翻译理论(简单)

1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation） Translation is an art/ science/craft?

2．中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）严复：信达雅—

faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a p lumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.

傅雷：神似—spiritual conformity, Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the ori ginal. 强调原作神韵再现。

钱钟书：化境—sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator‟s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader. 刘重德：信、达、切—faithfulness / expressiveness / closeness. 3．中国翻译史上的论争

鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。目的：引入英文句式的表达法

梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。 4．直译与意译

直译：literal translation；意译：free translation 直译的例子：

crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪；armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿； chain reaction 连锁反应；gentlemen‟s agreement 君子协定 one country, two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎；Breath one‟s last 断气；go to one‟s external rest 安息；the long sleep 长眠；see Marx 见马克思；go west 上西天；go to heaven 上天堂；blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡；kick the bucket 蹬腿：You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket

直译不等于死译(dead translation): 街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。

Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. “In the street” shou ld be replaced by “in the community”.

她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be f ather in law. 意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam‟s apple 句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish 直译：小鱼不吃大鱼；意译：胳膊拧不过大腿试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福

直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.

意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable

有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；还有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。实际上，忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。

5．归化与异化（domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation）

归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具；在实践上，强调通俗

易懂，避免多义或歧义。习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面，或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法，把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。

归化派代表人物尤金•奈达（Eugene A. Nida）: Functional Equivalence 功能对等

What is functional equivalence?

“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension an d appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original re ceptors of the message”;

“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”---- Nida

For instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪 / 但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”，以达到功能对等的目的。 Spring up like mushrooms---雨