药学专业英语

Schematic diagram of a bacterial cell
质膜
细胞壁 鞭毛
荚膜
中膜体
The Prokaryotic Cell
1. Their genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed within a membrane and they lack other membrane – bounded organelles（细胞壁） 2. Their DNA is not associated with histidine 3. Their cell wall almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan
foreigners to buy drugs
造句
some imported drugs no instructions in Chinese
作者的 思想
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Page 2
My job is to guide the consumers to purchase drugs
consumers
Medium drugs
Biology of microorganisms
Teaching content

What is a microbe? Characteristics of Microorganism?

The main groups of microbe? What is
Procaryotic cell?

What is Eukaryotic ?
What is a microbe?
The discovery of microorganisms
Antony van Leeuwenhock (1632-1723)
The first person to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
Drugstore Clerk
Our world is populated by invisible creatures too small to be seen with the unaided eye. These life forms, the microbes or microorganisms, may be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope.
Microorganism Cellular microorganism
Procaryotic (unicellular)
eucaryotic
What is Procaryotic ？
Prokaryotes are small and simple in structure when compared with eukaryotes , yet they often have characteristic shape and size. Prokaryotic genetic material is located in an area called the nucleoid and is not enclosed by a membrane. The prokaryotic cell wall almost always has peptidoglycan （肽聚糖）and is chemically and morphologically （形态的）complex.
What is a microbe?
The word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that, normally, it cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all included in this category.
A rod-shaped prokaryote is typically about 1-5 micrometers (μm) long and about 1 μm wide
Microorganisms in general are very small and are completely invisible to the naked eye.
球菌(coccus)
双球菌(diplococcus)
四联球菌(tetrad)
链球菌
Streptococcus
葡萄球菌
Staphylococcus
杆菌(bacillus)
Single bacillus
Diplobacillus
streptobacillus
Coccobacillus
Schematic diagram of bacterial cell walls
Gram+
Gram-
Bacteria can be divided into two major groups, called gram-positive and gram-negative. The original distinction between gram-positive and gram-negative was based on a special staining procedure, the Gram stain
Pasteur’s swan neck flasks used in his experiments on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms
Conclusion:
Microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter, but are produced by other microorganisms
Prokaryotic Cell Wall
Cell Wall


The cell wall of the bacterial cell is a complex, semi-rigid structure that is responsible for the characteristic shape of the cell. The cell wall surrounds the underlying, fragile plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane and protects it and internal parts of the cell from adverse changes in the surrounding environment. Almost all prokaryotes have cell walls.
Acidophilic microorganism
Alkalophilic microorganism
Thermophilic microorganism
Diversity, numerous
Ubiquitous
The high-speed photograph shows the spray of small droplets that come from the mouth during a sneeze
Light microscope
Prokaryotes
电镜
Electron microscope
Viruses
Shape: Bacteria have a few basic shapes
spherical coccus
球形球菌
Rod-shaped bacillus
杆状杆菌
spirallum
螺旋菌
Small and simple
可见范围 微生物的相对大小
肉眼
真核细胞型
原核细胞型 光学显微镜
电镜
病毒
Metabolic diversity and active
E.coli Candida utilis
Rapid reproduce, easy mutation
E.coli
Anti-adversity, dormancy
Leeuwenkoek made his simple, single-lens microscope which could amplify the object being viewed 50 – 300 times. Between 1673 – 1723, he wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of London describing the microbes he observed from the samples of rainwater, and humam mouth.
The main groups：
Noncellular microorganism virus subvirus bacteria archaea actinomyces cyanobacteria rickettsia chlamydia mycoplasma fungi protozoa microalgae
Anti-adversity, dormancy
Diversity, numerous
Ubiquitous, kingdoms
•Small volume and big surface to volume ratio
Different length and different surface to volume ratio
Lens
Object being
viewed
adjusting screws
A drawing of one of the microscopes showing the lens a; mounting pin b; and focusing screws c and d.
Leeuwenhoek’s drawings of bacteria from the human mouth.
Robert Kock (1843 – 1910)
The recognition of microbial role in disease
Robert Kock in his laboratory
Characteristics of Microorganism
Small and simple Metabolic diversity and active Rapid reproduce, easy mutation
size comparison of microorganisms
Meters Visibility scale Relative size of Microbes
Eukaryotes
Naked eye
cm = 10-2 meter mm = 10-3 meter μm = 10-6 meter nm = 10-9 meter 光镜
Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895)
Pasteur’s contributions:


Final refutation of spontaneous generation – birth of microbiology as a science Discovery of the existence of anaerobic life – fermentation Vaccines Pasteurization Louis Pasteur working in his laboratory
4. They are very small!!
Size:
Most bacteria fall within a range from 0.2 to 2.0 um in diameter and from 2 to 8 um in length
A cyanobacterium 8 藻青菌 x 50 um
Pharmacy English （药学专业英语）
Context Set
I have sore throat, but I know chinese little.
we have to master necessary professional pharmacy English so that we can work better in When you encounter the future