗） and song to express feeling in varying degrees of verbal music.
Among the more famous epics in western literature are Homer’s Iliad 伊利亚特） （伊利亚特） (about the Greek and Trojan War), Virgil’s Aeneid （伊尼特） 伊尼特） (about the founding of Rome), Dante’s Divine Comedy （神曲） (a 神曲） journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven), and Milton’s Paradise Lost 失乐园） （失乐园） (about the revlot of the angels, and man’s creation and fall).
Sestina（六节诗） （六节诗）
The sestina consists of six stanzas of six lines followed by a three-line conclusion. The sestina requires a strict pattern of repetition of six key words that end the lines of the first stanza.
Sonnet（十四行诗） （十四行诗）
The sonnet condenses into fourteen lines an expression of emotion or an articulation of idea according to one of two basic patters: the Italian (or Petrarchan) and the English (or Shakespearean).
2. Types of Poetry
Poetry can be classified as narrative or lyric. Narrative poems stress action, and lyrics song. Each of these types has numerous subdivisions: narrative poetry includes the epic, romance, and ballad; lyric poetry includes the elegy and epigram, sonnet and sestina, and villanelle.
Ballads（民谣） （民谣）
Ballads are perhaps the most popular form of narrative poetry. Originally ballads were meant to be sung or recited. Folk ballads (popular ballads as they are sometimes called) were passed on orally, only to be written down much later.