2019-2020学年高中新课标人教英语必修第三册教师用书：Unit 3 Section Ⅲ Grammar——省略

Section Ⅲ　Grammar——省略
省略
一、省略的定义
省略是一种避免重复、保持句子简洁的语法手段。

凡是缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分，但在一定语境中能够独立存在，意义明确，并且能发挥交际功能的句子都是省略句。

一般说来，只要不损害语法结构或者引起歧义，能省略的就应省略。

省略不仅使句子结构显得紧凑，而且也是分句和分句之间的承接纽带。

[观察例句]
1．A：Oh，I just love nachos mexican cornchips covered with cheese.
B：Me，too.
2．A：So it's the food of many different cultures，all in one dish?
B：Exactly.
3．A real mix of cultures here!
4．Can't wait!
[归纳用法]
1．简单句中的省略
(1)主语的省略
祈使句可省去主语。

①Hand me the hammer，will you?
把锤子递给我好吗？
除祈使句外，还有其他省去主语的情况。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略的主语是什么。

②Don't know.不知道。

省略了：I
③Looks like rain.像是要下雨了。

省略了：It
(2)谓语或谓语的一部分的省略。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略的谓语是什么。

④Anything you want to tell me?
有什么事要告诉我吗？
省略了：Is there
⑤The students still waiting？学生们还在等吗？
省略了：Are
(3)主语和谓语，或主语和谓语的一部分的省略。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略了什么。

⑥(2016·浙江卷)—The movie starts at 8：30，and we can have a quick bite before we go.——电影8：30开始，我们可以快速地吃点东西就走。

—Sounds great.See you at 8：10.
——听起来很好。

8：10见。

省略了：It
⑦Going to town？进城去吗？
省略了：Are you
(4)宾语的省略。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略的宾语是什么。

⑧—Where should we go？——我们去哪里？
—I don't care.Anywhere you want.
——我无所谓，你想去哪儿就去哪儿。

省略了：where we go
(5)表语的省略。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略的表语是什么。

⑨—Are these your friends？——这些人是你的朋友吗？
—Yes，they are.——是的，他们是我的朋友。

省略了：my friends
(6)系动词的省略
有些省略结构省去了系动词，尤其在口语中。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略的系动词是什么。

⑩Everything in good condition.
一切都完好无损。

省略了：is
(7)不定式的省略
A．答语中的有些动词后跟不定式做宾语时，可将其动词省略，而保留to，这样的
动词或短语常见的有
want，wish，expect，hope，like，love，try，forget，prefer，mean，be going to，be about to，be supposed to等。

⑪—Will you go with me？——你要和我一起去吗？
—Yes，I'd like to(go with you)．——是的，非常乐意。

B．如果做宾语的不定式是be动词或完成时态，则需在to之后加上be或have。

⑫—Are you a doctor？——你是医生吗？
—No，but I want to be.——不，但我希望是。

⑬—He hasn't finished his homework.
——他还没有完成作业。

——He ought to have.
——他本应该完成的。

C．两个或两个以上的不定式并列，第一个带to，后面的常可省略to。

⑭My job is to look after the children and teach them English.
我的任务是照顾孩子并教他们英语。

但如果两个不定式表示对比关系时，则to都不能省略。

⑮To be for the plan or to be against it doesn't matter.
赞成或反对这项计划都不要紧。

D．当不定式做表语时，如果前面主语中出现实义动词do及其各种形式，则不定式中的to常可省略。

⑯What he wants to do is go home.
他想做的就是回家。

E．感官动词和使役动词后面做宾语补足语的不定式要省略to(help后的to可带可不带)。

⑰I saw a boy fall down from the tree.
我看见一个男孩从树上掉下来了。

⑱I'll help you(to) do the work.
我会帮你做这项工作的。

F．介词but前面有动词do，后面的不定式可省略to。

⑲He can do nothing but lie down and sleep.
他无事可做只好躺下睡觉。

2．并列句中的省略
并列句中后面分句与前面分句的相同部分常可省略。

阅读下列句子，指出句子中省略了什么。

①They don't agree with you and neither do I.
他们不同意你的意见，我也不同意。

省略了：agree with you
②She was poor but honest.她虽然穷但很诚实。

省略了：she was
3．复合句中的省略
(1)宾语从句中的省略
A．以特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，若有与前面主句重复的内容，则可将重复内容省略，只保留特殊疑问词。

阅读下列句子，指出句子中省略了什么。

①You are unhappy.Can you tell me why?
你不高兴。

能告诉我为什么吗？
省略了：you are unhappy
B．当用I'm afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等做答句时，后面常用省略形式。

②—Do you think it will rain？——你认为会下雨吗？
—I guess so.——我猜会。

常用表达：
I hope so.我希望如此。

I hope not.我希望不会。

I'm afraid so/not.恐怕如此/不是。

I think/believe/guess/expect/suppose so.
我认为/相信/猜/希望/认为是这样的。

C．在宾语从句中常省略连词，但当及物动词之后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个连词that可省略。

③He told me(that)she was a beautiful girl and that she was clever.
他告诉我她是一个漂亮的女孩，而且很聪明。

(2)定语从句中的省略
A．在限制性定语从句中做宾语的关系代词that，which，whom可省略。

④He is one of the men(whom) I can trust.
他是我信任的人之一。

B．修饰way的关系副词that(＝in which)可以省略。

⑤This is the way(that/in which)he studies.
这就是他的学习方法。

C．在非正式用语中，关系代词as后面的主谓结构可省略。

⑥He gave the same answer as(he had given) before.
他给出的答案和以前(他给的)一样。

(3)状语从句中的省略
A．在时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，如果其主语和主句的主语一致，或从句的主语是it且从句中谓语动词包含be，常把从句的主语和be省略。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略了什么。

⑦Unless necessary，you'd better not refer to the dictionary.
除非有必要，否则你最好别查词典。

省略了：it is
⑧Be careful when crossing the street.
过马路时要小心。

省略了：you are
B．在比较状语从句中，than或as后面的部分可省略。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略了什么。

⑨I'm taller than she.我比她高。

省略了：is
⑩I hate him as much as you.
我和你一样恨他。

省略了：hate him
(4)虚拟语气中的省略
在if引导的虚拟语气中，如果从句中含有助动词were，had(done)，should，则可省去if，把were，had，should提到从句句首。

⑪(2016·浙江卷)Had the governments and scientists not worked together，AIDS­related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.
要是没有政府和科学家的合作，与艾滋病相关的死亡人数就不会从2005年的最高值降下来。

阅读下列句子，进行同义句转换。

⑫If John were here，he would know what to do.
＝Were John here，he would know what to do.
要是约翰在这儿，他会知道怎么做。

⑬If anything had happened，he would have let her know.
＝Had anything happened，he would have let her know.
要是发生了什么事，他会让她知道的。

⑭If she had lost her place，they all would be ruined.
＝Had she lost her place，they all would be ruined.
要是她丢了职位，他们就都完了。

[即学即练]　完成句子
1．如果你愿意，可以这么做。

You can do it if you want to．
2．这座城市再也不是过去那样了。

The city is no longer what it used to be．
3．尽管我们都精疲力竭，但我们都没有停下来。

Though worn out，we didn't stop.
4．房间虽然不大，却很亮堂。

Though not large，the room is well lit.
5．要是明天下雨的话，我就待在家里不出去。

Should it rain tomorrow，I would stay at home.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Some of you may have finished unit one.If so，you can go on to unit two.
2．—What's the matter with Della?
—Well, her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party, but she still hopes to．
3．When completed(complete)，the museum will be open to the public next year.
4．—Are you a volunteer now?
—No, but I used to be(be). I worked for the City Sports Meeting last year.
5．Should(shall) he come, the problem would be settled.
6．—The war is very likely to break out in the near future.
—I am afraid so．If the situation goes as it is.
7．—I'll be away on business. Would you mind looking after my cat?
—I'd be glad to．
8．They landed safely on the island in the Pacific.Everything went on better than expected(expect)．
9．She hurriedly left the room as if angry(anger)．
10．What surprised me was not what he said but the way(way) he said it.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
A lot of people like keeping pets. The most common pets that 1.are kept(keep) throughout the world are cats and dogs. The following are the major advantages of keeping pets.
Pets like dogs require regular walking and exercise for proper 2.development(develop). As
you take your dog out for 3.a walk，you are also going to exercise your whole body. In fact，dog owners spent a lot more time 4.walking(walk) compared to other people.
5．Though sharing your problems and difficulties with good friends is good, research shows that spending some time with your pets might be more useful. Also, when 6.doing(do) difficult tasks, people experience less stress if they have their pets with them. This could possibly 7.be(be) because pets do not question or judge their owners；they simply support them.
People who walk with their pets, especially dogs, are more welcoming and it gives them something 8.to talk(talk) about with other people.This way，they can make friends 9.easily(easy)．
Keeping pets has various advantages, but 10.it also has some disadvantages. Pets come with extra work and this can cause stress to the owners.。