英语文学选读 课件
英国文学选读unit1
• The Language then • Following the Norman conquest saw the introduction of medieval French culture, including modes of customs, manners, literature, and especially the Norman-French language into England on a large scale. For almost 200 years after 1066 three languages---native English, Norman-French and Latin, existed side by side in England. The native English language, which descended from Anglo-Saxon or Old English was the common speech of the ordinary people. While the Norman lords used French. Latin was used among the scholars in churches and courts. English language gradually underwent profound and extensive changes. Not only were thousands of words borrowed but many old forms of native English words disappeared and the formal grammar was considerable simplified. The language in this transitional stage from Old English to modern English, is generally known as Middle English.
英美文学选读William WordsworthPPT课件
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• Verse 是指韵文，也就是带有押韵 、 句子分行的文体 。 verse强调的是外在的形式，符合上面2条的文体基本都可以 叫做verse，比如 打油诗、歌词、口号、名言、民谣等等。 • Poem强调内在，是真正意义上的诗歌，它发掘深刻的思 想、彰显高尚的情操，语言优美，感情深挚。至于是否押韵 等外在形式并不过分要求。
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William Wordsworth
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• William Wordsworth (17701850) was one of the greatest poets of England. As the leading figure of the English Romantic Movement, he has made great contribution in poetic theory. • “Poet Laureate” 桂冠诗人
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Wordsworth’s writing style
William Wordsworth’s poems were fresh in imagination, simple, plain and vivid in language.
He was especially good at writing about nature and common people.
The Romantic Period
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Romantic Movement
By the beginning of the 19th century a movement had taken
英美文学选读课件PPT课件
培养人文素养
详细描述
通过对英美文学作品的主题和思想内涵的分析，可以培养 我们的人文素养，提高对文学、文化和社会的认识和理解 。
探讨作品的艺术手法和语言特色
总结词
欣赏文学技巧
详细描述
艺术手法和语言特色是文学作品的重要组成部分，通过 探讨作品的艺术手法和语言特色，可以更好地欣赏文学 的技巧和魅力。
总结词
增强审美能力
详细描述
通过对作品艺术手法和语言特色的探讨，可以增强我们 的审美能力，提高对文学作品的鉴赏水平。
总结词
学习语言表达
详细描述
英美文学作品的语言表达富有特色，通过学习作品的艺 术手法和语言特色，可以学习到地道的语言表达方式， 提高英语语言表达能力。
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英美文学作品在当代的影响和价值
对当代文学的影响
英美文学选读课件ppt课 件
• 英美文学概述 • 英美文学作品选读 • 英美文学作品的赏析方法 • 英美文学作品在当代的影响和价值 • 总结与思考
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英美文学概述
英美文学的发展历程
早期文学
当代文学
从盎格鲁-撒克逊时期到文艺复兴时期， 英美文学逐渐形成和发展，涌现出许 多杰出的作家和作品。
从20世纪末至今，英美文学呈现出多 元化的发展趋势，涵盖了各种文学流 派和风格，如后现代主义、魔幻现实 主义等。
通过阅读英美文学作品，人们可以拓展视野、丰富内心世界，增强自我认知和自我成长的能力。同时 ，文学作品中所蕴含的人生哲理和智慧，也能为人们在生活中提供指导和启示。
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总结与思考
对英美文学的总体评价和思考
英美文学在世界文学中的 地位
英美文学作为世界文学的重要组成部分，具 有深远的影响力和独特的魅力。通过学习和 研究英美文学，可以深入了解西方文化、历 史和社会背景，拓宽视野，提高跨文化交流 的能力。
英国文学选读unit7
• Living a quiet life in the countryside, Austin chiefly wrote about the small world she lived in, about the very narrow world of rural gentry(上层阶级) and clergy, and there is no heroic passions nor astounding adventures in her novels. Therefore she is regarded as the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle class people. She is also notable for her extraordinary power of keen observation and penetrating analysis. Most of her novels depict the loves and marriages of the young people. Further more Austen’s novels are not devoid(缺乏的) of satire or irony.
• Jane Austen was born in a country clergyman’s family in Hamspshire of Southern England in 1775 and remained single all her life. She was educated at home and received a good education. Her life was notable for lack of events. She began to write at an early age, but at first had difficulty in getting them published .Later on when her works were really published they were only published anonymously, partly because of the prejudice prevailing at the time against woman writers and partly because of her aversion( 反 感 ， 厌 恶 ) to publicity and popularity.
11. Victorian Poets 英国文学作品选读课件
Which one is your favorite translation of the title?
• 溅吧，溅吧，溅吧 • 碎了，碎了，碎了 • 海浪喧哗 • 冲激，冲激，冲激 • 拍，拍，拍
Break, Break, Break
• "Break, Break, Break" is a short, sad, lyric poem in which the speaker mourns the loss of his friend.
Victorian Poets
It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all
-ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Alfred, Lord Tennyson
In Memoriam
• At Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry
of the most popular poets in the English O, well for the fisherman’s boy,
--Alfred, Lord Tennyson
language. The speaker is looking at the ocean and wishing he knew how to express his grief.
• Arthur Henry Hallam died suddenly of a brain hemorrhage while traveling in Vienna in 1833. Hallam was engaged to be married to Tennyson's sister, so the whole family felt the loss. Tennyson took years to get over it, composing what some
英美文学选读课PPT Lecture three
24 stories (two unfinished)
The General Prologue
“The General Prologue” is usually regarded as the greatest portrait gallery in English literature.
Decameron
The Black Death (1348-1350)
Decameron
10 young men / women, each one of them tells a story for each day. In ten days, they tell 100 stories.
The Canterbury Tales
Chaucer’s Literary Achievements
• Master of the English language Make English as the literary language of the country.
Questions for Preview
• What is Renaissance? • Why did Renaissance come into being at the end of the 15th century? • What is humanism?
The Mature Period
• The Canterbury Tales • Frame-story: a narrative structure that contains other, usually shorter, narratives. Other famous frame stories are Boccaccio’s Decameron and The Arabian Nights.
(完整版)英美文学选读课PPTLectureTwo
● Beowulf killed Grendel’s mother and be the king of the country.
● Beowulf fought against the fire dragon and died.
The Theme
• How the primitive people struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.
Beowulf
The Story
● Hrothgar, built a great hall named Heorot ● The hall was later harassed by a monster named Grendel. ● Beowulf fought againsts Grendel and killed him. ● Grendel’s mother came to revenge.
The earliest inhabitants in England: the Celts, from the upper Rhineland
英国文学选读课件
Tue
The Canterbury Tales and The Decameron
(for discussion)
❖ Number of tales: a prologue and 24 tales (120
tales planned)
Chaucer’s position and contributions
Three titles: ❖The father of English poetry; ❖The father of English fiction; ❖The father of English realistic literature
prose fragment The Treatise on the Astrolabe; and
lastly Troilus and Criseyde (rhyme . royal)
Two terms related to the second period
❖Heroic couplet
Couplet is a style of poetry defined as a complete thought written in two lines with rhyming ends. The most popular of the couplets is the heroic couplet.
（不要以恶为师，而要以恶为鉴。）
—the end of Act IV, Othello
❖Rhyme Royal: A form of verse which consists of stanzas of seven ten-syllable lines in iambic pentameter, riming a b a b b c c. It was first used by Chaucer, and was also the form chosen by Shakespeare in his narrative poem Lucrece (1594).
(完整版)英美文学选读PPT
Class system Social prejudice Judging by appearance Morality/behavior Money/class Rich/poor Speech/dialect
1924 - A Passage to India
◦ attack on Colonialism
1971 - Maurice
◦ Homosexual theme
Propriety and Passion The beauty of human beings Woman’s position and independence Connection between nature and man Class snobbery
1803: began The Watsons (never finished) 1812: began Mansfield Park 1814 began Emma 1815- began Persuasion 1817- began Sanditon (never finished)
man’s primary role is to be the provider: work, propose an engagement for a wife, earn the family’s only income, make final decisions, physically and fiscally support and protect the
his astonishing way of constructing a novel
英国文学选读课件Great Expectations
• I had asked him the question inhospitably enough, for I resented the sort of bright and gratified recognition that still shone in his face. I resented it, because it seemed to imply that he expected me to respond to it. But, I took him into the room I had just left, and, having set the lamp on the table, asked him as civilly as I could, to explain himself.
• “不要这样！”我说道，“离远些！如果你因为我在孩子 时为你做过些事要感谢我，我认为你只要改过自新，就表 明了你的感谢。
• If you have come here to thank me, it was not necessary. Still, however you have found me out, there must be something good in the feeling that has brought you here, and I will not repulse you; but surely you must understand that - I--‘
外研社英美文学简史及名篇选读教学课件英国文学u5
1) William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
威廉·华兹华斯
Lyrical Ballads (1798) 《抒情歌谣集》
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
2) George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)
乔治·戈登·拜伦
Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage
《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》
Don Juan 《唐·璜》(The Isles of Greece)
3) Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
Then they settled at Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District, and this time with fellow poet Robert Southey nearby. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey came to be known as the “Lake Poets"
Birth Place of Wordsworth
Grasmere Lake District
Dove Cottage
-In 1850, he died at Rydal Mount
St Oswald’s Church→ in Grasmere
Wordsworth and his relatives were buried in the Grasmere churchyard.
--Their works raised woman to the high place in literature.
英国文学选读课件7
A Herdwick grazing above Thirlmere.
2) Principles of poetry.
A. Wordsworth base his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.” He appealed directly to individual sensations, i.e., pleasure, excitement and enjoyment, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.
Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The Romantic Period was one of poetical revival. Romantic prose of the time was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hunt. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott, whose historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere of historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.
《英国文学选读u》课件
从古典悲剧到现代荒诞派戏剧。
英国文学在世界文学中的地位
对欧洲文学的影响
英国文学在欧洲文学史上占有重要地 位，是欧洲文学的重要组成部分。
对世界文学的影响
英国文学对世界文学产生了深远的影 响，许多世界著名作家都受到了英国 文学的影响和启发。
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英国文学作品赏析
莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》
总结词
人文主义思想的悲剧体现
莎士比亚、伊丽莎白时代文学等 。
英国文学的历史背景
18世纪文学：启蒙运动、 现实主义小说等。
维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄 更斯等。
浪漫主义时期：拜伦、雪 莱等。
现代主义文学：詹姆斯·乔 伊斯、T.S.艾略特等。
英国文学的主要流派
诗歌
从古典主义到浪漫主义、现代主义和后现代主义 。
小说
从现实主义到魔幻现实主义、奇幻小说等。
念，拓展视野，增强跨文化交流能力。
英国文学作品中所传达的人性关怀、道德观念和审美追求，有
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助于个人提升自身修养和审美水平。
对社会观念的影响
英国文学作品反映了社会历史的变迁和时代精神的演变，对于理解历史和 社会发展具有重要意义。
英国文学作品中所探讨的社会问题、道德困境和人性挣扎，引发人们对现 实问题的关注和思考。
《英国文学选读》PPT课件
目录
• 英国文学简介 • 英国文学作品赏析 • 英国文学中的主题和人物 • 英国文学的影响与启示 • 英国文学的未来发展
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英国文学简介
英国文学的历史背景
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古代文学
古英语文学，以英雄史诗《贝奥 武甫》为代表。
中世纪文学
02
03
文艺复兴时期
骑士传奇、教会文学和市民文学 等。
英国文学选读课件Tess
• ventured to creep out of their chamber, and explore the house, leaving Tess asleep. There was no food on the premises房屋, but there was water, and he took advantage of the fog to emerge from the mansion, and fetch tea, bread, and butter from a shop in a little place two miles beyond, as also a small tin kettle and spirit-lamp, that they might get fire without smoke. His reentry awoke her; and they breakfasted on what he had brought.
Tess drew her breath fearfully, and Angel, perplexed困惑, said--
• `What can it be?'
• Feeling sideways they encountered another tower-like pillar, square and uncompromising as the first; beyond it another and another. The place was all doors and pillars, some connected above by continuous architraves`A very Temple of the Winds,' he said.
TheCanterburyTales英国文学选读课件
Life of Chaucer:
a) b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Eventful life; Born into a prosperous London vintner’s family and received a very solid education; He could speak most of the important languages of the day --- French, Latin, and Italian, and was widely learned. Became a page(侍从) to a prince’s wife when he was still a boy, and remained in the service of the royal household for quite a few years; Marriage with one of the queen’s maids brought him wealth and more royal favor; Served as diplomat, controller of the customs, a justice of the peace, and knight of the shire for Kent at different phases of life. The last job he held was a civil servant(人民公仆).
英国文学选读课件1
3. The romance(罗曼史／骑士文学／传奇）
The content of Romance The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He was commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He was devoted to the church and the king.
Beowulf
(The poem ends with the funeral of the hero)
Thus made their mourning the men if Geatland, For their hero’s passing, his hearth-compositions. （ Quoth that of all the kings of earth, Of men he was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest to praise (in modern English)
英国文学选读课件4
2. In his poetry, sensuality is blended with philosophy, passion with intellect, and contraries are ever moving one into the other.
3. Donne often seeks out complex rhythms and strange images. 4. In Donne’s early lyrics, love is the basic theme. He holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body, which is unique in English poetry. 5. Donne’s poetry involves a certain kind of argument. With brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the poem. Donne’s poetry marked a sharp departure from the prevailing trend and had great influence among the poets of his time.
During the English Revolution he was given an important position. He wrote a number of pamphlets defending the English revolution. In 1651, his first Defence of the English People, written in Latin, was in print. In it Milton asserts as against the doctrine of the divine right of kings, the undisputed sovereignty of the people. He worked so hard, and in 1652 Milton had become totally blind.
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A Short History of English literatureTel: 6573434E-mail: louiseliu13@Contents:Chapter 1 Early and Medieval English Literature (449-1485)Chapter 2 The English Renaissance (1485-1625)Chapter 3 The Seventeenth Century (1625-1688):Chapter 4 The Eighteenth Century (1688-1798)Chapter 5 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)Chapter 6 The Victorian Age (1832-1901)Chapter 7 The Twentieth Century (1901-1999)Chapter 1 Early and Medieval Period (449-1485)Part 1 The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066): PeriodOld English Literature: Old English PoetryBeowulf1. Genre: epicepic:2. Language:3. Length: 3,183 lines4. Importance:5. Story: about the adventures of a brave hero, Beowulf, in fighting against6. Major Themes:Part 2: The Medieval Period (1066-1485): PeriodThe Medieval English Literature1. Romance:(1) a narrative poem or prose about(2) The content is usu. about .(3) The language is simple and straightforward.e.g. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight2. Ballad:–A story told in , usu. in , with the lines rhymed; –Composed by during a long period of time and handed down from mouth to mouth –An important form of the Medieval English folk literature–Simple, plain languagee.g. The Geste of Robin Hood3. Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury T alesHis Life: (1340-1400)Literary career: 3 periodsHis masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales(1) Genre:(2) Language:(3) Characters: 29 pilgrims plus the host of an inn in London(4) Chaucer’s plan: 30 pilgrims, 4 stories each, altogether 120 stories(5) Structure:—: Occasion, Time, Sketches of the pilgrims, Purpose, Motivation,—24 tales, four of which left unfinished—Separate prologues to each tale with links, comments, and quarrels in between(6) Metrical form:(7) Content:★Comments on Chaucer:Chapter 2 The English Renaissance (1485-1625)I. Historical Background:1. The T udor Dynasty founded by King in 1485: a transitional period from tocapitalism(1) Henry VII: (1485-1509)(2) Henry VIII: (1509-1547)(3) Edward VI: (1547-1553)(4) Mary I: (1553-1558)(5) Elizabeth I: (1558-1603)2. The introduction of into England by William Caxton:3. Religious Reformation:In 1532, Henry VIII broke with Roman Catholic Church andestablished . He declared himself as the Supreme Head of the Church instead of the Pope in Rome.II. Introduction to the English Renaissance:Renaissance1.The Renaissance, which means , refers to the period between the centuries,and marks a transition from the .2. It is an intellectual as well as a literary movement that first started in in the 14th century andgradually spread all over Europe.3. It was characterized by the emergence of and a revival of interest in .4. This movement aimed to get rid of those old feudalist ideas and introduce new ideas that expressed theinterests of .Humanism1. of the Renaissance2. It emphasizes .3. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of ,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.4. They also expressed their rebellious spirit againstⅢ. English Literature in the Renaissance Period:A. English Poetry in the Renaissance PeriodEdmund Spenser (1552-1599):His masterpiece:Genre: an epic dedicated to Queen ElizabethStructure: a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6The Spenserian S tanza:B. English Prose in the Renaissance Period1. The King James Bible of 1611:The–39 Books, written in the language between 1400 and 400 B.C.–About the creation of the world, the origin of the Jewish people, its history, religion, law, and poetry.The–27 Books, written in the language between 40 and 100 A.D.–About Jesus Christ’s life, his deeds and teachings2. Thomas More (1478-1535)His life:His masterpiece:UtopiaGenre:Language: written in in 1516 and first translated into English in 1551Content:BookⅠ: about the conditions in England and the miserable life of the English peopleBookⅡ: a detailed description of the ideal country of Utopia in the midst of an unknown sea.3. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)★Life and Career:His major works:Bacon’s masterpiece: Essays (essays in 1625):Of StudiesContent:Famous quotations from Bacon:1. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.2. Some books are to be tasted; others to swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.3. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.4. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.5. Wives are young men's mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men's nurses.Comments on Bacon:C. English Drama in the Renaissance PeriodChristopher Marlowe (1564-1593)His life:His major plays: TamburlaineThe Jew of Malta(Marlowe’s masterpiece)Genre:Source:Theme:His Literary Achievement★William Shakespeare (1564-1616):His Life:Dramatic Career:Literary works:a. Non-dramatic Poems:-Two long narrative poems:-154 sonnets: 1—126:127—152:153—154:Sonnet: a poem of lines in withShāll Ì / cōmpàre/ thèe tō/ ā sùm/ mēr’s daỳ/?Thōu àrt/ mōre lòve/ lÿ ànd / mōre tèm/ pēràte./Sonnet 181. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s d ay? a2. Thou art more lovely and more temper ate. b3. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of M ay, a4.And summer’s lease hath all too short a d ate. b5. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven sh ines,c6. And often is his gold complexion d immed; d7. And every fair from fair sometime decl ines, c8.By chance or nature’s changing course untr immed; d9. But thy eternal summer shall not f ade, e10. Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; f11. Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his sh ade, e12. When in eternal lines to time thou gr ow’st. f13. So long as men can breath, or eyes can s ee, g14. So long lives this, and this gives life to th ee. g Conclusion:Features of Shakespearean sonnet:b. Dramas:His great comedies:His great tragedies:Othello Setting: V enice and Cyprus in the Middle AgesDramatis personae:Othello: a V enetian general, a MoorDesdemona: daughter of a V enetian senatorCassio: Othello’s lieutenantRoderigo: a soldier in love with DesdemonaIago: an old soldier Emilia: Iago’s wifePlot: The story is taken from . is in love with and they are secretly married. The latter’s father brings a lawsuit against Othello before the Duke. At this moment the Duke has got news that the Turkish army is about to Cyprus. Desdemona’s fath er agrees their marriage only if Othello is going to Cyprus. Othello takes his bride to Cyprus, and orders Iago and his wife Emilia to Desdemona while he is busy. Iago is of Cassio who has been promoted to be Othello’s lieutenant. He uses Roderigo to fight with Cassio after the latter has got drunk. Othel lo deprives Cassio of his new rank. Iago persuades Cassio to ask Desdemona to in his favor with Othello, which she warmly does. Meanwhile Iago suggests to Othello that Cassio is Desdemona’s . He gets a from his wife Emilia, which has been given to Desdemona by Othello as a . Somehow Desdemona carelessly it in her room and Emilia picks up and gives it to her husband. Iago then throws the handkerchief to ’s bedroom. Cassio shows the handkerchief to Othello so that Othello beli eves in Iago’s story. He Desdemona in her bed in spite of her pleading. Emilia, learning the crime, tells the true story of the handkerchief and proves Desdemona’s innocence. Othello realizes his monstrous mistake, runs at Iago, wounds him, and then himself. Iago is punished, and Cassio is made governor of Cyprus.Theme:King LearSetting: Britain in the period of the BritonsDramatis personae:Lear: an old king of BritainGoneril: his eldest daughter Regan: his second daughter Cordelia: his youngest daughter Edmund, the illegitimate son of a courtierPlot:The story is taken from . King Lear divides his kingdom among three daughters according to their affection for him. He asks them which loves him most. win his trust by fine words. Disgusted with their flattery, says she loves her father but at the same time will love her future husband, so Lear is and gives her . Then Lear begins to live with his two elder daughters by turns. But the old man is treated and finally in a storm. Later, his youngest daughter, who has been married to the King of France, comes back with the French army to her sisters’ British army, but is and taken prisoner with Lear. By Edmund’s order Cordelia is , and Lear dies from . Goneril and Regan are both in love with Edmund. Out of jealousy Goneril Regan. Then she is afraid that her husband knows about her secret, so she kills herself. Finally Albany, who has not helped Goneril in her cruel treatment of Lear, becomes the king.Theme:MacbethSetting: Scotland and England in the 11th centuryDramatis personae:Duncan: King of ScotlandMalcolm: son of DuncanMacbeth: general of the King’s armyBanquo: general of the King’s armyMacduff, nobleman of ScotlandLady Macbeth: Macbeth’s wifePlot:The plot is based on Holinshed’s Chronicle of Scottish History. After a victorious campaign against rebels, Macbeth and Banquo return. On the way prophesy that Macbeth will be the thane of Cawdor, and hereafter and that ’s sons and grandsons will be kings though he himself is not. Before they arrive in the capital Macbeth is made thane of Cawdor. Macbeth believes the witches’ pro phesies and Duncan and Banquo and becomes the Scottish king. Duncan’s son Malcolm escapes to England where he gathers an army to his father’s death. Haunted by Banquo’s ghost, Macbeth goes to the witches who tell him to Macduff and that no one born of has the power to harm him and that he will never be till Birnam Wood shall move to Dunsinane. Learning that Macd uff has joined Malcolm’s army, Macbeth kills his wife and children. Meanwhile, goes mad. She is afraid of darkness and tries to wash from her hands the blood that her eyes see on them. Then she dies. Malcolm’s army attacks Macbeth; passing through Birnam Wood every man cuts a branch and marches on Dunsinane. Macduff, who was born of a , kills Macbeth. Malcolm becomes king of Scotland. Theme:HamletImportance:Setting: Elsinore, Denmark in the Middle AgesPoetic form:Dramatis personae:Hamlet:Claudius:Gertrude:Polonius:Laertes:Ophelia:Horatio:Fortinbras:Plot & Structure:Act IScene 1: Ghost appears to Horatio and guards.Scene 2: The main characters are introduced. Hamlet is upset over his mother's over-hasty to Claudius. Scene 3: Laertes and Polonius give advice to and convince her to stop seeing Hamlet.Scene 4: After Horatio has informed Hamlet of the appearance of the ghost, he has gone to see the ghost for himself.Scene 5: The ghost informs Hamlet that Hamlet must avenge his father's murder. Hamlet must figure out a way to avenge his father without getting killed or arrested.Act IIScene 1: Hamlet pretends he is "crazy" and full of madness.Scene 2: Claudius has Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Hamlet.Act IIIScene 1: Hamlet enters the room giving his famous soliloquy, " ".Hamlet's speech is interrupted when he sees Ophelia. He attacks Ophelia and claims he .Polonius concludes Hamlet's madness is caused by his love for Ophelia. But Claudius thinks that"love" is not the cause of Hamlet's strange behavior. He tells Polonius that he will send Hamlet toas soon as possible.Scene 2: Hamlet meets with the players and devises a plan to "catch the conscious of the King." The play The Mousetrap is performed.Scene 3: Hamlet is convinced that was responsible for the murder of his father.Scene 4: Hamlet meets with Gertrude and mistakenly kills .Act IVScene 1: Gertrude informs Claudius of Polonius' murder by Hamlet because of his . Claudius says he will get Hamlet out of the country and defend his action.Scene 2 & Scene 3: Claudius plans to send Hamlet to England and have him .Scene 4: Hamlet sees the army of Fortinbras on its way to fight.Scene 5: Ophelia is driven mad by her father's death and Hamlet's behavior towards her. Laertes returns from France to avenge his father's death. Claudius easily convinces Laertes that it's not his fault, but hedoesn't turn the blame on Hamlet in Gertrude's presence.Scene 6: Hamlet returns to Denmark.Scene 7: Ophelia dies. Claudius and Laertes plan to kill Hamlet during a fencing duel.Act VScene 1: Hamlet and Horatio come across the funeral procession and Hamlet fights with Laertes in Ophelia's grave. Laertes challenges Hamlet to a duel to avenge his father's honor.Scene 2: The main characters are .Theme:The Merchant of VeniceImportance:Setting: V enice and Belmont of the 16th CenturyPoetic form:Dramatis personae:Antonio:Shylock:Portia:Bassanio:Lorenzo:Jessica:Gratiano:Nerissa:Prince of Morocco: a suitor to Portia who fails to win her by incorrectly choosing the casket Prince of Arragon: a suitor to Portia who fails to win her by incorrectly choosing the casketDuke of Venice:Plot:Structure:Theme:★Artistic features of Shakespeare’s drama:1. One of the founders of in world literature2. Plot construction:[1] Shakespeare ; instead, he them from old plays or fromancient Greek and Roman sources and to them.[2] There are usually ; the main plot exists side by side with thesub-plot or sub-plots.[3] The action develops freely, without being hindered by the classical rules of (i.e. unities of time,place and action). It moves from city to city, from country to country, or from the court to the battlefield; it may cover several days or even many years.3. Characterization:[1] Shakespeare is particularly good at character-portrayal. The major characters in his plays are not simply typeones representing certain group or class of people, but are .[2] By applying a , Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the chara cters’through the full use of , from which we can see the depth of the characters’ thoughtful feelings.[3] Shakespeare makes frequent use of by portraying the characters in pairs.4. LanguageShakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: . He was . He used about 16,000 different words in his plays that have enriched the English language.★Comments on Shakespeare:Ben Jonson (1572-1637)His life:Major works: 2 tragedies and 14 comediesEvery Man in His HumourV olpone, or the FoxSong to CeliaComments on Ben Jonson:1. Of the many contemporaries and successors of Shakespeare, the most well-known was .2.3. He was famous for his ―‖, in which each character represents a particular humor.4. He was a forerunner of in English literature, which was to reach its highlight in the 18th century.5. He was appointed the of JamesⅠin 1616.。