语言学

一、选择题

1.普通语言学研究对象：All languages(所有的语言)

2.辅音[k][f]区别性特点特征：[k]:velar(软腭音,发音方式)plosive(破裂音,发音位置) [f]:labiodental(唇齿音,)fricative(摩擦音) P.32

3.Books中的s是什么词素;inflectional morpheme(屈折词素) P.54

4.bigger中er属于什么词素;inflectional morpheme(屈折词素)

语法范畴分为:数(number)性(gender)格(case)时态(tense)体态(aspect)语态(voice) adj的比较级数性格一致P85

5.语音学分支,哪个最重要:articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)P24

6.语言，言语，历时，共时，语言能力，语言应用由谁提出;

语言(langue)言语(parole)历时(synchronic)共时(diachronic)是由Saussure提出 P21

语言能力(competence)语言应用(performance)是由Chomsky提出 P22

7.转换生成语法由谁提出:Chomsky

8.发音方式，位置包括:发音方式:stop(闭塞音)nasal(鼻音)fricative(摩擦音)approximant(迈音,半元音)lateral(边音)trill(颤音)tap and flap(一次接触音)affricate(塞擦音)P30

发音位置:bilabial(双唇音)labiodental(唇齿音)dental(齿音)alveolar(齿龈音)postal veolar(后齿龈音)retroflex(卷舌音)palatal(腭音)velar(软腭音)uvular(小舌音)pharyngeal(咽头音)glottal(喉音)P31

9.词组成句：句法学(syntax)P73

10.超音段音位包括：重音(stress)语调(intonation)声调(tone)

11.books中的s在语法范畴形态:词素(morpheme)

12. 语言学区别，什么是描写，什么是规定:

描写:try to discover and record the rules to which the members of 规定:ty to lay down rules for the correct usages

13.寒暄功能(如何寒暄):寒暄功能(phatic communion) such as Good morning,,God bless you,Nice day P13

14.单词必然包括:词根(root)P53

15.替代关系，聚合关系:relation of substitutability P74-75

16.语言习得机制:UG(Universar Grammar)P22

17. blackboard属于compound

Teaches属于inflections屈折

Simplify属于derivation派生

18.现代语言学之父:Saussure

19.语言学中最小独立单位：词word P58

20.送气不送气:英语中送气与否不是区别性特点特征

汉语中送气与否则是区别性特点特征

Eg.肚-吐 sport-port P39图下第二段

二．填空题

1.共时是______,历时是_______.（了解各自是关于什么的研究）

A synchronic(共时) description takes a fixed instant(usually, but not necessarily, the present)as its point of observation.（对固定时间的研究）

A diachronic（历时）is the study of a language through the course of its history. （对一段时间的研究）(p21)

2.把_____区分为前缀和后缀。

Affixes are generally classified into prefix, suffix, and infix.(p53) 3.词素分为____ ______.（根据可否单独使用）

Morphemes can be classified into free morphemes and bound morphemes. (p53) 4.We can use language to discuss current affairs, this distinctive

character of language is called Informative.

5.音位变体的特征

Allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.

6.A sentence which is combined by AND is called (compound sentence).

7.

（1）韩礼德的Systemic-Functional Grammar（系统功能语法）。P10

（2）What is Halliday's Systemic-Functional Grammar?

Halliday's Systemic-Functional Grammar is divided into System（系统）, Function（功能）, Register（语域）.

System includes Transitivity system（及物系统）；Mood system（语气系统）;THEME and RHEME（主位-述位）。

Function includes Ideational（概念）, Interpersonal（人际） and Textual （语篇）.

Register includes field（语场）, tenor（语旨）, mode（语式).

（3）The one-to-one relationship（一一对应关系） between each part of the Systemic-Functional Grammar：Transitivity system（及物系统）↔Ideational （概念）↔field（语场）.(另两个同上，略)

8.语言中最小的独立单位。 P58

Word is the Minimum free form

9.造词法

复印机（由商品的名称演化而来）体现了什么

造词法 invention、coinage

10.美式英语与英式英语的区别在于元音、辅音(主要区别在元音) P34

The difference between General American(GA) and Received Pronunciation(RP）is vowels and consonants,but the differences between RP and GA in consonants are much less noticeable than those of the vowels.

11.从属句是通过什么方式获得的（modifiers） P80

Subordination is formed by （modifiers）

12.grammatical hierarchy(语法层次):

morpheme---word---word group/phrase---clause---clause complex（记