(完整word版)翻译理论简答题汇编

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(完整word版)word考试试题及答案汇总

word考试试题及答案一、选择题1.在Word中，单击下面四个常用工具栏中的按钮，可以打开一个下拉列表，该按钮是：(A)显示比例(B)拼写检查(C)帮助(D)新建2.在Word窗口的工作区中，闪烁的垂直条表示：(A)鼠标位置(B)插入点(C)键盘位置(D)按钮位置3.在Word中，不打印却想查看要打印的文件是否符合要求，可单击：(A)"打印预览"按钮(B)"文件"按钮（C）"新建"按钮(D)"文件名"按钮4.下列操作中，执行不能选取全部文档。

(A)执行"编辑"菜单中的"全选"命令或按Ctrl+A组合键(B)将光标移到文档的左边空白处，当光标变为一个空心箭头时，按住Ctrl键，单击鼠标(C)将光标移到文档的左边空白处，当光标变为一个空心箭头时，连续三击鼠标(D)将光标移到文档的左边空白处，当变为一个空心箭头时，双击鼠标5.把单词cta改成cat，再把teh改成the后，单击"撒消上一次"按钮会显示：(A)cta (B)cat (C)teh (D)the6.下列操作中，执行不能在Word文档中插入图片。

(A)执行"插入"菜单中的"图片"命令(D)使用剪切板粘贴其他文件的部分图形或全部图形(C)使用"插入"菜单中的"文件"命令；(D)使用"插入"菜单中的"对象"命令7.要改变文档中单词的字体，必须：(A)把插入点置于单词的首字符前，然后选择字体(B)选择整个单词然后选择字体(C)选择所要的字体然后选择单词(D)选择所要的字体然后单击单词一次8.Word把格式化分为等3类。

(A)字符、段落和句子格式化(B)字符、句子和页面格式化(C)句子、页面格式和段落格式化(D)字符、段落和页面格式化9.在Word中，进行段落格式设置的功能最全面的工具是：(A)制表位对话框(B)水平标尺(C)段落对话框(D)正文排列对话框10.双击文档中的图片，产生的效果是：(A)弹出快捷菜单(B)启动图形编辑器进入图形编辑状态，并选中该图形(C)选中该图形(D)将该图形加文本框11.页面设置对话框由四个部分组成，不属于页面对话框的是：(A)版面(B)纸张大小(C)纸张来源(D)打印12.要删除分节符，可将插入点置于双点线上，然后按：(A)Esc键(B)Tab键(C)回车键(D)Del键13.在表格中可以像对待其他文本一样，格式化每个单元格里的文本。

(完整word版)编译原理试卷及答案

东北大学秦皇岛分校课程名称：编译原理试卷： (B )答案考试形式：闭卷授课专业：计算机科学与技术考试日期：年月日试卷：共 2 页题号一二三四总分得分阅卷人一、填空题（每空2分，共30分）1、编译程序的整个过程可以从逻辑上划分为词法分析、语法分析、语义分析、中间代码生成、代码优化和目标代码生成等几个阶段，另外还有两个重要的工作是理和出错处理。

表格管2、规范规约中的可归约串是句柄，算符优先分析中的可归约串是最左素短语。

3、语法分析方法主要可分为自顶向下和自底向上两大类。

4、LR （0）文法的项目集中不会出现移进-归约冲突和归约-归约冲突。

5、数据空间的动态存储分配方式可分为栈式和堆式两种。

6、编译程序是指能将源语言程序翻译成目标语言程序的程序。

7、确定有穷自动机DFA 是 NFA 的一个特例。

8、表达式 (a+b)*c 的逆波兰表示为 ab+c* 。

二、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1、LR 语法分析栈中存放的状态是识别 B 的DFA 状态。

A 、前缀B 、可归前缀C 、项目D 、句柄 2、 D 不可能是目标代码。

A 、汇编指令代码B 、可重定位指令代码C 、绝对机器指令代码D 、中间代码 3、一个控制流程图就是具有 C 的有向图A 、唯一入口结点B 、唯一出口结点C 、唯一首结点D 、唯一尾结点 4、设有文法G[S]：S →b|bBB →bS ，则该文法所描述的语言是C 。

A 、L （G ）={b i |i ≥0}B 、L （G ）={b 2i |i ≥0}C 、L （G ）={b 2i+1|i ≥0}D 、L （G ）={b 2i+1|i ≥1}5、把汇编语言程序翻译成机器可执行的目标程序的工作是由 B 完成的。

A 、编译器B 、汇编器C 、解释器D 、预处理器 6、在目标代码生成阶段，符号表用于 D 。

《翻译理论与实践》30问(附答案)

《翻译理论与实践》30问（附答案）1 什么是翻译？翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。

翻译的过程不仅是语言转换过程，且是反映不同社会特征的文化转换过程。

翻译是科学，因为它有规律可循；是艺术，因为它是译者对原文进行再创造的过程；是技能，因为译文的信息需要用译语以恰当的方式再现。

2 翻译的可能性和局限性是什么？翻译的可能性，建立在文化的共性上，而局限性建立在文化的个性上。

文化是一种复杂概念，大致可分为三类：物质文化、制度文化和心理文化。

语言属制度文化，因为它由社会中的人创造，有其使用规律，为全社会的人共有。

人类在同一个地球上生活繁衍，不同国家不同民族的人民都拥有上述三种文化，它们的许多共同之处便是翻译的基础。

由于人类居住的生态环境有别，各国社会历史不完全相同，各国人民表情达意的手法也有差别，它们都是文化交流的障碍，有些障碍甚至不可逾越，这便是造成翻译局限性的原因。

3 翻译和其它学科有关系吗？翻译是一门博大精深的学问，但它和语言诸学科和文化诸学科的关系最密切。

由于翻译至少涉及两种文化和两种语言，是跨文化、跨语言的交际，运用语言或文化科学指导翻译实践时，均需将有关学科进行对比。

所以，译学是“百科学”和译者是“杂家”的比喻，是一点也不过分的。

4 译者应该具备哪些素养？译者应能较熟悉地运用原语和译语，通达人情世故，了解作者和读者的心理，尊重作者和读者，尽力是自己成为沟通他们心灵的桥梁；译者要能“忘我”，尽量再现作者的意图和风格，而不是用自己的风格取而代之；译者应谦虚、大度，热爱学习、锲而不舍，要有将人类创造的全部知识来丰富自己的决心。

译无涯，学无涯。

5 翻译的从属性和创造性是什么？翻译是在科学指导下的艺术活动，需要译者在透彻理解原文的基础上进行再创造，但创造的目的是再现原文的意义和功能，创造的原则是服从于原文，从属于原文。

译者在翻译时好比是走钢丝的杂技演员，无论如何随着音乐的节奏和旋律手舞足蹈或前滚后翻，始终不能离开脚下的钢丝。

翻译理论答案

1、The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (1)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. 长久以来，法律知识在这些机构里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law. If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (2) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. 另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻的做法是相同的For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist…s intellectual preparation for his or her career. (3) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (4) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. 事实上，很难设想那些对加拿大宪法的基本要点缺乏清晰了解的新闻记者何以能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。

翻译理论课程学位考试试题参考答案见题后

翻译理论课程学位考试试题参考答案见题后翻译理论课程学位考试试题（参考答案见题后）Part I Translate the following sentences into Chinese: (20%)1、The problem is staring us in the face.问题明摆着，我们想回避也回避不了。

2、New price hikes hit LA supermarketing housewives.(LA—洛杉矶)物价又涨，洛杉矶购物主妇的利益受到损害。

3、He is always telling, never doing.他只说不做。

4、Justice has long arms.天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

5、Knowledge, as much as capital, material resources and sweat, has become anessential factor of production -----maybe the essential factor.知识，如同资本，物质资源和吃苦耐劳精神一样，已经成为生产的一个基本要素，也许是基本要素吧。

6、Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence.他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么，都没有顾及到什么谨慎不谨慎的问题。

7、The news is too good to be true.消息太好，恐不可靠。

8、She was my angel of wife.她是一位天仙一般的妻子9、Make it the first object to be able to fix and hold your attention upon your studies. 要把专心致志于学业并且持之以恒作为首要目标。

10、People were born survivors.人的生存能力是与生俱来的。

翻译证考试题库附参考答案

翻译证考试题库附参考答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1.翻译中，以下哪项不是直译的特点？A.保持原文风格B.保持原文结构C.保持原文意义D.过度自由发挥答案：D2.翻译中，以下哪项不是意译的特点？A.保持原文风格B.保持原文意义C.保持原文结构D.灵活处理原文答案：C3.翻译中，以下哪项不是增译的特点？A.增加原文没有的信息B.增加原文隐含的信息C.增加原文省略的信息D.增加原文多余的信息答案：D4.翻译中，以下哪项不是减译的特点？A.省略原文多余的信息B.省略原文隐含的信息C.省略原文省略的信息D.省略原文没有的信息答案：D5.翻译中，以下哪项不是变译的特点？A.改变原文结构B.改变原文风格C.改变原文意义D.保持原文意义答案：C6.翻译中，以下哪项不是倒译的特点？A.倒置原文语序B.倒置原文结构C.倒置原文意义D.保持原文意义答案：C7.翻译中，以下哪项不是分译的特点？A.分开翻译原文B.分开翻译原文结构C.分开翻译原文意义D.合并翻译原文答案：D8.翻译中，以下哪项不是合译的特点？A.合并翻译原文B.合并翻译原文结构C.合并翻译原文意义D.分开翻译原文答案：D9.翻译中，以下哪项不是换译的特点？A.替换原文词汇B.替换原文结构C.替换原文意义D.保持原文意义答案：C10.翻译中，以下哪项不是反译的特点？A.反转原文语序B.反转原文结构C.反转原文意义D.保持原文意义答案：C二、多选题（每题3分，共15分）11.翻译中，以下哪些属于直译的特点？A.保持原文风格B.保持原文结构C.保持原文意义D.过度自由发挥答案：ABC12.翻译中，以下哪些属于意译的特点？A.保持原文风格B.保持原文意义C.保持原文结构D.灵活处理原文答案：ABD13.翻译中，以下哪些属于增译的特点？A.增加原文没有的信息B.增加原文隐含的信息C.增加原文省略的信息D.增加原文多余的信息答案：ABC14.翻译中，以下哪些属于减译的特点？A.省略原文多余的信息B.省略原文隐含的信息C.省略原文省略的信息D.省略原文没有的信息答案：ABC15.翻译中，以下哪些属于变译的特点？A.改变原文结构B.改变原文风格C.改变原文意义D.保持原文意义））答案：ABD三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）16.直译就是完全按照原文的字面意思翻译。

翻译理论简答题(DOC)

《实用翻译教程》习题库简答题第一章导论1.翻译课的目的是什么？2.决定翻译质量的因素有那些？3.翻译课的性质是什么?4.为什么学习翻译理论？5.实用翻译理论主要解决那些问题？Keys: 1.翻译课的目的就是培养和提高学生的实际翻译能力，也就是把原语所表达的信息材料，用译语重新表达出来，并达到较高的翻译质量。

2.外语水平.汉语水平.知识水平.工作态度3.翻译是技巧有时科学，进行翻译教学应该是有理论，又有实践，二者紧密结合。

也就是又讲理论，掌握翻译规律；又作大量练习，获得技能技巧。

4.翻译理论就是研究和探讨翻译固有的内在规律，发现翻译过程中经常出现的问题，并寻求解决途径。

翻译理论就是帮助翻译工作者了解翻译规律，解决翻译过程中遇到的各种困哪问题。

翻译理论的可贵在于它的实践性，在于用来指导翻译实践，提高翻译质量。

为提高翻译水平而学习，这就是学习翻译理论的目的。

5.性质问题.标准问题.翻译过程中遇到大的各种实际问题，分析这些问题产生的原因并提出解决办法，以提高翻译质量。

第二章什么是翻译6.人们交流思想有哪几种情况？7.解释语内交流.语际交流？8.翻译的目的和功能是什么？9.翻译的定义？Keys: 6.语内交流.语际交流.信息传播7.语内交流是指在同一语言内部进行的交流。

语际交流是指操不同语言的人.通过翻译进行的思想交流。

8.翻译是思想交流的桥梁（使不懂原语的人，能通过译文而懂得体现在原文信息中作者的思想.意图.观点和所不懂的思想感情）和接力(使原文信息能传播的更远，能传播到更多的人那里）这就是翻译是翻译的目的和功能。

9.翻译是人类交流思想过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁，使通晓不同语言的人能通过原文的重新表达而进行思想交流。

翻译是把一种语言（即原语）的信息用另一种语言（即译语）表达出来，使译文读者能得到原文作者所表达的思想，得到语原文读者大致相同的感受。

第三章翻译的性质10.写作的特点是什么？11.翻译的特点是什么？12.翻译过程中的困难有那些？13.翻译的两大通病是什么？Keys: 10.写作的特点可以概括为“心中有数，自己决定”。

(完整版)翻译理论简答题汇编

2.外语水平.汉语水平.知识水平.工作态度3.翻译是技巧有时科学，进行翻译教学应该是有理论，又有实践，二者紧密结合。

也就是又讲理论，掌握翻译规律；又作大量练习，获得技能技巧。

4.翻译理论就是研究和探讨翻译固有的内在规律，发现翻译过程中经常出现的问题，并寻求解决途径。

翻译理论就是帮助翻译工作者了解翻译规律，解决翻译过程中遇到的各种困哪问题。

翻译理论的可贵在于它的实践性，在于用来指导翻译实践，提高翻译质量。

为提高翻译水平而学习，这就是学习翻译理论的目的。

5.性质问题.标准问题.翻译过程中遇到大的各种实际问题，分析这些问题产生的原因并提出解决办法，以提高翻译质量。

语际交流是指操不同语言的人.通过翻译进行的思想交流。

9.翻译是人类交流思想过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁，使通晓不同语言的人能通过原文的重新表达而进行思想交流。

翻译是把一种语言（即原语）的信息用另一种语言（即译语）表达出来，使译文读者能得到原文作者所表达的思想，得到语原文读者大致相同的感受。

翻译概论参考答案

一. 翻译中要达到完全等值是否可能？为什么？翻译中不能达到完全等值。

卡特福德对翻译的定义如下：用一种等值的语言（译语）的文本材料去替换另一种语言（原语）的文本材料。

“替换”与“等值” 之间具有逻辑的联系，翻译既然可以等值，就只是一种替换行为。

苏联的费道罗夫明确提出“等值论”：翻译的等值，就是表现原文思想内容的完全准确和作用上、修辞上与原文完全一致。

然而翻译不仅仅是一种纯语言层面的活动，更是一种重要的文化实践。

语际翻译实际上是一个涉及因素多、范围广的复杂实践活动。

其中的许多问题，如翻译者的主观因素、语言转换中的文化移植、影响翻译的社会、政治因素等问题，在语言学层面难以展开系统和深入的分析，得不出令人信服的答案，翻译历史上的众多现象也无法做出辩证的解释。

翻译的语言学研究途径暴露出的这些局限，使其他学科理论的介入显得非常必要。

二. 何为狭义的翻译过程？试结合本章对狭义翻译过程经验性认识和理论性探索，谈谈你对狭义翻译过程的看法。

狭义的翻译过程，是指翻译者对具体文本的转换活动过程。

具体地说，就是在翻译者选择了一个要翻译的文本之后，将该文本由出发语向目的语转换的过程。

对狭义翻译过程经验性认识：1 但凡对“翻译过程”或“程序”特别关注者，一般来说都有着丰富的翻译实践经验，他们的认识往往是对自身经验的归纳和总结。

例如：美国著名的翻译家奈达在对《圣经》进行翻译的过程中，逐渐形成对翻译活动的过程也就是他所说的“翻译程序”形成了独特的认识。

他对“翻译程序”的理解和阐述从狭义的层面来说，狭义的“翻译程序”即他所说的“基本翻译过程”，包括：分析原文；将原语转换为译语；重新调整原文；约请有代表性的读者检验译文。

奈达的论述具体实在，对译者的实践具有（1）（2）（3）（4）较强的指导意义。

2 旅美翻译家思果在《翻译研究》一书的“总论”中，从如何翻译的角度，结合自己的经验，就翻译的具体步骤及我们所关心的翻译程序提出了非常具体而又可资资借鉴的做法。

翻译理论与技巧试题集及答案

翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案(红色为自己所出题)一 Fill in the blanks.1.According to sociosemiotic theories, meaning consists of threeaspects: _________, ___________ and ____________ .2.As far as communicative function is concerned, English sentencescan be classified into four types: ____________ , ___________ ,_____________ and ___________ .3.Professor Xu Yuanzhong ever proposed that literary translationshould conform to the principle of “____________, __________ and___________”.4.The basic procedures of translation are made up of three steps:__________, ___________ and ___________ .5.Peter Newmark divided the function of language into six kinds, amongwhich the most important four functions are ____________,___________ , __________ and ___________ .6.“Literal translation” is based on -language-orientedprinciple, while “liberal translation” is based on-language-oriented principle.7.Translators often abide by -oriented principle when theytranslate literary works8.When we see the sun, we often think of hope. It’s themeaning of the sun we in fact think of.9.Yan Fu’s standard for good translation is ,and .10.According to Peter Newmark, the expression “How do you do”performs ___________ function.11.We should analyze , and beforewe really put something into the target language.12.According to the structure, English sentences can be classifiedinto sentences, ___________ sentences, sentences and sentences.13.The three principles for translation advocated by Alexander FraserTytler are:①②③14.The sentence “The earth goes around the sun” performs thefunction of language.15.When we hear somebody speaks ungrammatically, we know that he isnot well-educated. Here the language carries the meaning.16.According to the different signs that translation deals with,translation can be classifiedinto , , .17.Translation can be regarded as a , a ora .18.According to different topics, translation can be classified intotranslation, translation and translation.二Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.2The crafty enemy was ready to launch a new attack while holding out the olive branch.3Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.4The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensationsas the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.5 It’s not easy to become a member of that club—they want peoplewho haveplenty of money to spend, not just every Tom , Dick, and Harry.6 The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She wasnear collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.7 But my mother had not passed this way for years. And the slimnessand the stride were long past, too.8 I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as though it had been beatenwith wires.9 As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which wehave been forced to cut our prices to the minimum.10 I sat with his wife in their living room, looking out the glassdoors to the backyards, and there was Allen’s pool, still coveredwith black plastic that had been stretched across it for winter.11 Time did not spoil the beauty of the walls, nor the palace itself,lying like a jewel in the hollow of a hand.12It is obvious that this was merely a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul. There was no real clearing up of the outstanding debt.13He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and morehugs all over again, without end.14There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone toa lot of trouble or expanse than to have her guest so interestedin talking politics or business with her husband that he fails tonotice the flavour of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or theattractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest andpride.15English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.16When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look.17The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet. 18“It is true that the enemey won the battle, but theirs is buta Pyrrhic victory.”said the General.19 A dirty-yellow sky had threatened rain all day and a hollowstillness hung over the valley.20I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar.So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. 21One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately.22Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim23Our Band-Aid approach to economic development must be changed. 24It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time, as all did, since I had voluntarily come to the church.25It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion.26Father’s attitude toward anybody who wasn’t his kind used to puzzle me.27Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants.28We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.29She stopped listening. She felt as though she had been slapped to the extreme outer edge of life, into a cold darkness.30Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say. 31Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.32The hungry boy was wolfing down his dinner.33I have a dream that my four little children will one day live ina nation where they will not be judged by the color of the skin butby the content of their character.34The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom as well appreciated.35I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar.So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. 36There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists.37 A country that wishes to become a member of WTO is to send in itsapplication before a working party is formed by WTO for examination of the specific conditions of the country.38When prices range from $34,500 to $50,000 per car, evidence that these machines are more than a cut above the rest is essential. 39One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born witha facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number ofthem who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.40The heavily laden infantry, though enjoying a superiority of six-to-one, simply could not keep to schedule and lost 60000 men in one day.41I have a cake in the o ven that I was making for the Senora’s dinner.42The world is scraping bottom in the deepest economic slump in a half-century.43Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. 44Military strategy may bear some similarity to the chessboard but it is dangerous to carry the analogy too far.45Studies show that otherwise rational people act irrationally when forced to stand in line or wait in crowds, even becoming violent. 46Prolonged high unemployment will threaten the current leadership in other capitals as well, and it could ignite violent upheavals in some of the most hard-pressed land.47Many advocated strong action to bring the Prime Minister into line.48He cannot wholly detach himself from the technicalities and personal inconveniences which accompany the battle for intelligence.49I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders.50Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet, the impact is uneven.51I think lawyers mistakenly believe complex language enhances the mystique of the law.52Not long ago, a foreign visitor whose English is extremely good told me of his embarrassment in a tea shop.53Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and research.54We have created a faculty of scholars frequently so narrow in their studies and specialized in their scholarship they are simplyincapable of teaching introductory courses.55Then the players find out the lottery is not particularly good bet and they find other forms of gambling.56The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.57There has always been a close cultural link, or tie between Britain and English-speaking America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music.58We must just make the best of things as they come along.59But once I made the decision, I went at it with all flags flying.60 Autumn’s mellow hand was upon the woods, as they owned already,touched with gold and red and olive.三 Translate the following passage into Chinese.1Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human mind. The only wayI know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remindourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.2 Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something,but because it makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with the author’s or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as you understand his.Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something; they are connected with eachother and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times.Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you “ought ” to read, you probably won’t have fun. But if you put down a book you don’t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time—and if you become as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won’t have suffered during the process.3 It is well that the commonest fruit should be also the best. Ofthe virtues of the orange I have not room fully to speak. It has properties of health giving, as that it cures influenza and establishes the complexion. It is clean, for whoever handles it on its way to your table, but handles its outer covering, its top coat, which is left in the hall. It is round, and forms an excellent substitute with the young for a cricket ball. The pip can be flicked at your enemies, and quite a small piece of peel makes a slide for an old gentleman.But all this would count nothing had not the orange such delightful qualities of taste. I dare not let myself go upon this subject. I am a slave to its sweetness. I grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. However, the world must go on.With the orange we do live year in and year out. That speaks well for the orange. The fact is that there is an honeaty about the orange which appeals to all of us. If it is going to be bad—for the best of us are bad sometimes—it begins to be bad from the outside, not from the inside. How many a pear which presents a blooming face to the world is rotten at the core. How many an innocent-looking apple is harbouring a worm in the bud. But the orange has no secret faults.Its outside is a mirror of its inside, and if you are quick you can tell the shopman so before he slips it into the bag.4 It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursueprosperity and how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.Americans cleave to the things of this world as if assured that they will never die, and yet are in such a rush to snatch any that come within their reach, as if expecting to stop living before they have relished them. They clutch everything but hold nothing fast, and so lose grip as they hurry after some new delight.An American will build a house in which to pass his old age and sell it before the roof is on; he will plant a garden and rent itjust as the trees are coming into bearing; he will clear a field and leave others to reap the harvest; he will take up a profession and leave it, settle in one place and soon go off elsewhere with his changing desires. If his private business allows him a moment’s relaxation, he will plunge at once into the whirlpool of politics.Then, if at the end of a year crammed with work he has a little spare leisure, his restless curiosity goes with him traveling up and down the vast territories of the United States. Thus he will travel five hundred miles in a few days as a distraction from his happiness.Death steps is in the end and stops him before he has grown tired of this futile pursuit of that complete felicity which always escapes him.5 Through all of our history we have pondered the stars and musedwhether humanity is unique or if, somewhere else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the universe differently. There might be very exotic biologies and technologies and societies. In a cosmic setting vast and old beyond ordinary human understanding, we are a little lonely, and we ponder the ultimate significance, if any, of our tiny but exquisite blue planet. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the search for generally acceptable cosmic context for the human species. In the deepest sense, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is a search for ourselves. Along with the growing dedication to a serious search, a slightly negative note has merged which is nevertheless very interesting. A few scientists have lately asked a curious question: if extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant, why have we not already seen its manifestations6 A real woman, by my definition, neither despises nor worships men,but is proud not to have been born a man, does everything she can to avoid thinking or acting like one, knows the full extent of her powers, and feels free to reject all arbitrary man-made obligations.She is her own oracle of right and wrong, firmly believing in her five sound senses and intuitive sixth. Once a real woman has been warned by her nose that those apples are tasteless or assured by her finger-tips that this material is shoddy, no salesman in the world can persuade her to the contrary. Nor, once she has met some personage in private and summed him up with a single keen glance as weak, vain or crooked, will his mounting public reputation convince her otherwise. She takes pleasure in the company of simple, happy, undemanding women; but seldom or never finds a friend worthy of her full confidence.翻译理论与技巧（A）答案一 1 designative meaning or referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning2 declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences3beauty of meaning, beauty of sound and beauty of form4comprehension, expression and testing5informative function, expressive function, vocative function and aesthetic function6source, target7Aesthetics8Associative9Faithfulness, Expressiveness, Elegance10phatic11Grammar, meaning and structure.12Simple, compound, complex, compound complex131) A translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work; 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.14informative15indexical meaning.16Intralingual translation, interlingual translation, intersemiotic translation17science, art, skill(craft)18professional translation, literary translation, general translation二 1他们的主人，又是割啊，又是倒啊，又是上菜啊，又是切面包啊，又是说啊，又是笑啊，又是敬酒啊，忙个不停。

翻译理论英汉对比版附带习题和部分答案(适合考试准备)

复习提纲：What is translation and its essence？（什么是翻译和其本质？）Translation is the expression in one language of what has been expressed in another language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. It is a kind of cross-language, cross-culture and cross society language activity. Its essence is the meaning explanation and transformation翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的，跨语言，跨交际，跨社会的语言活动。

其本质是释意，意义的转换。

types of translation（翻译的分类）From the stand point of signs: intralingual translation，interlingual translation and intersemiotic translation从涉及的符号来看：语内翻译，语际翻译，符际翻译From the stand point of the extent to which translation is done：full translation，partial translation and translation plus editing从翻译的方法来看：全译，摘译，编译From the stand point of way in translation is carried out：written interlingual translation，oral interlingual translation and machine translation从翻译的手段来看：笔译，口译，机器翻译From the stand point of the languages involved：native language into foreign language and foreign language into native language从source language and target language的角度：本族语译外族语，外族语译本族语From the stand point of the subject matter：professional translation（juristic and science writings），literary translation（novel，poem and drama）and general translation从翻译的题材来看：专业翻译（法律，科技文献），文学翻译（诗歌，散文，戏剧），一般性翻译（各种应用文和新闻报道）procedure of translation（翻译的过程）accurate comprehension，adequate expression and testing（理解，表达，校核）comprehension contains grammatical analysis，semantic analysis，stylistic analysis and discourse analysis理解分为：语法分析，意义分析，风格分析和语篇分析adequate expression：literal translation，translation by ideas and both of them表达分为直译，意译和两者并用criteria of translation（翻译的标准）Alexander F. Tytler（亚历山大F. 泰特勒）（1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work（译作应完全复写出原作的思想）（2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original（译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质）（3）A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.（译作应具备原作具有的通顺）Popular western criteria：equivalent value，equivalent effect and equivalent function（西方流行标准：等值，等效，功能对等）similarity in function and correspondence in meaning（功能相似，语义相符）Fedorov（费德罗夫）The exactness of translation means the exact rendering of the thought and content of the original and performs the same rhetorical function as the original. （翻译等值理论）Eugene Nida （尤金奈达）functional equivalence（功能对等）The crucial problem of translation is often stated in terms of conflict between formal correspondence and functional equivalence.Yan Fu（严复）faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance（信达雅）译事三难，信，达，雅，求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则尚达焉。

翻译综合及翻译理论典型题详解

4.2 翻译综合及翻译理论典型题详解题1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences.1．严复在《天演论·译例言》（1895）中提出：译事三难。

此后100多年来，这就成了我国译界的一个重要的翻译标准。

2．Six guidelines in the employment of dictionaries in translation: .3．英语重，汉语轻。

英语多，汉语少。

英语重，汉语轻。

4．用英语解释：Hypotaxis; Parataxis.5．用汉语解释：Theme; Rheme.参考答案：1．信达雅2.①Glaring errors in ECT derived from the take-it-for-granted attitude——Dictionary is indispensable.②Mechanical reference fails the translators——Dictionary is not always so reliable.③English to English dictionary is sometimes a better helper.④Never confine your reference to one dictionary.⑤Divergent thought works when dictionaries fail to work.⑥Dictionaries cannot be expected to be always correct, esp. the dictionaries compiled by Chinese.3．英语重形合，汉语重意合。

英语多省略，汉语少省略。

英语重时体，汉语轻时体。

4．用英语解释Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come.Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house was washed away.5．Theme：句子陈述的对象（即话题），谈话的出发点，它是读者从上下文或由语言外的知识得到的内容。

翻译理论试题及答案

翻译理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 翻译理论中的“直译”指的是：A. 逐字逐句翻译B. 保持原文风格C. 完全按照原文的字面意思翻译D. 根据目标语言习惯进行适当调整2. 以下哪位学者提出了“功能对等”理论？A. 尤金·奈达B. 彼得·纽马克C. 弗拉基米尔·普罗普D. 雅各布·格林3. 在翻译过程中，译者应该优先考虑的是：A. 原文作者的意图B. 目标语言读者的接受度C. 翻译的准确性D. 翻译的流畅性4. “动态对等”是以下哪位翻译理论家的观点？A. 尤金·奈达B. 彼得·纽马克C. 弗拉基米尔·普罗普D. 雅各布·格林5. 翻译理论中的“等效原则”主要强调的是：A. 语言的直接对应B. 信息的传递效果C. 文化的忠实度D. 风格的相似性二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述翻译中的“忠实度”原则，并举例说明。

2. 解释“动态对等”和“形式对等”的区别，并说明在实际翻译中如何选择。

3. 描述翻译理论中的“交际翻译”和“语义翻译”的概念。

4. 阐述翻译过程中如何处理文化差异。

三、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 论述翻译理论中的“目的论”及其对翻译实践的影响。

2. 分析翻译中的“创造性”原则，并讨论其在文学翻译中的应用。

四、案例分析题（共40分）1. 阅读以下原文和译文，分析译者在翻译过程中可能采用的策略，并评价其翻译效果。

（20分）原文：“明月几时有？把酒问青天。

不知天上宫阙，今夕是何年。

”译文："When will the moon be clear and bright? With a cup of wine in my hand, I ask the blue sky. I do not know what year it is in the heavenly palace."2. 根据所提供的翻译理论，分析以下翻译案例中存在的问题，并提出改进建议。

翻译考试题库及答案

翻译考试题库及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. 翻译中“直译”和“意译”的主要区别在于：A. 直译更注重原文的字面意思，意译更注重原文的深层含义B. 直译更注重原文的深层含义，意译更注重原文的字面意思C. 直译和意译没有区别，都是翻译方法D. 直译和意译是同一种翻译方法的不同称呼答案：A2. 在翻译过程中，遇到文化差异导致的障碍时，应采取的策略是：A. 直接忽略文化差异，按照原文直译B. 完全按照目标语言的文化习惯进行调整C. 寻找文化共性，进行适当的文化适应D. 保持原文不变，让读者自行理解答案：C3. 翻译中的“忠实性”原则指的是：A. 忠实于原文的字面意思B. 忠实于原文的风格和语气C. 忠实于原文的内容和形式D. 忠实于原文的作者意图答案：C4. 下列哪个选项不是翻译中的常见问题？A. 语言障碍B. 文化差异C. 技术限制D. 信息过载答案：D5. 翻译中“等效性”原则主要强调的是：A. 译文与原文在形式上的相似性B. 译文与原文在内容上的相似性C. 译文与原文在效果上的相似性D. 译文与原文在风格上的相似性答案：C6. 在翻译中，如何处理专业术语？A. 直接使用原文中的专业术语B. 根据目标语言的习惯进行适当调整C. 忽略专业术语，使用通用词汇替代D. 创造新的词汇来描述专业术语答案：B7. 翻译中的“动态对等”理论是由哪位学者提出的？A. 尤金·奈达B. 彼得·纽马克C. 约翰·卡特福德D. 莱昂纳多·达·芬奇答案：A8. 在翻译中，如何处理原文中的双关语？A. 直接忽略B. 寻找目标语言中的对应双关语C. 保持原文不变，让读者自行理解D. 用注释的方式解释双关语的含义答案：B9. 翻译中的“功能对等”理论主要强调的是：A. 译文与原文在形式上的对等B. 译文与原文在功能上的对等C. 译文与原文在内容上的对等D. 译文与原文在风格上的对等答案：B10. 在翻译中，如何处理原文中的隐喻？A. 直接翻译成目标语言的字面意思B. 寻找目标语言中的对应隐喻C. 保持原文不变，让读者自行理解D. 用注释的方式解释隐喻的含义答案：B二、多选题（每题3分，共15分）11. 翻译中可能涉及的领域包括：A. 文学翻译B. 法律翻译C. 科技翻译D. 旅游翻译E. 以上都是答案：E12. 翻译中常见的错误类型包括：A. 语法错误B. 词汇错误C. 逻辑错误D. 风格错误E. 以上都是答案：E13. 翻译中常用的技巧包括：A. 增译B. 减译D. 直译E. 以上都是答案：E14. 翻译中可能遇到的挑战包括：A. 语言差异B. 文化差异C. 技术限制D. 个人偏好E. 以上都是答案：E15. 翻译中常用的工具包括：A. 词典B. 翻译软件D. 专业术语库E. 以上都是答案：E三、判断题（每题1分，共10分）16. 翻译是一种语言活动，与文化无关。

翻译概论参考答案

一、翻译中要达到完全等值就是否可能？为什么？翻译中不能达到完全等值。

卡特福德对翻译得定义如下:用一种等值得语言(译语)得文本材料去替换另一种语言(原语)得文本材料。

“替换”与“等值”之间具有逻辑得联系,翻译既然可以等值,就只就是一种替换行为。

苏联得费道罗夫明确提出“等值论”:翻译得等值,就就是表现原文思想内容得完全准确与作用上、修辞上与原文完全一致。

然而翻译不仅仅就是一种纯语言层面得活动,更就是一种重要得文化实践。

语际翻译实际上就是一个涉及因素多、范围广得复杂实践活动。

其中得许多问题,如翻译者得主观因素、语言转换中得文化移植、影响翻译得社会、政治因素等问题,在语言学层面难以展开系统与深入得分析,得不出令人信服得答案,翻译历史上得众多现象也无法做出辩证得解释。

翻译得语言学研究途径暴露出得这些局限,使其她学科理论得介入显得非常必要。

二、何为狭义得翻译过程？试结合本章对狭义翻译过程经验性认识与理论性探索,谈谈您对狭义翻译过程得瞧法。

狭义得翻译过程,就是指翻译者对具体文本得转换活动过程。

具体地说,就就是在翻译者选择了一个要翻译得文本之后,将该文本由出发语向目得语转换得过程。

对狭义翻译过程经验性认识:1 但凡对“翻译过程”或“程序”特别关注者,一般来说都有着丰富得翻译实践经验,她们得认识往往就是对自身经验得归纳与总结。

例如:美国著名得翻译家奈达在对《圣经》进行翻译得过程中,逐渐形成对翻译活动得过程也就就是她所说得“翻译程序”形成了独特得认识。

她对“翻译程序”得理解与阐述从狭义得层面来说,狭义得“翻译程序”即她所说得“基本翻译过程”,包括:(1)分析原文;(2)将原语转换为译语;(3)重新调整原文;(4)约请有代表性得读者检验译文。

奈达得论述具体实在,对译者得实践具有较强得指导意义。

2 旅美翻译家思果在《翻译研究》一书得“总论”中,从如何翻译得角度,结合自己得经验,就翻译得具体步骤及我们所关心得翻译程序提出了非常具体而又可资资借鉴得做法。

(完整word版)简答题

简答题1、简述三相交流异步电动机能耗制动的原理。

答：能耗制动是在三相异步电动机要停车时切除三相电源的同时，在定子绕组中通入直流电，产生制动转矩，在转速为零时再切除直流电源。

以以下列图。

当按下启动按钮SB2 时，接触器KM1 线圈得电，主电路中KM1 的主触头闭合，电机启动，控制回路中KM1 辅助常开触头闭合完成自锁，电机运转。

当制动时，按下制动按钮SB1，接触器 KM1 线圈断电，主触头断开，电机切除三相电源。

同时，接触器KM2 线圈得电， KM2 常开触点闭合，在定子绕组中通入直流电进行能耗制动，用时间继电器KT 记录制动时间，当制动结束时KT 的延常常闭触头翻开，KM2 线圈断电，切除直流电源，制动结束。

2.定性解析直流调速系统转速负反应的根本工作原理。

答。

以以下列图P137 页αG 为测试发电机，将电动机M 的转速变换成与其成正比的电压信号U tg。

系统中由给定电位器给出一个控制电压U n，与反应回来的速度反应电压U n一起加到放大器输入端上，其差值信号U n U n U tg被放大K p倍后，获取U ct做为触发器的控制信号，触发器产生相应相位的脉冲去触发整流器中的晶闸管。

整流输出的直流电压U d加在了电枢两端，产生电流 I d，使得电动机以必然的转速旋转。

负载↑→ n↓→u TG↓→△u↑→u ct↑→ a ↓→U d↑→ n ↑同应该负载降落转速n 上升，其调整过程可表示为：负载↓→ n↑→u TG↑→△u↓→u ct↓→ a ↑→U d↓→ n ↓3.写出图所示PLC 控制梯形图对应的语句指令表，并解析其功能。

答：属于电路块的串通问题。

4.简述可编程控制器PLC 的特点。

答： 1〕抗搅乱能力强、可靠性高。

2〕编程语言简单易学3〕 PLC 硬件配套齐全，用户使用方便，扩展能力强。

4〕通用性强，适应性强。

5〕系统的设计、安装调试工作量少。

6〕维修工作量少、维修方便7〕 PLC 体积小、重量轻、易于实现机电一体化。

自考翻译试题及答案

自考翻译试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 下列哪个选项是“全球化”的正确翻译？A. GlobalizationB. GlobalityC. GlobalizeD. Global答案：A2. “可持续发展”在英文中通常指的是什么？A. Sustainable DevelopmentB. Continuous DevelopmentC. Long-term DevelopmentD. Environmental Development答案：A3. “人工智能”的英文缩写是什么？A. AIB. IAC. IID. AII答案：A4. “环境保护”在英文中的正确表达是：A. Environmental ProtectionB. Environmental ConservationC. Nature ProtectionD. Ecosystem Defense答案：A5. “文化交流”的英文翻译是：A. Cultural ExchangeB. Cultural InteractionC. Cultural InterchangeD. Cultural Transfer答案：A二、填空题（每题3分，共15分）6. 将下列中文句子翻译成英文：“我们的目标是提高教育质量。

”翻译：Our goal is to improve the quality of education.7. 将下列英文句子翻译成中文："The company is committed to reducing its carbon footprint."翻译：该公司致力于减少其碳足迹。

8. “经济发展”的英文翻译是：Economic Development9. “科技创新”在英文中通常指的是：Technological Innovation10. 将下列中文句子翻译成英文：“他被选为学生会主席。

”翻译：He was elected as the president of the student union.三、阅读理解题（每题5分，共20分）11. 阅读下面的英文段落，并回答问题：The concept of "e-commerce" refers to the buying and selling of goods and services, conducting transactions, or transferring business data, using the internet or other digital platforms. It has revolutionized the way businesses operate and has become an essential part of the modern economy.问题：电子商务是什么？答案：电子商务是指使用互联网或其他数字平台进行商品和服务的买卖、交易或商业数据传输。

翻译概论简答题

1.形合：指从属的语言单位用关联词语与主要的语言单位相结合。

意合：指从属的语言单位不用从属连接词语而用话语意义的配合与主要语言单位相结合。

例如:“他病了, 没来” 中的“他病了”本是一个原因从句, 但这里不用表原因的从属连词“因为” ,而是由前后分句的意合而产生偏正关系简言之,“形合”是指借助语言形式手段实现词语或句子的连接;“意合”是指不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接。

前者注重语言形式上的衔接(cohesion), 后者注重行文意义上的连贯(coherence)。

英语和汉语在发音、构词、句法、修辞以及布局谋篇等方面都有各自的规律和特点, 两者之间虽不乏相通之处, 但也存在明显的差异。

英语作为音形合一的拼音文字, 在选词造句、组织篇章等方面都表现出注重语言形式上的衔接, 即重形合。

汉语作为音形分离的表义文字, 在造句、谋篇时较少使用或者根本不用形式词, 而是依据语义或语句间的逻辑关系来实现连贯, 即重意合。

英语是一种非常强调外在逻辑形式的文字, 从句法到篇章都强调演绎和推理。

而逻辑性也是西方传统思维模式的一大特征。

西方思维模式注重分析和实证, 在论证和推演中认识事物的本质和规律, 以逻辑和理性探索自然规律, 认为只有认识自然才能把握自然,因而强调天人对立、物我分离。

汉语结构灵活、形式多样、组合自由, 无主句也占了相当大的比重, 分句与分句之间、句与句之间少见逻辑关系词。

总而言之, 西方形式逻辑的思维模式客观上要求在表述逻辑关系时必须倚赖各种连接手段, 承上启下, 脉络清晰, 因而印欧语言具有形合的特征。

而汉民族重内省体悟,不重逻辑, 因而语言简约、意义模糊, 因而汉语表现出意合的特征东西方思维模式的差异揭示了英语和汉语中形合、意合的语言背景及文化根源, 了解这些有益于英汉互译操作,能够使译文既忠实于原文又优美顺畅, 符合目的语读者的思维习惯。

由于形合和意合的概念是英汉两种语言对比研究中找到的一组“最本质”、“最重要”的对应关系, 因此形合与意合成为“英汉句子互译之准绳” , 乃至在翻译中, 有人简单地认为英译汉就是省略一些连接词, 汉译英就是增添一些连接词, 这样必然造成翻译及理解上的失误。

简答题翻译

简答题翻译1.二主要选择疑问的类型是什么？他们是的－没有疑问的类型，举例来说一：你要茶或咖啡吗？B：茶，请。

而且 WH 的类型－疑问，举例来说一：你要什么，咖啡的茶？B：茶，请。

2.我们为什么需要超越句子而且学习本文？因为表达一个清楚、完全的主意或者想法，我们需要超过一个句子。

相当稀有的是，我们只使用一个句子表达我们的主意。

当一个主意或想法在超过一个句子中被表达，我们有一个一起和句子有关联的本文。

换句话说，一个本文的句子是互相密合着的，以便他们帮助彼此在表达一个完全的主意方面。

本文的研究将知道句子能如何被一起互相密合着地叁加以便他们能最好的明确的主意。

3.在型帮助者的预言性、非预言性使用之间，以例子解释句法的区别。

型帮助者的预言性、非预言性使用之間的句法的区别在下列的两个句子中很清楚：1)他能不昨天在那里。

2)他昨天无法在那里。

这两个句子揭露型帮助者的两种相当不同使用。

第一个句子，预言性的罐子不与不可能之事有关和主要的动词被作记号作为过去的时间叁考的地方，说者的一个过去事件可能性现在否认提及。

在秒，在非预言性的使用中的型帮助者本身被作记号为越过时态，提及能力的缺乏在过去。

4.关系代名词的功能是什么？关系代名词视为一个关系子句和它的前情之间的" 联编" 。

它运行两个功能：用它的前情表现一致而且在关系子句里面指出它的功能。

5.提供例子举例说明名义上、口述而且原因的省略。

1)名义上的省略：为什么给我两杯咖啡？我只要求一。

2)口述的省略：－－你以前已经见到他吗？－－是的，我. （以前见到他）3)原因的省略：－－是你好？－－是的. （, 我是好）6.如果时态被讲计时，什么是被讲到的方面？当紧张的搔打点对事件的当时位置或事态，方面" 反映动词行动被视为的方式或者对尊敬的经验计时 ".7.除了质疑陈述的事实之外，没有疑问能运行什么其他潜在的功能？他们可能被视为说者的邀请或者以试验性的方式被做的提议当他们时常是，，而非他的否定假定。

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