霍尔编码解码
斯图亚特霍尔:编码解码理论
斯图亚特霍尔:编码/解码理论斯图亚特·霍尔:编码/解码理论作者: gaohongbo786 发表日期: 2006-05-30 17:03 复制链接[人物简介] 斯图亚特·霍尔(Stuart Hall,1931— ),英国文化研究的杰出代表人之一。
曾任英国伯明翰大学的“当代文化研究中心”(Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies,简称CCCS)主任。
终身致力于媒介和大众文化的研究。
霍尔的名声不是基于他自己的哪一本书,而在于交织在热烈论争之中的文章和文集序言。
他最广为人知的重要贡献是提出了一种有关编码与解码的理论,认为受众对媒介文化产品的解释,与他们在社会结构中的地位和立场相对应。
他提出三种假想的地位,即:以接受占统治地位的意识形态为特征的“主导—霸权的地位”,大体上按照占统治地位的意识形态进行解释,但却加以一定修正以使之有利于反映自身立场和利益的“协商的符码”,以及与占统治地位的意识形态全然相反的“对抗的符码”。
霍尔的研究成为在特定的社会文化语境中研究受众接受行为的理论背景。
此后,文化研究敞开了关于电视受众主动性的研究的大门,一种新范式的受众研究兴起并迅速扩展开来。
霍尔的主要论著有:《电视讨论中的编码和译码》(Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse,1973),《文化研究:两种范式》(Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms,1980),《“意识形态”的再发现:媒介研究中被压抑者的回归》(1982),《意识形态与传播理论》(Ideology and Communication Theory,1989),《文化身份与族裔散居》,《文化、传媒与“意识形态”效果》,《结构“大众”笔记》等,1980年出版专著《文化、传媒、语言》(Media , Culture and Society, Academic Press, London)。
用霍尔“编码解码”理论分析综艺节目《非凡搭档》
用霍尔“编码解码”理论分析综艺节目《非凡搭档》摘要:霍尔的“编码解码”理论是探讨电视综艺节目中常常使用到的理论基础。
本文从霍尔“编码解码”理论出发对制作方制作真人秀节目中运用的“编码”手段以及观众的多元“解码”方式进行分析和探讨,力求为往后的综艺节目制作留下可供参考的范本。
关键词:霍尔;编码解码;符号;非凡搭档;综艺节目一.编码从文化研究的观照出发,霍尔发展出了编码与解码的辩证关系。
在电视符码的传播总过程中,专业人员从现实生活中采集画面、结合意义进行符号化操作的活动即是电视生产,也就是编码。
编码直接是解码,专业人员的画面采集和加工工作是一种基于专业视角对周遭视觉符号习惯的解构和学习,编码的产品直接刺激解码的需要;解码直接是编码,受众解读文本的过程有很大一部分是对编码图式的推测,解读的结果则成为下一次编码工作的潜在教案,通过影响编码结构参与电视传播过程的再生产环节。
1.制作方对整个节目形式的编码节目的创作模式是主打“搭档”概念,节目主要呈现的是每组搭档在充满挑战趣味的竞技项目中展现出来的睿智与默契,通常不断闯关,争取时间来获取分数,营造的是一种完全不同于以往的节目形式《非凡搭档》是江苏卫视原创环球竞技真人秀节目,节目嘉宾将从北京出发,经6个国家和12个城市,寻找最适合自己的非凡搭档。
制作方编码节目形式的几个目的:从广告中我们可以明显接收到制作方想要强调的几个东西,列如:“完全不同以往”“搭档”“环球竞技”这些东西就是制作方编码的目的,在于吸引观众的兴趣,引导大家自发选择观看。
我们在搜索百度百科中,在节目简介就是这样的一段话:《非凡搭档》是一档以合作、成长、拼搏为主题的原创环球竞技真人秀节目,它的模式在国内是独一无二的。
与纯韩式户外真人秀相比,《非凡搭档》更具备竞技感和真实性;与纯欧美式户外真人秀相比,它则增加娱乐和综艺感,也有更多的故事讲述人物的情感和变化简单明了将所有底牌打出来,就是清晰的编码出来观众最关注的一些东西2.制作方挑选真人秀明星对其设人物性格的编码在节目一开始,为了吸引观众的收看,制作方就开始针对嘉宾进行性格编码,而且试图营造和以前截然不同的形象。
霍尔 编码解码
霍尔编码解码一、引言霍尔编码和解码是一种常用的数字信号处理技术,用于将模拟信号转换为数字信号,并且具有高可靠性和错误检测能力。
本文将介绍霍尔编码和解码的原理、应用和实现方法。
二、霍尔编码原理霍尔编码是一种基于霍尔效应的编码方式,它利用霍尔元件对磁场的感应特性来实现信号的编码。
霍尔效应是指当通电导体置于垂直磁场中时,会产生电势差,这种电势差的大小与磁场的强弱和方向有关。
霍尔编码采用两个霍尔元件,分别称为A相和B相。
当A相电压变化时,输出的编码信号也会相应变化,所以它被称为主轴信号;而B相元件的输出信号比A相信号相对滞后90度,所以它被称为推轴信号。
通过这两个相互垂直的信号,可以获得更多编码信息。
三、霍尔编码应用霍尔编码广泛应用于各种需要位置检测的场合,特别是在数字输出设备中。
以下是一些常见的应用场景: 1. 旋转编码器:用于测量物体的旋转角度,例如机械手臂、电机、航空航天等领域。
2. 制动系统:用于监测车辆的制动状态,实现刹车动作的精确控制。
3. 数字仪表:将模拟信号转换为数字信号,以实现测量、控制和显示等功能。
4. 位置传感器:用于检测物体的位置,例如电梯、自动门、机床等设备。
5. 电子游戏:用于控制游戏角色的移动方向和速度,提高游戏的操控性和交互性。
四、霍尔编码实现方法霍尔编码的实现方法多种多样,以下是其中几种常见的方法:1. 绝对值霍尔编码绝对值霍尔编码是在霍尔元件的两端加上N个霍尔传感器,用来检测磁场的方向变化。
通过对不同组合的霍尔传感器进行编码,可以得到不同的位置信息。
这种方法的优点是编码范围大,但是需要较多的霍尔元件和传感器。
2. 增量式霍尔编码增量式霍尔编码是通过对霍尔元件输出的A相和B相信号进行编码生成增量信号。
增量信号表示了位置的变化量,可以通过累计增量信号来获取位置信息。
这种方法的优点是编码器结构简单,但是无法获取绝对位置。
3. 磁性霍尔编码磁性霍尔编码通过在旋转编码器上放置一个磁性圆盘,霍尔元件检测圆盘上的磁极变化来进行编码。
霍尔 编码解码
霍尔编码解码霍尔编码是一种用于检测旋转编码器位置的技术,它有许多优点,比如速度快、准确性高、可靠性强等。
在很多领域中,如自动化、机器人,霍尔编码都被广泛应用。
一、霍尔效应霍尔效应是指材料导电时,在电流通过的方向上,垂直于导电材料的一个磁场中,就会出现电压,这种现象就叫做霍尔效应。
根据这个原理,可以利用霍尔元件进行位置检测。
霍尔编码器就是基于霍尔效应原理设计的一种位置检测设备。
二、霍尔编码器的工作原理在霍尔编码器中,通常有两个霍尔传感器,它们相互垂直放置,之间有一个旋转的编码盘。
编码盘上有许多突起和凹槽,当编码盘旋转时,突起和凹槽会使得每个霍尔传感器的输出电压发生变化,这样就能通过比较两个信号的时间差,确定编码盘的旋转方向和旋转量。
在采集霍尔传感器的输出信号时,可以使用两种编码方式:1.格雷编码:格雷编码是一种递归式的二进制编码方式,它只有一位数码发生改变,当数字从0到1时,码型也就相应地进行了旋转。
格雷编码和普通的二进制编码相比,有更好的容错性,能够减少因传输误码而引起的错误。
2.二进制编码:二进制编码是一种每个数码上的位数都有意义的编码方式,在这种编码方式中,当数字从0到1时,码型也会按照规定的方式进行旋转。
当需要使用霍尔编码器解码时,可以采取以下步骤:1.将编码盘安装在需要控制的设备中。
2.将霍尔编码器与编码盘相连接。
3.启动设备,可以通过监控霍尔编码器的输出信号实时获取设备的位置。
三、霍尔编码器的优点1.速度快:相对于传统的位置检测设备,霍尔编码器具有非常快的反应速度,可以实现实时监控。
2.准确性高:霍尔编码器在检测位置时具有非常高的准确性,因为它通过比较两个信号的时间差来确定旋转方向和量,因此具有非常高的精度。
3.可靠性强:由于霍尔编码器使用的是磁场检测技术,因此不会受到尘埃、湿气等外界因素的影响,非常适合在工业环境中使用。
4.低能耗:霍尔编码器使用的是霍尔传感器和磁场检测技术,因此能源消耗非常低,这对于需要长时间运行的设备非常有利。
传播学理论——斯图亚特·霍尔《电视话语中的编码与解码》
电视话语中的编码和解码斯图亚特·霍尔传统上,大众传播研究已根据信息流通或流通将传播过程概念化。
这个模式由于其发送者/信息/接收者的线性特征,由于仅只关注信息交流的层面而未能把不同时刻作为一个复杂关系结构的结构化概念而受到批判。
然而,通过表现相连而各异的诸多环节——生产、流通、分配/消费、再生产—一生产并维持这个结构,也有可能(并且这是有用的)根据这个结构来思考这一过程。
这势必要把这个过程当做“主导的复杂结构”。
诸多实践相联系,然而,每一项实践都保持着自己的特性及其特殊的形态、保持着自身的种种形式和存在条件,从而使这种实践得以维持下来。
这些实践的“对象”就是以特殊方式组织起来并以符号载体的形式出现的各种意义和信息,它们像任何形式的传播或语言一样,在——种话浯的语义链范围之内通过符码的运怍而组织起来。
因此,机制,关系和生产实践在某个环节(“生产/流通’’环节)以符号载体的形式开始运作,这个符号载体是按“语言’’规则构成的。
“产品”就是以这种话浯形式流通的。
因而,这一过程在生产的一端不仅需要它的物质工具—一“手段”,还需要自己的各种社会(生产)关系——诸多实践在传播机制内的组织与结合。
但是,产品的流通和针对不同观众进行的产品分配都是以这一话语形式发生的。
话语一旦完成,接着就必须转译——改造成社会实践,如果流通既圆满又有效果的话。
不赋予“意义”,就不会有“消费”。
如果在实践中没有讲清楚意义,就不会有任何作用。
这一方法的价值在于,虽然每一个环节在表述中对于作为整体的流通都是有必要的,但没有一个环节能完全保证下一个环节,尽管要根据下一个才能把它讲清楚。
因为每个环节都有它特殊的形态和存在条件,所以每一个都是对“形式渠道”的打破或中断,而有效生产的流动(再生产)就是依这个“形式渠道”的连续而定的。
因此,既然不可能把研究限制在“仅仅产生于内容分析的渠道”,我们就必须要认识到信息的话语形式在传播交流(从流通的角度看)中占有一个特殊的位置,要认识到“编码”和“解码”的诸多环节是确定的环节,尽管二者与作为整体的传播过程相比仅仅是“相对自治的”。
霍尔的编码与解码名词解释
霍尔的编码与解码名词解释霍尔的编码与解码是一种常用于数字信号处理和通信系统中的技术。
它可以将原始的模拟信号转换为数字形式,并在接收端将数字信号恢复为原始的模拟信号。
在本文中,我们将深入探讨霍尔编码与解码的原理和应用。
一、霍尔编码霍尔编码是一种通过磁场感应原理实现的数字化编码技术。
在霍尔编码技术中,使用霍尔效应传感器来检测和测量磁场的变化。
霍尔效应是指当磁场作用在导电材料上时,会产生一种电势差,这种电势差与磁场的强度和方向有关。
通过利用霍尔效应传感器,可以轻松检测磁场的变化,并将其转换为数字信号。
霍尔编码技术通常以二进制形式表示数字信号。
通过设定不同的磁场方向和大小,可以从霍尔传感器中得到不同的电压或电流输出。
这种输出与相应的二进制数值相关联,从而实现了数字信号的编码。
霍尔编码可用于各种应用,如位置传感器、速度测量和方向检测等。
二、霍尔解码霍尔解码是将通过霍尔编码技术生成的数字信号转换回模拟信号的过程。
霍尔解码器通常与编码器配对使用,以确保在通信过程中的可靠性和准确性。
解码器通过解析编码器生成的数字信号,并根据信号中包含的信息恢复原始的模拟信号。
在解码过程中,解码器首先读取编码器输出的数字信号,并将其转换为相应的磁场方向和大小。
利用这些信息,解码器可以根据预先设定的规则将数字信号解码为原始的模拟信号。
例如,解码器可以将特定的数字信号转换为角度测量值、位置坐标或速度数值等。
三、应用举例1. 位置传感器:霍尔编码与解码技术广泛应用于位置传感器中。
通过将编码器与解码器配对使用,可以实现对物体位置的准确测量。
例如,汽车的转向角度传感器就是基于霍尔编码和解码的原理工作的。
编码器将转向角度转换为数字信号,解码器将此数字信号解码为可供汽车辅助系统使用的模拟信号。
2. 速度测量:霍尔编码器常用于测量旋转物体的速度。
编码器通过将旋转角度转换为数字信号,解码器将这些数字信号转换回模拟信号,从而可以精确测量物体的速度。
霍尔编码器工作原理
霍尔编码器的工作原理1. 引言霍尔编码器(Hall Encoder)是一种常用于测量旋转角度和位置的传感器。
它利用霍尔效应(Hall Effect)来检测磁场的变化,从而输出对应的电信号,实现角度和位置的测量。
在本文中,我们将详细解释霍尔编码器的基本原理和工作过程。
2. 霍尔效应为了更好地理解霍尔编码器的工作原理,首先需要了解霍尔效应。
霍尔效应是指当电流通过一片导体时,如果该导体处于磁场中,那么导体两侧会产生电势差。
这个现象最早由美国物理学家爱德华·霍尔(Edwin Hall)于1879年发现,并被称为“霍尔效应”。
3. 霍尔编码器的构成一个典型的霍尔编码器由以下几个核心部件组成: - 磁极:产生磁场的部件,通常是一个永久磁铁或电磁铁。
- 感应元件:用于检测磁场变化并产生相应电信号的部件,通常是一个或多个霍尔元件。
- 信号处理电路:对感应元件输出的电信号进行放大、滤波和处理的电路。
4. 霍尔编码器的工作原理霍尔编码器的工作原理可以分为以下几个步骤:步骤1:磁场产生霍尔编码器的磁极会产生一个磁场,该磁场可以是恒定的(对应于绝对霍尔编码器),也可以是随着旋转角度而变化的(对应于增量霍尔编码器)。
步骤2:感应元件检测感应元件通常是一块小型芯片,内部包含一个或多个霍尔元件。
当感应元件处于磁场中时,它会受到磁场力线的影响,从而产生电势差。
步骤3:电信号输出感应元件通过引脚将产生的电势差输出,这些引脚通常被称为A相和B相。
根据不同类型的霍尔编码器,可能还有一个Z相引脚用于标记特定位置或起始点。
步骤4:信号处理输出的电信号经过信号处理电路进行放大、滤波和处理。
这些处理操作有助于提高信噪比、减小误差和提高系统的可靠性。
步骤5:角度和位置计算根据A相和B相引脚输出的电信号,可以通过特定的计算方法来确定旋转角度和位置。
对于增量霍尔编码器,通常使用相位差计数法或脉冲计数法;对于绝对霍尔编码器,可以直接读取每个位置对应的编码值。
电视话语中的编码解码﹣霍尔
斯图亚特·霍尔传统上,大众传播研究已根据信息流通或流通将传播过程概念化。
这个模式由于其发送者/信息/接收者的线性特征,由于仅只关注信息交流的层面而未能把不同时刻作为一个复杂关系结构的结构化概念而受到批判。
然而,通过表现相连而各异的诸多环节——生产、流通、分配/消费、再生产—一生产并维持这个结构,也有可能(并且这是有用的)根据这个结构来思考这一过程。
这势必要把这个过程当做“主导的复杂结构”。
诸多实践相联系,然而,每一项实践都保持着自己的特性及其特殊的形态、保持着自身的种种形式和存在条件,从而使这种实践得以维持下来。
这些实践的“对象”就是以特殊方式组织起来并以符号载体的形式出现的各种意义和信息,它们像任何形式的传播或语言一样,在——种话浯的语义链范围之内通过符码的运怍而组织起来。
因此,机制,关系和生产实践在某个环节(“生产/流通’’环节)以符号载体的形式开始运作,这个符号载体是按“语言’’规则构成的。
“产品”就是以这种话浯形式流通的。
因而,这一过程在生产的一端不仅需要它的物质工具—一“手段”,还需要自己的各种社会(生产)关系——诸多实践在传播机制内的组织与结合。
但是,产品的流通和针对不同观众进行的产品分配都是以这一话语形式发生的。
话语一旦完成,接着就必须转译——改造成社会实践,如果流通既圆满又有效果的话。
不赋予“意义”,就不会有“消费”。
如果在实践中没有讲清楚意义,就不会有任何作用。
这一方法的价值在于,虽然每一个环节在表述中对于作为整体的流通都是有必要的,但没有一个环节能完全保证下一个环节,尽管要根据下一个才能把它讲清楚。
因为每个环节都有它特殊的形态和存在条件,所以每一个都是对“形式渠道”的打破或中断,而有效生产的流动(再生产)就是依这个“形式渠道”的连续而定的。
因此,既然不可能把研究限制在“仅仅产生于内容分析的渠道”,我们就必须要认识到信息的话语形式在传播交流(从流通的角度看)中占有一个特殊的位置,要认识到“编码”和“解码”的诸多环节是确定的环节,尽管二者与作为整体的传播过程相比仅仅是“相对自治的”。
斯图亚特·霍尔“编码与解码”理论的研究
斯图亚特哆霍尔“编码与解码”理论的研究专业名称:文艺学申请人:赵瑾指导教师:姚倩教授论文答辩委员会哗互陡一孩哗扼席员,王委;斯图亚特・霍尔“编码与解码”理论的研究研究生:赵瑾导师:姚倩教授。
专业:文艺学研究方向:文艺传播与文化产业年级:2011级摘要作为伯明翰学派后期的文化学者,斯图亚特・霍尔的研究思想和成就对文化研究领域影响深远。
他的研究成果多见于一些文章,其中一篇发表于1973年的《电视话语的编码与解码》(俗称霍尔模式)意义非凡,改变了实证主义研究对信息传递者与受众关系的线性理解,并侧重于对受众主动性的研究,这种新的研究范式使得受众研究拉开了新的帷幕。
在当今媒介形式多样化的今天,不管信息传播的方式如何变化,霍尔模式都依然显现着它客观、合理的意义。
为此,全面理解霍尔的编码与解码理论,通过纷繁复杂的大众文化文本,解读传播者与接收者之间的错位与误读现象,发掘大众与传媒冲突、对抗、妥协中所隐含的深层次矛盾,对于加强当代中国的大众文化建设有着重要的现实意义。
文章的第一部分,主要探索霍尔“编码,解码”的理论溯源。
霍尔博学慎思,广泛涉猎多学科,跳出当下文化理论研究的局限,敢于从现实角度分析问题,从而开辟了新的文化研究视域。
而正是积极的借鉴和思考前人的理论成果,才使得霍尔具有非凡的认识和思辨能力。
葛兰西的文化霸权理论、阿尔都塞的意识形态理论、索绪尔的语言学和符号学理论等等,都给了霍尔很大的启示,同时,霍尔在借鉴前人的理论观点时,又加入了自己的思考,通过对实践事例的深入分析、对信息建构和传播过程的探究和整合,虽终形成了具有非凡影响意义的“编码与解码”理论。
文章的第二部分,主要阐述了霍尔“编码,解码”的理论内涵。
在这一部分,从认识的角度,概述了编码和解码的理论意义。
霍尔的编码解码理论精髓,主要在他对传媒的生产、流通、消费单个过程中体现。
这正好对应了理论中所知的编码、流通和解码三个过程。
本文就是按照这三个过程,对编码制度结构的内部操作、信息传播过程中的影响因素和解码者再生产的环节进行了简要的分析。
斯图亚特·霍尔《编码解码》体现的“结构主义方法论”
斯图亚特·霍尔《编码/解码》体现的“结构主义方法论”作者:吴茜来源:《新闻世界》2013年第06期【摘要】结构主义是20世纪60年代在法国兴起的一种哲学思潮,自索绪尔以结构主义方法论开创性地研究语言学后,这一方法又蔓延至人类学研究,社会学研究,文化研究等领域。
在霍尔的《编码/解码》一文中,这一方法论一方面体现在将传播过程视为一生产系统整体;另一方面体现在借鉴阿尔都塞“意识形态论”即透过传播讯息的表层意义,探讨其深层意义——“意识形态”,同时视符号为承载意义,转换系统内关系的工具。
【关键词】结构主义意识形态符号文化霸权自20世纪60年代,结构主义思潮兴起,阿尔都塞将这一哲学思想应用于对马克思主义的理解,并于1969年发表《意识形态和意识形态国家机器》一文,给文化研究领域带来巨大震动。
马克思主义者的思想成果给霍尔带来了启发,其吸收了结构主义者的成果,提出了与霍加特等人相对的“结构主义范式”,并将该范式引入伯明翰学派的文化研究工作中,这一思想动态在霍尔的另一篇文章《文化研究:两种范式》中可见一斑,而《编码/解码》可视作是霍尔对此的理论实践。
一、什么是结构主义方法观皮亚杰在其著作《结构主义》中,认为结构主义严格来说并非一个哲学派别,其是一种研究方法。
这个哲学思潮最早发端于索绪尔对语言学的研究中。
其将语言学视作是一个逻辑系统,并将语言分为语言和言语。
语言是一种制度,而言语则是个人的,语言表象的体现。
这种将研究对象视作一个整体系统,同时将其划分为各个层次,以及层次间是如何互动的方法随后又被法国人类学家列维·斯特劳斯所借鉴,并应用于其对原始部落社会现象,以及原始神话与故事等问题的研究。
在对各个科学领域产生的结构主义思潮进行研究后,皮亚杰将结构主义特点总结为:“第一、一个领域研究里要找出能够不向外面寻求解释说明的规律,能够建立起自己说明自己的结构来;第二、找出的结构要能够形式化,做为公式而作演绎法的应用。
霍尔的编码与解码
10Encoding/decoding*Stuart HallTraditionally, mass-communications research has conceptualized the process of communication in terms of a circulation circuit or loop. This model has been criticized for its linearity—sender/message/receiver—for its concentration on the level of message exchange and for the absence of a structured conception of the different moments as a complex structure of relations. But it is also possible (and useful) to think of this process in terms of a structure produced and sustained through the articulation of linked but distinctive moments—production, circulation, distribution/consumption, reproduction. This would be to think of the process as a ‘complex structure in dominance’, sustained through the articulation of connected practices, each of which, however, retains its distinctiveness and has its own specific modality, its own forms and conditions of existence. This second approach, homologous to that which forms the skeleton of commodity production offered in Marx’s Grundrisse and in Capital, has the added advantage of bringing out more sharply how a continuous circuit—production-distribution-production—can be sustained through a ‘passage of forms’.1 It also highlights the specificity of the forms in which the product of the process ‘appears’ in each moment, and thus what distinguishes discursive ‘production’ from other types of production in our society and in modern media systems.The ‘object’ of these practices is meanings and messages in the form of sign-vehicles of a specific kind organized, like any form of communication or language, through the operation of codes within the syntagmatic chain of a discourse. The apparatuses, relations and practices of production thus issue, at a certain moment (the moment of ‘production/circulation’) in the form of symbolic vehicles constituted within the rules of ‘language’. It is in this discursive form that the circulation of the ‘product’ takes place. The process thus requires, at the production end, its material instruments—its ‘means’—as well as its own sets of social (production) relations—the organization and combination of practices within media apparatuses. But it is in the discursive form that the circulation of the product takes place, as well as its distribution to different audiences. Once accomplished, the discourse must then be translated—transformed, again—into social practices if the circuit is to be both completed and effective. If no ‘meaning’ is taken, there can be no ‘consumption’. If the meaning is not articulated in practice, it has no effect. The value of this approach is that while118ENCODING/DECODINGeach of the moments, in articulation, is necessary to the circuit as a whole, no one moment can fully guarantee the next moment with which it is articulated. Since each has its specific modality and conditions of existence, each can constitute its own break or interruption of the ‘passage of forms’ on whose continuity the flow of effective production (that is, ‘reproduction’) depends. Thus while in no way wanting to limit research to ‘following only those leads which emerge from content analysis’,2 we must recognize that the discursive form of the message has a privileged position in the communicative exchange (from the viewpoint of circulation), and that the moments of ‘encoding’ and ‘decoding’, though only ‘relatively autonomous’ in relation to the communicative process as a whole, are determinate moments. A ‘raw’ historical event cannot, in that form, be transmitted by, say, a television newscast. Events can only be signified within the aural-visual forms of the televisual discourse. In the moment when a historical event passes under the sign of discourse, it is subject to all the complex formal ‘rules’ by which language signifies. To put it paradoxically, the event must become a ‘story’ before it can become a communicative event. In that moment the formal sub-rules of discourse are ‘in dominance’, without, of course, subordinating out of existence the historical event so signified, the social relations in which the rules are set to work or the social and political consequences of the event having been signified in this way. The ‘message form’ is the necessary ‘form of appearance’ of the event in its passage from source to receiver. Thus the transposition into and out of the ‘message form’ (or the mode of symbolic exchange) is not a random ‘moment’, which we can take up or ignore at our convenience. The ‘message form’ is a determinate moment; though, at another level, it comprises the surface movements of the communications system only and requires, at another stage, to be integrated into the social relations of the communication process as a whole, of which it forms only a part.From this general perspective, we may crudely characterize the television communicative process as follows. The institutional structures of broadcasting, with their practices and networks of production, their organized relations and technical infrastructures, are required to produce a programme. Using the analogy of Capital, this is the ‘labour process’ in the discursive mode. Production, here, constructs the message. In one sense, then, the circuit begins here. Of course, the production process is not without its ‘discursive’ aspect: it, too, is framed throughout by meanings and ideas: knowledge-in-use concerning the routines of production, historically defined technical skills, professional ideologies, institutional knowledge, definitions and assumptions, assumptions about the audience and so on frame the constitution of the programme through this production structure. Further, though the production structures of television *This article is an edited extract from ‘Encoding and Decoding in Television Discourse’, CCCS Stencilled Paper no. 7.MEDIA STUDIES119 originate the television discourse, they do not constitute a closed system. They draw topics, treatments, agendas, events, personnel, images of the audience,‘definitions of the situation’ from other sources and other discursive formations within the wider socio-cultural and political structure of which they are a differentiated part. Philip Elliott has expressed this point succinctly, within a more traditional framework, in his discussion of the way in which the audience is both the ‘source’ and the ‘receiver’ of the television message. Thus—to borrow Marx’s terms—circulation and reception are, indeed, ‘moments’ of the production process in television and are reincorporated, via a number of skewed and structured ‘feedbacks’, into the production process itself. The consumption or reception of the television message is thus also itself a ‘moment’ of the production process in its larger sense, though the latter is ‘predominant’ because it is the ‘point of departure for the realization’ of the message. Production and reception of the television message are not, therefore, identical, but they are related: they are differentiated moments within the totality formed by the social relations of the communicative process as a whole.At a certain point, however, the broadcasting structures must yield encoded messages in the form of a meaningful discourse. The institution-societal relations of production must pass under the discursive rules of language for its product to be ‘realized’. This initiates a further differentiated moment, in which the formal rules of discourse and language are in dominance. Before this message can have an ‘effect’ (however defined), satisfy a ‘need’ or be put to a ‘use’, it must first be appropriated as a meaningful discourse and be meaningfully decoded. It is this set of decoded meanings which ‘have an effect’, influence, entertain, instruct or persuade, with very complex perceptual, cognitive, emotional, ideological or behavioural consequences. In a ‘determinate’ moment the structure employs a code and yields a ‘message’: at another determinate moment the ‘message’, via its decodings, issues into the structure of social practices. We are now fully aware that this re-entry into the practices of audience reception and ‘use’ cannot be understood in simple behavioural terms. The typical processes identified in positivistic research on isolated elements—effects, uses, ‘gratifications’—are themselves framed by structures of understanding, as well as being produced by social and economic relations, which shape their ‘realization’ at the reception end of the chain and which permit the meanings signified in the discourse to be transposed into practice or consciousness (to acquire social use value or political effectivity).Clearly, what we have labelled in the diagram ‘meaning structures 1’ and ‘meaning structures 2’ may not be the same. They do not constitute an ‘immediate identity’. The codes of encoding and decoding may not be perfectly symmetrical. The degrees of symmetry—that is, the degrees of ‘understanding’and ‘misunderstanding’ in the communicative exchange—depend on the degrees of symmetry/asymmetry (relations of equivalence) established between the positions of the ‘personifications’, encoder-producer and decoder-receiver. But this in turn depends on the degrees of identity/non-identity between the codes120ENCODING/DECODINGwhich perfectly or imperfectly transmit, interrupt or systematically distort what has been transmitted. The lack of fit between the codes has a great deal to do with the structural differences of relation and position between broadcasters and audiences, but it also has something to do with the asymmetry between the codes of ‘source’ and ‘receiver’ at the moment of transformation into and out of the discursive form. What are called ‘distortions’ or ‘misunderstandings’ arise precisely from the lack of equivalence between the two sides in the communicative exchange. Once again, this defines the ‘relative autonomy’, but ‘determinateness’, of the entry and exit of the message in its discursive moments.The application of this rudimentary paradigm has already begun to transform our understanding of the older term, television ‘content’. We are just beginning to see how it might also transform our understanding of audience reception,‘reading’ and response as well. Beginnings and endings have been announced in communications research before, so we must be cautious. But there seems some ground for thinking that a new and exciting phase in so-called audience research, of a quite new kind, may be opening up. At either end of the communicative chain the use of the semiotic paradigm promises to dispel the lingering behaviourism which has dogged mass-media research for so long, especially in its approach to content. Though we know the television programme is not a behavioural input, like a tap on the knee cap, it seems to have been almost impossible for traditional researchers to conceptualize the communicative process without lapsing into one or other variant of low-flying behaviourism. We know, as Gerbner has remarked, that representations of violence on the TVscreen ‘are not violence but messages about violence’:3 but we have continued toresearch the question of violence, for example, as if we were unable to comprehend this epistemological distinction.MEDIA STUDIES121 The televisual sign is a complex one. It is itself constituted by the combination of two types of discourse, visual and aural. Moreover, it is an iconic sign, in Peirce’s terminology, because ‘it possesses some of the properties of the thing represented’.4 This is a point which has led to a great deal of confusion and has provided the site of intense controversy in the study of visual language. Since the visual discourse translates a three-dimensional world into two-dimensional planes, it cannot, of course, be the referent or concept it signifies. The dog in the film can bark but it cannot bite! Reality exists outside language, but it is constantly mediated by and through language: and what we can know and say has to be produced in and through discourse. Discursive ‘knowledge’ is the product not of the transparent representation of the ‘real’ in language but of the articulation of language on real relations and conditions. Thus there is no intelligible discourse without the operation of a code. Iconic signs are therefore coded signs too—even if the codes here work differently from those of other signs. There is no degree zero in language. Naturalism and ‘realism’— the apparent fidelity of the representation to the thing or concept represented—is the result, the effect, of a certain specific articulation of language on the ‘real’. It is the result of a discursive practice.Certain codes may, of course, be so widely distributed in a specific language community or culture, and be learned at so early an age, that they appear not to be constructed—the effect of an articulation between sign and referent—but to be ‘naturally’ given. Simple visual signs appear to have achieved a ‘near-universality’ in this sense: though evidence remains that even apparently ‘natural’ visual codes are culture-specific. However, this does not mean that no codes have intervened; rather, that the codes have been profoundly naturalized. The operation of naturalized codes reveals not the transparency and ‘naturalness’of language but the depth, the habituation and the near-universality of the codes in use. They produce apparently ‘natural’ recognitions. This has the (ideological) effect of concealing the practices of coding which are present. But we must not be fooled by appearances. Actually, what naturalized codes demonstrate is the degree of habituation produced when there is a fundamental alignment and reciprocity—an achieved equivalence— between the encoding and decoding sides of an exchange of meanings. The functioning of the codes on the decoding side will frequently assume the status of naturalized perceptions. This leads us to think that the visual sign for ‘cow’ actually is (rather than represents) the animal, cow. But if we think of the visual representation of a cow in a manual on animal husbandry—and, even more, of the linguistic sign ‘cow’—we can see that both, in different degrees, are arbitrary with respect to the concept of the animal they represent. The articulation of an arbitrary sign— whether visual or verbal—with the concept of a referent is the product not of nature but of convention, and the conventionalism of discourses requires the intervention, the support, of codes. Thus Eco has argued that iconic signs ‘look like objects in the real world because they reproduce the conditions (that is, the codes) of perception in the viewer’.5 These ‘conditions of perception’ are, however, the result of a highly coded, even122ENCODING/DECODINGif virtually unconscious, set of operations— decodings. This is as true of the photographic or televisual image as it is of any other sign. Iconic signs are, however, particularly vulnerable to being ‘read’ as natural because visual codes of perception are very widely distributed and because this type of sign is less arbitrary than a linguistic sign: the linguistic sign, ‘cow’ possesses none of the properties of the thing represented, whereas the visual sign appears to possess some of those properties.This may help us to clarify a confusion in current linguistic theory and to define precisely how some key terms are being used in this article. Linguistic theory frequently employs the distinction ‘denotation’ and ‘connotation’. The term ‘denotation’ is widely equated with the literal meaning of a sign: because this literal meaning is almost universally recognized, especially when visual discourse is being employed, ‘denotation’ has often been confused with a literal transcription of ‘reality’ in language—and thus with a ‘natural sign’, one produced without the intervention of a code. ‘Connotation’, on the other hand, is employed simply to refer to less fixed and therefore more conventionalized and changeable, associative meanings, which clearly vary from instance to instance and therefore must depend on the intervention of codes.We do not use the distinction—denotation/connotation—in this way. From our point of view, the distinction is an analytic one only. It is useful, in analysis, to be able to apply a rough rule of thumb which distinguishes those aspects of a sign which appear to be taken, in any language community at any point in time, as its ‘literal’ meaning (denotation) from the more associative meanings for the sign which it is possible to generate (connotation). But analytic distinctions must not be confused with distinctions in the real world. There will be very few instances in which signs organized in a discourse signify only their ‘literal’ (that is, near-universally consensualized) meaning. In actual discourse most signs will combine both the denotative and the connotative aspects (as redefined above). It may, then, be asked why we retain the distinction at all. It is largely a matter of analytic value. It is because signs appear to acquire their full ideological value—appear to be open to articulation with wider ideological discourses and meanings —at the level of their ‘associative’ meanings (that is, at the connotative level)—for here ‘meanings’ are not apparently fixed in natural perception (that is, they are not fully naturalized), and their fluidity of meaning and association can be more fully exploited and transformed.6 So it is at the connotative level of the sign that situational ideologies alter and transform signification. At this level we can see more clearly the active intervention of ideologies in and on discourse: here, the sign is open to new accentuations and, in Vološinov’s terms, enters fully into the struggle over meanings—the class struggle in language.7 This does not mean that the denotative or ‘literal’ meaning is outside ideology. Indeed, we could say that its ideological value is strongly fixed—because it has become so fully universal and ‘natural’. The terms ‘denotation’ and ‘connotation’, then, are merely useful analytic tools for distinguishing, in particular contexts, between notMEDIA STUDIES123 the presence/absence of ideology in language but the different levels at which ideologies and discourses intersect.8The level of connotation of the visual sign, of its contextual reference and positioning in different discursive fields of meaning and association, is the point where already coded signs intersect with the deep semantic codes of a culture and take on additional, more active ideological dimensions. We might take an example from advertising discourse. Here, too, there is no ‘purely denotative’, and certainly no ‘natural’, representation. Every visual sign in advertising connotes a quality, situation, value or inference, which is present as an implication or implied meaning, depending on the connotational positioning. In Barthes’s example, the sweater always signifies a ‘warm garment’ (denotation) and thus the activity/value of ‘keeping warm’. But it is also possible, at its more connotative levels, to signify ‘the coming of winter’ or ‘a cold day’. And, in the specialized sub-codes of fashion, sweater may also connote a fashionable style of haute couture or, alternatively, an informal style of dress. But set against the right visual background and positioned by the romantic sub-code, it may connote ‘long autumn walk in the woods’.9 Codes Codes of this order clearly contract relations for the sign with the wider universe of ideologies in a society. These codes are the means by which power and ideology are made to signify in particular discourses. They refer signs to the ‘maps of meaning’ into which any culture is classified; and those ‘maps of social reality’ have the whole range of social meanings, practices, and usages, power and interest ‘written in’ to them. The connotative levels of signifiers, Barthes remarked, ‘have a close communication with culture, knowledge, history, and it is through them, so to speak, that the environmental world invades the linguistic and semantic system. They are, if you like, the fragments of ideology’.10The so-called denotative level of the televisual sign is fixed by certain, very complex (but limited or ‘closed’) codes. But its connotative level, though also bounded, is more open, subject to more active transformations, which exploit its polysemic values. Any such already constituted sign is potentially transformable into more than one connotative configuration. Polysemy must not, however, be confused with pluralism. Connotative codes are not equal among themselves. Any society/ culture tends, with varying degrees of closure, to impose its classifications of the social and cultural and political world. These constitute a dominant cultural order, though it is neither univocal nor uncontested. This question of the ‘structure of discourses in dominance’ is a crucial point. The different areas of social life appear to be mapped out into discursive domains, hierarchically organized into dominant or preferred meanings. New, problematic or troubling events, which breach our expectancies and run counter to our ‘common-sense constructs’, to our ‘taken-for-granted’ knowledge of social structures, must be assigned to their discursive domains before they can be said to ‘make sense’. The most common way of ‘mapping’ them is to assign the new to some domain or other of the existing ‘maps of problematic social reality’. We say dominant, not ‘determined’, because it is always possible to order, classify,124ENCODING/DECODINGassign and decode an event within more than one ‘mapping’. But we say ‘dominant’ because there exists a pattern of ‘preferred readings’; and these both have the institutional/political/ideological order imprinted in them and have themselves become institutionalized.11 The domains of ‘preferred meanings’have the whole social order embedded in them as a set of meanings, practices and beliefs: the everyday knowledge of social structures, of ‘how things work for all practical purposes in this culture’, the rank order of power and interest and the structure of legitimations, limits and sanctions. Thus to clarify a ‘misunderstanding’ at the connotative level, we must refer, through the codes, to the orders of social life, of economic and political power and of ideology. Further, since these mappings are ‘structured in dominance’ but not closed, the communicative process consists not in the unproblematic assignment of every visual item to its given position within a set of prearranged codes, but of performative rules—rules of competence and use, of logics-in-use—which seek actively to enforce or pre-fer one semantic domain over another and rule items into and out of their appropriate meaning-sets. Formal semiology has too often neglected this practice of interpretative work, though this constitutes, in fact, the real relations of broadcast practices in television.In speaking of dominant meanings, then, we are not talking about a one-sided process which governs how all events will be signified. It consists of the ‘work’ required to enforce, win plausibility for and command as legitimate a decoding of the event within the limit of dominant definitions in which it has been connotatively signified. Terni has remarked:By the word reading we mean not only the capacity to identify and decodea certain number of signs, but also the subjective capacity to put them intoa creative relation between themselves and with other signs: a capacitywhich is, by itself, the condition for a complete awareness of one’s total environment.12Our quarrel here is with the notion of ‘subjective capacity’, as if the referent of a televisional discourse were an objective fact but the interpretative level were an individualized and private matter. Quite the opposite seems to be the case. The televisual practice takes ‘objective’ (that is, systemic) responsibility precisely for the relations which disparate signs contract with one another in any discursive instance, and thus continually rearranges, delimits and prescribes into what ‘awareness of one’s total environment’ these items are arranged.This brings us to the question of misunderstandings. Television producers who find their message ‘failing to get across’ are frequently concerned to straighten out the kinks in the communication chain, thus facilitating the ‘effectiveness’ of their communication. Much research which claims the objectivity of ‘policy-oriented analysis’ reproduces this administrative goal by attempting to discover how much of a message the audience recalls and to improve the extent of understanding. No doubt misunderstandings of a literal kind do exist. The viewerMEDIA STUDIES125 does not know the terms employed, cannot follow the complex logic of argument or exposition, is unfamiliar with the language, finds the concepts too alien or difficult or is foxed by the expository narrative. But more often broadcasters are concerned that the audience has failed to take the meaning as they—the broadcasters—intended. What they really mean to say is that viewers are not operating within the ‘dominant’ or ‘preferred’ code. Their ideal is ‘perfectly transparent communication’. Instead, what they have to confront is ‘systematically distorted communication’.13In recent years discrepancies of this kind have usually been explained by reference to ‘selective perception’. This is the door via which a residual pluralism evades the compulsions of a highly structured, asymmetrical and non-equivalent process. Of course, there will always be private, individual, variant readings. But ‘selective perception’ is almost never as selective, random or privatized as the concept suggests. The patterns exhibit, across individual variants, significant clusterings. Any new approach to audience studies will therefore have to begin with a critique of ‘selective perception’ theory.It was argued earlier that since there is no necessary correspondence between encoding and decoding, the former can attempt to ‘pre-fer’ but cannot prescribe or guarantee the latter, which has its own conditions of existence. Unless they are wildly aberrant, encoding will have the effect of constructing some of the limits and parameters within which decodings will operate. If there were no limits, audiences could simply read whatever they liked into any message. No doubt some total misunderstandings of this kind do exist. But the vast range must contain some degree of reciprocity between encoding and decoding moments, otherwise we could not speak of an effective communicative exchange at all. Nevertheless, this ‘correspondence’ is not given but constructed. It is not ‘natural’ but the product of an articulation between two distinct moments. And the former cannot determine or guarantee, in a simple sense, which decoding codes will be employed. Otherwise communication would be a perfectly equivalent circuit, and every message would be an instance of ‘perfectly transparent communication’. We must think, then, of the variant articulations in which encoding/decoding can be combined. To elaborate on this, we offer a hypothetical analysis of some possible decoding positions, in order to reinforce the point of ‘no necessary correspondence’.14We identify three hypothetical positions from which decodings of a televisual discourse may be constructed. These need to be empirically tested and refined. But the argument that decodings do not follow inevitably from encodings, that they are not identical, reinforces the argument of ‘no necessary correspondence’. It also helps to deconstruct the common-sense meaning of ‘misunderstanding’ in terms of a theory of ‘systematically distorted communication’.The first hypothetical position is that of the dominant-hegemonic position. When the viewer takes the connoted meaning from, say, a television newscast or current affairs programme full and straight, and decodes the message in terms of the reference code in which it has been encoded, we might say that the viewer is。
用斯图亚特·霍尔的“编码与解码”理论分析《非诚勿扰》
用斯图亚特·霍尔的“编码与解码”理论分析《非诚勿扰》摘要:本文主要用斯图亚特·霍尔的“编码与解码”的理论来解释在当前媒介融合的状态下对电视节目的解读,处于媒介融合的背景下是否这一理论还适用于此,并且用三种解码的形式来看当前的一些问题。
关键词:斯图亚特·霍尔;编码与解码斯图亚特·霍尔的“编码,解码”理论受到很多理论和研究成果的影响和启迪。
霍尔批判的继承了各种思想理论,才形成他独具特色的意义内涵。
霍尔对编码的定义是“实践对象以特殊方式组织起来,以符号为载体的形式产生各种意义,他们想任何形式的传播或语言一样,在一种话语的语义链范围内通过符码的运行而组织起来。
”从霍尔为编码所下的定义来看,是一个复杂的过程,编码以符号为载体,需要了解已有信息的意义,并对这些已有的信息进行重组,并且这些重组需要在一个新的环境中运作,在运作过程中符码化。
在符码的运作过程中,霍尔认为符码的意义是在随着时间和文化语境而发生改变。
但在符码的形成与建构的过程中,也会受到不同的意识形态的制约,尤其是在电视节目,电影等中常常将主导的意识形态潜移默化的融入受众的思想之中,逐渐让社会大众接受某种框架的制约还不会导致受众对这种约束的反感。
霍尔的“编码与解码”中批判了传统的大众传播研究中的线性传播方式,传统的“发送者-信息—接受者”的模式过于简单,并没有考虑到在传播过程中的发送者,传递的信息与接受者之间会存在很多问题。
传递信息者即编码者在传递信息也就是在进行编码的过程中编码者的身份、价值观,所处的文化背景等不同的因素都会影响编码的整个过程,所编的码也会受到编码者的影响,而且在信息传递时也会发生扭曲,解码者同样也会像编码者一样在解读的过程中会带有个人的主观感情色彩,可能会使解码者所获得的信息出现偏差,即信息对抗式的解读,也可能完全理解即是编码者对解码者霸权式的解读,还有一种可能是编码者与解码者之间相互妥协于协商。
霍尔电视话语的编码与解码知识框架
【霍尔电视话语的编码与解码知识框架】一、引言霍尔电视话语的编码与解码知识框架是一个涉及信息传递、沟通和理解的重要概念。
通过对这一框架的深入探讨,我们能更好地理解信息传递的复杂性和多元化,为实现有效沟通和理解提供更加全面的思路和方法。
二、霍尔电视话语的编码1. 话语的生成在霍尔电视话语的编码阶段,信息传递者首先需要将自己所要表达的内容转化为特定的符号、语言或图像。
这一过程涉及语言的选择、语法的运用,以及非语言符号的组合,目的是将思想和情感转化为可传递的形式。
2. 选择文字的意义在编码过程中,信息传递者需要尤其注意选择言辞的意义和准确性。
要确保所编码的话语与自己的想法和情感保持一致,并能被接收者准确理解。
3. 语境的作用语境对霍尔电视话语的编码至关重要。
信息传递者需要考虑接收者可能的文化背景、认知习惯和心理预期,以便选择适合的符号和语言进行编码,确保信息能够顺利传递。
三、霍尔电视话语的解码1. 接收话语在接收话语时,接收者需要理解和识别所接收到的符号、语言和图像。
这一过程既涉及到语言的理解和解释,也包括对非语言符号的知觉和认知。
2. 话语理解的复杂性霍尔电视话语的解码过程其实是一个充满复杂性的认知与情感的交互过程。
接收者需要在理解所接收到的信息时,将其与自己的认知体系和情感经验进行联系,逐步建立起对话语的深入理解和解释。
3. 沟通的效果霍尔电视话语的解码需要考虑信息传递的效果。
只有当接收者能够准确地理解和解释所接收到的信息,才能实现信息传递的真正意义,促进有效的沟通与交流。
四、总结与回顾在本文中,我们深入探讨了霍尔电视话语的编码与解码知识框架。
通过对话语编码的生成、选择文字的意义以及语境的作用的详细分析,以及对话语解码的接收、话语理解的复杂性和沟通的效果的深入讨论,我们对信息传递和沟通过程有了更加全面、深刻的理解。
个人观点与理解在我看来,霍尔电视话语的编码与解码知识框架无疑是信息交流和沟通领域的重要理论基础。
斯图亚特·霍尔的编码解码理论在谈话类节目以及互联网中节目互动
斯图亚特·霍尔的编码解码理论在谈话类节目以及互联网中节目互动中的运用作者:郭明溪来源:《科技传播》2015年第11期摘要一九七三年斯图亚特·霍尔的编码/解码理论问世,当时霍尔在一篇名为《电视话语的编码和解码》的大会发言稿中阐述了编码/解码的传播模式并引起关注。
霍尔在《编码/解码》一书中依据马克思主义政治经济学价值循环论提出了信息交流的四阶段理论:生产、流通、分配/消费和再生产。
分析编码解码理论在现代传播应用中每个阶段下的传播特征和应用,有助于清晰的发现电视节目各环节的特点和问题,为制作高水准的节目提供依据。
关键词编码/解码;谈话类节目;互联网;受众;文化中图分类号G2 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1674-6708(2015)140-0095-01斯图尔特·霍尔的这个理论相对于其他传播学理论来讲,离我们的现代社会相对近一些。
这个理论的关键在于对社会文化的把握以及将受众作为主动群体研究其存在意义。
在现代大众媒介文化中,媒介文化以不同的媒介形态分为电影文化、电视文化、网络文化等不同的文化类型。
其中,网络文化又具有多种媒介文化的融合性特征。
下面我以凤凰网络电视平台为例,谈谈电视节目的编码解码模式应用以及互联网模式下受众解码模式的改变。
1 谈话类节目中的编码解码名为《一虎一席谈》的谈话类节目,在节目中我们可以看到节目全程受众的互动。
因为节目设置的原因,节目设置有主持人,嘉宾,以及在场观众。
首先,主持人胡一虎在主持中其实是具有自己的个人立场的发言权的。
其次,邀请的嘉宾是在节目开播近期比较有争议事件的当事人以及与当事人持相反意见的专家学者等,他们在场上会进行意见的交锋,事实上,他们也是信息的解码体。
还有,场上观众在辩论中也会拥有发表言论的权力。
一般谈话节目的“生产-流通-消费/分配-再生产”过程可以变成这样“辩论意见提出-交换意见开始-受众对不同立场进行评论-从中提出新的议题-下一轮辩论开始”,场上观众的编码/解码过程中,就会产生三种立场,一种是与主持人观点一致的立场,这些受众就是完全接受主流意见观点。
解读“编码、解码”模式
解读“编码、解码”模式摘要:斯图亚特·霍尔的论文《电视话语中的编码与解码》是文化与传媒研究中一篇至关重要的文献,关于它的评介与解读已有很多论著。
对于他提出的三种假设的解码立场,即著名的“霍尔模式”,也已早为人们所熟知,但再次品读此文又有了许多新的发现与感悟。
本文希望通过对《编码,解码》的解读,并吸收其他有关该文的解析,从符号学、语言学等角度分析误读及受众对电视话语不同立场等现象。
关键词:编码解码霍尔模式斯图亚特·霍尔的著名论文《电视话语中的编码与解码》,从语言学、符号学、结构主义的角度入手,打破了传统的传播研究模式,“其理论贡献却主要表现在改变了实证主义研究对传递者与受众关系的线性理解,提出了一个重要的理论模式,即意义不是传递者‘传递’的,而是接受者‘生产’的,从而也在主体间传播关系中重构了受众观念。
”⒈他从孤立的传播受众研究中走了出来,将意识形态,社会的政治、经济背景引入对受众的考察之中。
霍尔将电视话语传播放在“生产、流通、分配/消费、再生产”的复杂结构中来思考,认为电视话语就像商品一样需要经历这四个环节。
他主要论述了生产即信息的编码,消费、再生产即信息的解码三个环节(电视流通的消费与再生产环节对于受众而言基本是同时进行的)。
一、编码、解码中的符码与符号符码与符号是霍尔编码、解码理论的基础,是理解其思想的前提。
符码与符号是两个完全不同的概念,但又有密切的联系。
“霍尔利用了索绪尔对语言符号的论述。
索绪尔认为,语言是一个符号系统。
符号由能指(signifying符号、声音等)和所指(signifier精神概念)组成。
”⒉同时,霍尔还吸收了罗兰·巴尔特的语言学思想。
罗兰·巴尔特认为意义有两个层面。
第一个层面,巴尔特称为外延(denotation)——指意义的常识层面;意义的第二个层面是内涵(connotation)——指广泛的言外之意,这和文化有很大关系。
⒊但“‘内涵’仅仅用来指不太固定的,因此是更为惯例化、更为多变的联想意义,这些意义显然依据具体事例而定,所以一定要依靠符码的介入”⒋符码存在于符号与话语之前,如果说符号是语言、文字、画面等的表现形式,那么符码就是表达这些形式的规则,它是包含在符号系统中的,可以是语法规则、文化规则、意识形态规则,甚至是政治的、经济的规则。
霍尔
第三章“编码/解码”开启传播学研究另一扇门----斯图亚特·霍尔(Stuart Hall)的传播学思想研究简介:斯图亚特·霍尔,是英国文化研究学派(又称伯明翰学派、英国文化批判学派)的代表人物,是大众传播研究领域里程碑式的人物。
1964年,理查德·霍葛特(Richard Hoggart)在英国伯明翰大学(Birminghan University)创立了当代文化研究中心(The Centre for Contemporary Culture Studies),霍尔是第二任主任.在他的领导下,当代文化研究中心发展成为国际学界最负盛名的文化研究机构,并且形成了著名的伯明翰学派。
英国当代文化研究中心《文化研究:两种范式》在《文化研究:两种范式》中,霍尔将文化研究进行了梳理,得出了主要的两种范式:①文化主义范式----威廉姆斯、霍葛特----过于强调文本分析和对个体经验的研究,高古了人的创造性和能动性,赋予了"经验"在文化研究中的权威性地位.;②结构主义范式----列维·斯特劳斯(Levi Strauss)、阿尔都塞(Althusser)----霍尔肯定了结构主义在这些方面的强调:决定性条件,"抽象"与"整体"的概念,"经验"去中心化(decentralization)。
但是霍尔也指出,正是由于结构主义太强点所谓"结构整体"和这种整体的决定作用,牺牲了"过程"和具体经验的复杂性,牺牲了人的主观能动性.霍尔主张将文化主义和结构主义的有利因素结构起来,以更换的进行文化研究编码解码模式:(电视话语生产流通的四个环节)霍尔在这个模式中,运用了符号学,结构主义和葛莱西的霸权理论进行分析研究;并且借用了马克思主义术语:生产,流通,使用,再生产来描绘电视话语的生产流通;利用了索绪尔对语言符号由"能指"和"所指"组成的主张,由此说明意义是不稳定的,它依赖于在话语形式中的构联;还吸收了罗兰巴特的语言学思想,认为意义由外延和内涵两个层面组成,内涵与人类的知识、文化、历史联系紧密。
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早期的受众观都是效果研究的副产品,直到“使用与满足学说”的研究,学术界才开始将受众作为研究对象来对待。
而霍尔的编码解码理论,初步确立了受众的本体地位。
《编码/解码》的前身是霍尔1973年在莱斯特大学所做的一场学术报告,该学术报告不久后以《电视话语中的编码与解码》为题,发表在伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心(CCCS) 的内部刊物上。
在经过很长一段时间的非公开流通之后,这篇文章才被纳入《文化·媒介·语言》的论文集中得以公开发表。
一、整体梳理
1.关注受众研究(1-7)
传统研究把传播描述成线性过程,只关注局部;应当关注整体和结构。
对电视生产过程的分析可以参考马克思的思路,将其视作“生产一流通一分配/消费一再生产”的“接合”(articulation),结构化地考察传一受活动。
电视传播的生产环节即是编码、解码,它们在符号和语法中接合,虽然模糊但确实存在,虽然浅显但指涉结构。
这个结构正是社会文化与政治结构,其中的意识形态补给着编码、解码。
传受面对的社会结构存在差异,这造成了他们对符码的使用是不对称的,编码、解码不是直接一致的。
这种不对称要求我们关注受众研究。
2.电视符号是被建构出来的(8-16)
电视符码不等于真实,它只是被深层次自然化,因而受众觉得近乎普遍,习惯,归根到底是建构出来的。
电视符码的外延是建构出来的,内涵对意识形态开放,是文化系统与符号系统的深度交织。
内涵所指之间是不平等的,存在一个受偏好的意义,“占主导地位的话语结构”。
3.结构化的符码
所谓有效传播,实质上是受众按照传者偏好的话语对符码作出解读。
要实现有效传播,就要研究环境整体,努力克服系统性扭曲(systematicallydistortedc。
illmunicatiOn)。
关于误读,解释是“选择性认知”,它遵循的是多元主义而回避了差异的根源——结构性不平等——-认定传受是对称的。
无论是误读还是有效传播,都是高度结构化的编码、解码之间所形成的不同“接合”。
关于“接合”情形,这里可以提出三种假设。
4.三种解码立场
主导一霸权式、协商式、抗争式
大部分的受众解码的过程是受众的思想与文本意义之间相互对话的过程,即协调解码的过程: 受众在选择文本意义的过程中必然会把自身的社会背景带入对媒介信息的解读中,这样,在文本的倾向性意义和受众的倾向性解读之间形成了一种协商的过程,而协商的结果就是受众对文本的解读。
二、对符号学的调整:从强调文本到强调受众
符号学认为文本或者符号是意义的主要载体,传统是把重心放在文本之上。
符号学家认为符号化是多数人发出的行为,但是面对文本他们又是没有抵抗力的,所以解读符号必须交给研究者来完成。
威廉斯对文化的重新定义,把“生活的总体方式”作为研究对象,对大众文化持平视态度,成为后继文化研究的一个基本观念。
霍尔虽然也是用经典符号学理论来分析电视传播内容,但是首先承认受众解码是结构化的。
编码者和文本虽然采取不同符号化策略,但是必须面对不同受众有组织地接受、协商、甚至抗争。
受众的判断和参与应该被承认和考虑。
三、从生产消费的直接同一到编码解码的非直接同一
传统政治经济学认为生产本身也是一种消费,包括对生产主体能力的消耗和生产资料的消耗。
马克思则补充,劳动者通过消灭生产的产品实现产品的人化,这种情况下,消费也是一种生产。
被马克思概括为“直接的同一性”。
霍尔一方面认为编码结构与解码结构都是由知识架构、生产关系和技术基础组成,要素上存在着一一对应的关系。
而另一方面,霍尔又强调编码、解码的“差异”,这种差异即是编码、解码在构成单元一致的条件下包含不同的内容,而这种内容不是个人的、不可预计的,而是编码者和解码者在不同社会文化结构下的不同养成。
1.编码和解码是指涉结构的,这个结构正是社会文化与政治结构
2.传受双方的结构是不对称的,因而编码、解码不是直接一致的
3.受众必须按照传者偏好的话语来解读,这是高度结构化的编码、解码之间所形成的
“接合”的一种。
4.三种解码方式。