数据库重要术语(中英文)

单词汇总（数据库专业一点的词汇其实主要就是每章后面review items的内容，在这里简单列一下，如果你实在没时间看书，至少这些单词要认识。

）：1.数据库系统：database system(DS),database management system(DBMS)2.数据库系统（DS），数据库管理系统（DBMS）3.关系和关系数据库table= relation，column = attribute属性，domain, atomic domain, row= tuple，relational database, relation schema, relation instance, database schema, database instance;4.表=关系，列=属性属性，域，原子域，排=元组，关系型数据库，关系模式，关系实例，数据库模式，数据库实例;1.key们: super key, candidate key, primary key, foreign key, referencing relation, referencedrelation;2.超码，候选码，主码，外码，参照关系，被参照关系5.关系代数(relational algebra)：selection, project, natural join, Cartesian product, set operations,union, intersect, set difference ( except\minus), Rename, assignment, outer join, grouping, tuple relation calculus6.（关系代数）：选择，项目，自然连接，笛卡尔积，集合运算，集，交集，集合差（除\负），重命名，分配，外连接，分组，元组关系演算7. sql组成：DDL：数据库模式定义语言，关键字：createDML：数据操纵语言，关键字：Insert、delete、updateDCL：数据库控制语言，关键字：grant、removeDQL：数据库查询语言，关键字：select8.3.SQL语言：DDL，DML，DCL，QL，sql query structure, aggregate functions, nested subqueries,exists(as an operator), unique(as an operator), scalar subquery, assertion, index(indices), catalogs, authorization, all privileges, granting, revoking, grant option, trigger, stored procedure, stored function4.SQL语言：DDL，DML，DCL，QL，SQL查询结构，聚合函数，嵌套子查询，存在（如运营商），独特的（如运营商），标量子查询，断言指数（指数），目录，授权，所有权限，授予，撤销，GRANT OPTION，触发器，存储过程，存储函数9.表结构相关：Integrity constraints, domain constraints, referential integrity constraints10.完整性约束，域名约束，参照完整性约束5.数据库设计(ER 模型)：Entity-Relationship data model, ER diagram, composite attribute,single-valued and multivalued attribute, derived attribute,binary relationship set, degree of relationship set, mapping cardinality,1-1, 1-m, m-n relationship set (one to one, one to many, many to many), participation, partial or total participation, weak entity sets, discriminator attributes, specialization and generalization6.实体关系数据模型，ER图，复合属性，单值和多值属性，派生属性，二元关系集，关系集，映射基数的程度，1-1，1-米，MN关系集合（一对一，一对多，多对多），参与部分或全部参与，弱实体集，分辨符属性，特化和概化11.函数依赖理论：functional dependence, normalization, lossless join (or lossless) decomposition,First Normal Form (1NF), the third normal form (3NF), Boyce-codd normal form (BCNF), R satisfies F, F holds on R, Dependency preservation保持依赖, Trivial, closure of a set of functional dependencies函数依赖集的闭包, closure of a set of attributes属性集闭包,Armstrong’s axioms Armstrong公理, reflexivity rule自反律, augmentation rule，增广率, transitivity传递律, restriction of F to R i ，F在Ri上的限定，canonical cover正则覆盖,extraneous attributes无关属性, decomposition algorithm分解算法.7.函数依赖，规范化，无损连接（或无损）分解，第一范式（1NF），第三范式（3NF）BC范式（BCNF），R满足F，F持有R，依赖保存，平凡，一组函数依赖封闭，一组属性，8.事务：transition, ACID properties ACID特性,并发控制系统concurrency control system,故障恢复系统recovery system,事务状态transition state, 活动的active, 部分提交的partially committed, 失败的failed, 中止的aborted, 提交的committed,已结束的terminated, 调度schedule,操作冲突conflict of operations, 冲突等价conflict equivalence,冲突可串行化conflict serializablity,可串行化顺序serializablity order,联级回滚cascading rollback,封锁协议locking protocol,共享（S）锁shared-mode lock (S-lock),排他（X）锁exclusive-mode lock (X-lock), 相容性compatibility, 两阶段封锁协议2-phase locking protocol, 意向锁intention lock, 时间戳timestamp, 恢复机制recovery scheme,日志log, 基于日志的恢复log-based recovery, 延迟的修改deferred modification, 立即的修改immediate modification, 检查点checkpoint.数据库系统DBS Database System数据库系统应用Database –system applications文件处理系统file-processing system数据不一致性data inconsistency一致性约束consistency constraint数据抽象Data Abstraction实例instance模式schema物理模式physical schema逻辑模式logical schema物理数据独立性physical data independence数据模型data model实体-联系模型entity-relationship model（E-R）关系数据模型relational data model基于对象的数据模型object-based data model半结构化数据模型semistructured data model数据库语言database language数据定义语言data-definition language数据操纵语言data-manipulation language查询语言query language元数据metadata应用程序application program规范化normalization数据字典data dictionary存储管理器storage manager查询管理器query processor事务transaction原子性atomicity故障恢复failure recovery并发控制concurrency-control两层和三层数据库体系结构two-tier/three-tier 数据挖掘data mining数据库管理员DBA database administrator表table关系relation元组tuple空值null value数据库模式database schema数据库实例database instance关系模式relation schema关系实例relation instance码keys超码super key候选码candidate key主码primary key外码foreign key参照关系referencing relation被参照关系referenced relation属性attribute域domain原子域atomic domain参照完整性约束referential integrity constraint 模式图schema diagram查询语言query language过程化语言procedural language非过程化语言nonprocedural language关系运算operations on relations选择元组selection of tuples选择属性selection of attributes自然连接natural join笛卡尔积Cartesian product集合运算set operations关系代数relational algebraSQL查询语言SQL query structureSelect 字句select clauseFrom 字句from clauseWhere 字句where clause自然连接运算natural join operationAs字句as clauseOrder by 字句order by clause相关名称(相关变量，元组变量) correlation name （correlation variable，tuple variable）集合运算set operationsUnionInterestExcept空值null values真值“unknown”truth “unknown”聚集函数aggregate functionsavg，min，max，sum，countgroup byhaving嵌套子查询nested subqueries集合比较set comparisons{《，《=，》，》=}{some，all}existsuniquelateral字句lateral clausewith字句with clause标量子查询scalar subquery数据库修改database modification删除deletion插入insertion更新updating参照完整性referential integrity参照完整性约束referential –integrity constraint 或子集依赖subset dependency可延迟的deferrable断言assertion连接类型join types内连接和外连接inner and outer join左外连接、右外连接和全外连接left 、right and full outer joinNatural 连接条件、using连接条件和on连接条件natural using and so on视图定义view definition物化视图materialized views视图更新view update事务transactions提交commit work回滚roll back work原子事务atomic transaction完整性约束integrity constraints域约束domain constraints唯一性约束unique constraintCheck 字句check clause参照完整性referential integrity级联删除cascading delete级联更新cascading updates断言assertions日期和时间类型date and time types默认值default values索引index大对象large object用户定义类型user-defined types域domains目录catalogs模式schemas授权authorization权限privileges选择select插入insert更新update所有权限all privileges授予权限granting of privileges收回权限revoking of privileges授予权限的权限privileges to privileges Grant option角色roles视图授权authorization on views执行授权execute authorization调用者权限invoker privileges行级授权row-level authorizationJDBCODBC预备语句prepared statements访问元数据accessing metadataSQL注入SQL injection嵌入式SQL embedded SQL游标cursors可更新的游标updatable cursors动态SQL dynamic SQLSQL函数SQL functions存储过程stored procedures过程化结构procedural constructs外部语言例程external language routines触发器triggerBefore 和after 触发器before and after triggers过渡变量和过渡表transition variables and tables递归查询recursive queries单调查询monotonic queries排名函数ranking functionsRankDense rankPartition by分窗windowing联机分析处理（OLAP）online analytical processing多维数据multidimensional data度量属性measure attributes维属性dimension attributes转轴pivoting数据立方体data cube切片和切块slicing and dicing上卷和下钻rollup and drill down交叉表cross-tabulation第七章实体-联系数据模型Entity-relationship data model实体和实体集entity and entity set属性attribute域domain简单和复合属性simple and composite attributes单值和多值属性single-valued and multivalued attributes空值null value派生属性derived attribute超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key 联系和联系集relationship and relationship set二元联系集binary relationship set联系集的度degree of relationship set描述性属性descriptive attributes超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key 角色role自环联系集recursive relationship setE-R图E-R diagram映射基数mapping cardinality一对一联系one-to-one relationship一对多联系one-to-many relationship多对一联系many-to-one relationship多对多联系many-to-many relationship参与participation全部参与total participation部分参与partial participation弱实体集和强实体集weak entity sets and strong entity sets分辨符属性discriminator attributes标识联系identifying relationship特化和概化specialization and generalization超类和子类superclass and subclass属性继承a ttribute inheritance单和多继承single and multiple inheritance条件定义的和用户定义的成员资格condition-defined and userdefined membership 不相交概化和重叠概化disjoint and overlapping generalization全部概化和部分概化total and partial generalization聚集aggregationUMLUML类图UML class diagram第八章E-R模型和规范化E-R model and normalization分解decomposition函数依赖functional dependencies无损分解lossless decomposition原子域atomic domains第一范式（1NF）first normal form(1NF)合法关系legal relations超码super keyR满足F R satisfies FF在R上成立F holds on RBoyce-Codd范式BCNF Boyce-Codd normal form(BCNF)保持依赖dependency preservation第三范式（3NF）third normal form(3NF)平凡的函数依赖thivial functional dependencies函数依赖集的闭包closure of a set of functional dependenciesArmstrong公理Armstrong ‘s axioms属性集闭包closure of attribute setsF在Ri上的限定restriction of F to Ri正则覆盖canonical cover无关属性extraneous attributesBCNF分解算法BCNF decomposition algorithm3NF分解算法3NF decomposition algorithm多值依赖multivalued dependencies第四范式（4NF）fourth normal form(4NF)多值依赖的限定restriction of a multivalued independency投影-连接范式（PJNF）project-join normal form(PJNF)域-码范式（DKNF）domain-key normal form(DKNF)泛关系universal relation唯一角色假设unique-role assumption 去规范化denormalization。