第四章 句子的翻译(1)
考研英语翻译第四章 翻译方法与技巧(句法)
第四章翻译方法与技巧(句法)第一节分句法与合句法翻译英语句子时，有时我们可将原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变；但是不少情况则必须将原来的句子的结构作较大的改变。
分句法是指将原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子；合句法则是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。
一．分句法1、将原文中的一个单词译成句子1）They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。
(将一个副词译为一个句子)2）That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家最容易看得出的。
(将一个形容词译为一句子)2、将原文中一个短语译成句子1）Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness, and choking the shadows.阳光射入了它能透过的几乎所有地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了阴影。
(将一个分词短语译为句子)能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭。
这是一条普遍公认的规律。
(将一个名词语译为一个句子)3、将一个句子拆开译成两个或两个以上句子His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。
(将一个句子译为一个主句和一个从句)二、合句法1、将原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north and near the sea.他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。
(将两个单句译为一个单句)2、将原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.我在谈判时总是有些紧张。
第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（8-11）
第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（教学安排：8课时）与词有关的翻译方法包括：✓直译和意译✓词义的选择✓词的增补与省略✓词类转义法✓重复法✓正说反译法和反说正译法✓分句法和合句法第一节直译和意译首先应当指出，直译不是死译，而是指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译。
意译也不是胡译、乱译，而是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文作相应的调整。
例1原文：我们的朋友遍天下。
直译：Our friends are all over the world.意译：We have friends all over the world.直译以严格意义上的忠实为宗旨，意译则更多考虑英语的特点，更强调译文的效果，不求形式对应，只求语言在深层次中的对应。
总之，选择直译还是意译，应该根据文章具体需要而定，两种译法可以并用。
✧能直译则直译例2原文：爱是耐心和善良；爱不是妒忌和吹嘘；爱不是傲慢和粗鲁。
译文：love is patience and kindness; love is not jealous and boast; love is not arrogance and rudeness.例3原文：进入21世纪，麦当劳团体的对手们又集合到一面共同的旗帜之下——反对全球化。
译文：On stepping into the 21st century, the McDonalds’ groups have again assembled under the same flag——anti-globalization.Upon entering opponents banner rafilled例4原文：电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特，前者是电流单位，后者是电压单位。
译文：the unit of current the one of voltage例5原文：俗话说：“千里搭凉棚，没有不散的筵席”。
再过两三年，咱们都要离开这里的。
第四章 汉译英的理解与表达
第四章汉译英的理解与表达第一节汉译英中的理解问题理解的反面是误解、曲解，而误解和曲解多是因为阅读原文时停留在字面上，或是因为对原语的文化背景缺乏了解。
下面从三个方面讨论汉译英中的理解问题。
一、借助语言学理论，提高对文字各种意义的识别能力语言是一种符号，1920年代，奥格登和理查兹提出的符号三角理论，如图所示：图中符号(Symbol)指语言成分，如词语等；所指(Referent)指外部经验世界中的事物；思想或所指关系(Thought or Reference)指人们大脑中的概念。
符号的意义不是单一的，而是多重性的。
要确定符号的意义，除了考虑其所指意义之外，还要考虑符号使用者的意图（语用意义）以及与其它符号（语境）的关系。
认识符号的意义，须透过现象看本质，抓住词语的真正的含义，切忌不求甚解，望文生义。
如：王小玉便启朱唇、发晧齿，唱了几句书儿。
译文1：Now open her rosy lip and her ivory white teeth shine, her song begins!译文2：Little Jade Wang then opened her vermilion lips, displaying her sparking white teeth, and sang several phrases.译文3：Little Jade then parted her lips and sang a few lines.原文用“启朱唇、发皓齿”描述小玉唱歌时口型优美，这是中国评书常见的表达手法。
译文1和2都把“发皓齿”直译出来，效果却不如译文3的略译好，译文2读起来让人有先咧嘴、后吱牙、再唱歌的印象。
二、通过上下文，掌握隐含意义原文的意思不一定通过具体的词汇表达，有可能体现在上下文的逻辑关系、或全句的语气上。
这时，要善于从整体上把握这种弥漫在全文中的意义，并用适当的方式表达出来。
如：贾母因笑道：“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹！”（《红楼梦》）显然这里的“脱了衣裳”指脱下外套、礼服之类，不能照字面译成“take off one's clothes”，所以译文是：With a smile at Pao-yu, the Lady Dowager scolded: “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to yourcousin.” (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang)三、把握修辞特点理解时要留意原文的感情色彩、形象色彩及语体色彩，这些联想意义多用来达到修辞目的。
现代大学英语 精读4 UNIT1-UNIT6 短语句子翻译(全)另附重点课文全文翻译
浴巾a bath towel 文法学校a grammar school永恒的真理the eternal truth文件柜a filling cabinet新鲜空气fresh air纯属无稽之谈utter nonsense 违规行为delinquent behavior常客a frequent visitor高品德的high-minded monologue 固定的观点a settle view 时事current affairs身体障碍a physical impediment一阵狂风a hideous wind令人厌恶的景象a hideous sight言语障碍 a speech impediment 使人兴奋冲动的爱国激情heady patriotism无情的人侵者the remorseless invaders 首相the Prime Minister 烂苹果rotten apples国际联盟the League of Nations 思维过程a mental process 条理清楚的文章a coherent article一位点头之交a nodding acquaintance一个完整的体系a coherent system一位口译好手a proficient interpreter 一种不可阻挡的趋向an irresistible trend逐字逐句的激励literally inspired夜生活evening life食宿board and lodging 供吃住的寄宿舍boarding-house瞬间a split second玻璃弹子glass marbles做徒劳无益的事whipping the dead horse阿司匹林片aspirin tablets在此情况下in the circumstances提前in advance走过场a matter of form 楼梯间平台的窗户landing window紧张气氛the tense atmosphere毛线针knitting needles梦游to walk in one’s sleep飞机翼展the wingspan of a plane专业的历史工作者professional historians基于常识的反应a common-sense reaction事物的这种状况this state of affairs意见不一的历史学家contending historians老生常谈的事a cut-and-dried matter一个个人喜好的问题a matter of personal preference截然不同的观点diametrically opposed points of view民间故事folk tales书面文件written documents过去的遗留物the remains of the past人的动机和行为human motivations and behavior复杂和精细sophistication and subtlety 商船merchant ships 一旦发生潜艇战in the event of a submarine warfare一个粗糙的理论a crude theory 好战的行为belligerent acts宣传机器a propaganda machine德国外交部长the German foreign secretary权力平衡the balance of power因果关系the cause and effect海岸炮兵the shore batteries 终极关怀the ultimate concern 近因 a proximate cause人们常说的一句话a well-used phrase不会出错的解释 a foolproof explanation绝对有效的模式a model of unquestioned validity 永不停止的探索a never-ending quest一个难以达到但又十分诱人的目标an elusive yet intriguing goal难以解决的两难困境an insoluble dilemma 一本难以看懂的书an incomprehensible book一个爱交际的女人a sociable woman 黑市the black market黑色幽默black humor 害群之马black sheep黑人权利black power表达能力不强的人inarticulate people 全国性活动 a nationwide campaign赞美的话complimentary remarks 淘气男孩a mischievous boy一些有权力的人物certain powerful quarters 种族隔离的学校segregated schools 不可争议的权威indisputable authority公海high sea 上流社会high society 机密的消息confidential information 冷漠的门impersonal doors客观的信an impersonal letter 真诚的羡慕an unselfish envy紧张的声音a strained voice度假别墅holiday villa 一个著名的电视名人a famous television personality刻薄下流语言obscene language 下流故事an obscene story银行袭击a bank raid生产双层玻璃公司a double-glazing company联合抵押joint mortgage 拌嘴a cross word永远达不到的目标an unattainable goal 乡村和西部音乐country and western music加重了的潜水腰带a weighted diving belt 心碎heart-broken以自我为中心的人a self-centered man光是重量sheer weight光是运气sheer luck 一派胡言sheer nonsense军号声bulge call 人工呼吸kiss of life一串气泡 a trail of bubbles一点点关心one tiny scrap of care非理性因素non-rational factors 过去的好日子good old days思想模式thought patterns 陈旧的故事stock anecdotes思路brain path 鲜明的对比 a striking contrast 强烈的满足感keen satisfaction 感情上的联想sentimental association 一场恶吵a bitter quarrel酸葡萄sour grapes毫无根据的意见groundless opinions社会地位social position重要而有说服力的因素 a potent factor怀疑的余地room of doubt一种教条的观点great intellects大学者们great intellects不可避免的结果inevitable result 长期的斗争age-long struggle互相矛盾冲突的观点conflicting ideas鲜明的例子striking examples根深蒂固的信仰deeply-rooted convictions仅仅是断言bare assertion低头to sink one's head 使船沉没to sink the ship思考生命的意义to contemplate the meaning of life让阳光一下照着to catch the light毁了一个人的身体to ruin one's health 毁了国家to ruin the country猛敲桌子to bang the desk 扮演一个重要的角色to playa prominent role占有重要的位置to hold a prominent position 一个虔诚的佛教徒a pious Buddhist获得一种名声to gain a reputation 满足一个人的虚荣心to satisfy one's ego严刑逼供to give sb the third degree 发明一种教学方法to devise a teaching method在某人手中悄悄塞一支枪to slide a gun into sb's hand引起一些兴趣to whip up a little interest让谈话继续下去to keep the ball rolling让谈话开始to set the ball rolling一个作风古怪的百万富翁an eccentric millionaire分配资金to allot capital 勒紧裤带to tighten one’s belt 讲一句话to make a remark伸出一只手to stretch out one’s hand 润润嘴唇to moisten one’s lips抱怨天气to complain of the weather将棍子用力插入沙中to plunge the stick into the sand 突然冲我来了to turn on me 使某人心烦to get on on e’s nerve是某人将某事忘得精光t o put something out of someone’s mind脱钩t o come off the hook做填字游戏t o do a crossword puzzle 擤鼻涕to blow one’s nose 在鼻子上涂粉to powder one’s nose 提出案发时不在现场的证据to give an alibi获得新的深刻认识to gain new insights修改一个人的观点to revise one’s ideas追查起因to trace the cause 从这前提出发to begin from this premise朝目标开火to open fire on/at给以同样重视to give equal weight to sth支持某一观点to support a certain view 对政府施加影响to influence the government破坏实力平衡to destroy the balance of power组成联盟to form an alliance偿还贷款to repay the loans 考虑战争的问题to contemplate war填补缺口to fill in the gaps 结束探索to conclude the quest从某一角度看问题to view sth from a certain perspective从比较中获益to benefit from the comparison消灭差别to eliminate from the comparison 深入研究问题to dig into the problem 淹没在大海之中to be immersed in a vast sea从不同的观点出发to stem from a different point of view命中注定要做某事to be destined to do sth无视这个事实to ignore the fact作出假设to make an assumption 打败敌人to defeat the enemy夺回失土to win back one’s lost territory沉船to sink a boat截获机密to intercept the secret message将证据凑在一起to piece together evidence接近真理to approximate the truth 掌握新技术to master new techniques庆祝他的50华诞to celebrate its Golden Jubilee 引起羡慕to excite admiration触动良心to touch the conscience得奖to win the prize受到训斥to receive a reprimand省去这些字to omit the words宣布放弃奖金renounce the prizes 避免一场危机avert a crisis参加仪式attend the ceremony 展示一件艺术品exhibit a work of art尽情享受乐趣to indulge in pleasures 保护一个孩子guard a child感到有能力做某事feel up to do something 使某事正式结束bring sth to a close挥手让某人进去wave sb in使某人不必处于某种场合to save sb from a situation向某人说说心里话to talk out one’s heart to sb 把某人打翻在地knock sb down给某人斟酒pour sb a drink 举杯祝酒raise one’s glass从大腿上慢慢流下来trickle down her legs像鲸鱼一样喷水puff like a whale想雪一样融化掉melt down like snow 一眼看清了当时的情况sum up the scene进行电视采访do their interview 心存怨恨bear resentment难受的想吐feel sick in the stomach 突然大声的怒气冲冲的冲进来come in like thunder 渐渐散去drift away gradually 看中某人的意见value one’s opinion提高在某人心中的地位increase one’s standing with sb使自己振作起来pull oneself together 开始提供晚餐serve dinner 禽抱一个拿枪的劫匪tackle an armed robber和某人厮守下去stick with sb 系上腰带fasten the seat belt虐待妻子abuse one’s wife 和很多人乱搞男女关系screw his way around碰某人一个手指头lay a finger on sb 进行人工呼吸catch sb trying to do sth用力把自己身体升起heave oneself up浮出水面float to the surface在水下拼命挣扎thrash about under the water 使自己依靠在某物上prop oneself against冲出水面break surface 抓住某物seize hold of sth 把自己用力拉起来haul oneself up 紧紧锁住某人双手pinion one’s arms 把某人挡开fend sb off击中某处land a blow 呆在水下stay under in the water将这些观点加以归类to classify propositions 持有一种意见to hold an opinion 建立信念to establish convictions 颠倒过程to reverse the process 对是否是真相提出疑问to question the truth 获得财富to acquire wealth接受一种新的信念to adopt a new belief 放弃信念to abandon belief证明完全相反to demonstrate the contrary 相信这一事实to credit the fact 怀有一种意见to entertain an opinion使这个字的意思延伸一下to extend the term珍惜他们的尊敬to value their respect轻视他们的意见to belittle their opinions考虑某一点to make an allowance改变我们的思维模式to alter our thought patterns走同样的路to take the same course鹦鹉学舌般重复他人的思想to parrot others' ideasUNIT 11、我知道，不管发生什么I knew I could expect my brother to stand by me whatever happened.2、一般情况下As a general rule, young people tend to be more interest in the present and the future.3、如果他们双方不妥协Both sides will stand to lose if they do not compromise.4、我们希望使我们It is our hope to make all the courses and teaching materials integrated.5、中国的书面文字The Chinese written language has been a major factor for integrating our nation.6、在中国的传统艺术中In traditional Chinese art, the bamboo often stands for moral integrity and uprightness.7、绝大多数人都赞成深化改革The great majority of the people stand for further reform.8、伊丽莎白一世Queen Elizabeth the First ruled England for 45 years, and the country prospered under her rule.9、真理一开始The truth is always in the hand of a small minority at first. That's the rule.10, 民主意味着由Democracy means that the majority rules, but the minority’s right to disagree is also respected. These two basic rules are of equal importance.11、一个国A nation cannot be strong unless it is well-integrated economically, politically and culturally as well as geographically.12、那次晚会很乏味The party was boring, so she slipped out of the room and went home.13 路很泥泞The road was muddy. He slipped and fell into the river.14、有一天，我因为One day I was drowning my sorrows in a restaurant because I was broke when he came and slipped a roll of money into my hand.15、佛罗里达州The Court of Florida ruled that it was necessary to recount the votes.16、认为太阳绕着地球The idea that the sun moves round the earth ruled ancient scholars for more than a thousand years.17、这些胡同The hutongs are an integral part of old Beijing.18、日子一天天过去Days slipped by and I still had not made much progress.19、他怕犯错He weighed every word carefully lest he should make a mistake.20、她的身体糟糕到了Her health was such terrible that she would not go out in the sun even in winter lest she get sun-stroke.你能强迫一个Y ou can force a student to attend classes, but you cannot force him to think.学习文学The study of literature can help you to understand not only other people but also yourself.通过阅读范文Y ou can improve your writing by reading good models and by practicing writing.在中世纪In the Middle Ages, people believed that the earth was flat and that it was the center of the universe.我既没有时间I can afford neither the time nor the money to play golf with those big cheeses.小金Xiao Jin could not decide whether to apply for graduate studies right after college or to get a job first.爱能改善人们Love cures people-both those who give it and those who receive it.优秀的企业Excellent firms don't believe in perfection, only in constant improvement and constant change.许多东西Many things cannot be learned in the classroom, such as planning one's time, working on one's own and managing one's own affairs.在过去的10年里In the past ten years people, especially old people, have been concerned more about their health than about their income.UNIT21、我们公司在这么短It is a miracle how our company has developed into a multinational in sucha short span of time.2、那个国家的平均寿命The average life span of that country has increased from 42 years to 50 years in a matter of two decades.3、这两个国家的冲突The conflict between the two countries has spanned more than half a century.4有四座大桥There are four bridges spanning the river.5、我对你非常感谢I'm much obliged to you. Without your help, I would never have finished the book.6、不，这个聚会No, you are not obliged to go to the party. You don't have to go if you don't want to.7 人们找她She’s always ready to oblige when people come to her for help.8 山谷里有一个小湖In the valley is a small lake right between a meadow and a hill. It is a perfect spot for picnic .9、他坐在一个阴凉Sitting in that shady spot he soon dozed off.10、他看见我把一个塑料He criticized me on the spot when he saw me throw a plastic bag by the roadside.11 那是一件白底蓝点It is a white shirt with blue spots. It looks quite pretty.12、这位侦探发现了The detective spotted the suspect and he walked and arrested him.13、有一个气球爆了One of the balloons popped and it gave me quite a start.14 在上课的时候进It is very impolite to keep popping in and out of the classroom when the class is still going on.15、当他看见那位小伙子When he saw the young man ready to pay for the BMW in cash, his eyes almost popped out of his head.16、在那些国家里水比油In those countries, water is worth a lot more than oil. Friends will often bring dollars' worth of water as a gift.17、这个项目完成When this project is completed, it will benefit about a hundred thousand people. It will be well worth the effort and investment.18、这电影不值得看两遍This movie is not worth seeing twice. In fact, it's not worth seeing at all.19 我觉得那地方值得I think it is worthwhile to visit that place. I hear they have kept all their traditional houses intact-houses that were built in Ming-Qing styles.20、贾宝玉当他父亲Jia Baoyu was sick and tired of being his father's worthy son. He yearned for freedom.1.看来病人在这个城市It seems the patient has no relatives in this city.2.交朋友易It’s easy to make friends but difficult to keep them.3.他总是懂的朋友He can always understand what his friends are thinking and worrying about.4.或许根本就不是Perhaps it wasn’t Xiao Jiang at all who had left the tap running all night.5.那男孩一点也不The boy had no idea how he had become an old man in half a day.6.不知道王宁I wonder how Wang Ning has been doing in London. I haven’t heard from himfor almost a year.7.你出生于什么样的家庭It doesn’t matter what family you were born into. The real test ishow far you can go from where you started.8.她简直不相信She simply couldn’t believe what she saw. It was only yesterday that the twintowers were standing there.9.第八号陪审员Juror No. 8 pointed out that it might have been someone else who had stabbedthe boy’s father to death.10.在市场经济中In the market economy, it is primarily by individuals and firms rather than bygovernment agencies that decisions about what to produce, how much to produce are made.UNIT31.尚不知飞The cause of the aircraft crash is so far unknown.2.地球转The cause of global warming is still hotly debated among scientists.3.他把他的一He devoted all his life to the cause of environmental protection.4.历史上这条The river has caused us a lot of trouble in history.5.你认为国际恐怖主义的What do you think caused the upsurge of international terrorism?6.我们必须团结那些反对We must try and unite with those who have opposed us.7.任何进步和改革都会There is always opposition to any progress and reform.8.有些人对新事物总是Some people are always opposed to new things.9.这些贷款中不少从未归还A lot of those loans were never repaid. That high ratio of bad debts finally led to the financial crisis in this second economic power in the world.10.工商银行现在给The Business Bank now offers a special loan for students who can't pay for their education.11.这男孩问斯多太太能否将她的The boy asked Mrs.Stow for the loan of her binoculars.12.她在结束讲话时Her concluded her speech by saying that she hoped she could come again some day and see more of the country.13.他们一结束调查就As soon as they concluded the investigation, they were to report to the Security Council.14.在他访问期间，During his visit, he will conclude a new trade agreement with India.15根据这些有理疑点，陪审团只能得出结论，这个少Based on those reasonable doubts, the jury had to conclude that the boy was not guilty.16.他将经东京飞往纽约She is flying to New York by way of Tokyo.17.我想谈谈上世界60年代的情I'd like to say a few words about the situation in the sixties of the last century by way of an introduction to the movie.18.他们决定召They decided to recall their ambassador by way of protest.1.英雄是具有非凡品Heroes and heroines are people with unusual qualities.2.名流是因媒体炒作而出名Celebrities are people who become famous because of publicity through the media.3.在中国大陆，“爱人In China mainland, "sweet heart" often refers to a person's husband or wife.4.一个不能共患难的朋友A fair-weather friend is one who will desert you as soon as you are introuble.5.从广义上说，货币指Broadly speaking, money refers to anything generally accepted in exchange for other goods and services.6.一个坐在扶手椅里的An armchair revolutionary is one who talks about revolution, but who doesn't put what he says into practice.7.鲁教授说一个好教师应努力使自己成Professor Lu says that a good teacher is one who does all he/she can to make himself/herself unnecessary for the students.8.经济学定义为研究商品和服务的生产、分配和消费的社会Economics is defined as the social science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. 9.DVD是上面能储藏大量在计算机DVD is a disk on which large amounts of information, especially photographs and video can be stored, for use on a computer.10.《牛津高级学生词典》The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines "workaholic" as "a person who works most of the time and finds it difficult to stop working in order to do other things".UNIT41、因为疯牛病Import of that country’s beef was suspended because of the mad cow scare.2、在战争期间During the war, they had to suspend the construction of the railway.3、吸毒是一件严重It was a serious offence to take drugs. Robert was suspended from school for two weeks.4、她正躺在悬挂She was reading in a hammock suspended from two tree branches.5这次暂停销售The sales suspension has brought us heavy losses.6 这也许是亚洲This is perhaps the longest suspension bridge in Asia.7这个作家善于制造悬念。
第四章句子的翻译(二)
All sorts of useful things can be produced from coal and oil. 2. 我们知道，发电站么天都大量地产生电能．
３）她今年十八了．
She is eighteen this year. ４）北京的秋天最美．
Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing. ５）他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直．
The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright. ６）武汉这个地方，我认为比深圳好．
It is known that there are plenty of natural resources in that area. １０）已经达成了一想协议．
An agreement has been reached. １１）明年将出版更多的书籍．
A greater number of new books will be published next year.
９．若不知原文谓语的发出者，或主语为“大家，人们”等，或含“据说，据传” 等，译文谓语常用被动式．
1. 据说，核电站正在筹建中．
Nuclear power plants are said to be under preparation for construction. 2. 大家都知道，氢是最轻的元素．
2. 一切科技成就是建立在理性思维的基础上的，没有理性思维就不可能有科学．
华先发英汉翻译教程第四章
拟声词的翻译
• • • • • • • • A tiger growls. 虎啸 a dog barks 犬吠 A lion roars 狮吼 A wolf howls 狼嚎 A horse neighs. 马嘶 A monkey screeches. 猿啼 An ass brays. 驴叫 A deer bleats. 鹿鸣
拟声词的翻译
• 1）英汉拟声词比较 • A. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用相同的拟声 词来表达； • B. 同一声音在英语中和汉语中用不同的拟 声词来表达 • C. 不同的声音用同一拟声词来表达，这种 情况在英语和汉语中都很普遍
拟声词的翻译
• （1）大多数英文拟声词都可译为汉语相应的拟声 词，有的译为独词句，有的则译为动词或者词的 辅助成分。 • Crack ! The stick broke into two. • Only the ventilator in the cellar window kept up a ceaseless rattle. • Round the corner of Crescent Bay, between the piled-up masses of broken rock, a flock of sheep came pattering.
颜色词的翻译
• A mark was on him from the day's delight, so that all his life, when April was a thin green and the flavor of rain was on his tongue, an old wound would throb and a nostalgia would fill him for something he could not quite remember. (Rawlings 2001:13)
句子翻译(3)
Exercises: 1) The world today is far from peaceful. 今天的世界还很不安宁。 2) The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt. 证据确凿，毋庸置疑。 3) Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country. 怀特先生并没有对该国的政变发表正式评论。 4) That served to strengthen instead of weaken our determination. 那件事没有削弱我们的决心，反倒增强了我们的决 心。
(5) can/could not + 比较级 1) I couldn’t feel better. 我觉得身体好极了。 2) I couldn’t agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。
(6)其他 1) If that isn’t what I want! 我想要的就是这个呀！ 2) He can’t see you quickly enough. 他很想尽快和你见面。
4) The pollution problem should be solved in good time. 污染问题应及时加以解决。 5) We were very much impressed by what she had said. 我们为她的言语深深打动。
(2) 译成汉语主动句 1) 保存原文主语 • This project should be finished as soon as possible. 这项工程应该尽早完成。 • This must be made clear to everybody. 这一点必须向大家讲明白。
第四章 翻译的技巧参考译文
第四章翻译的技巧Skills in Translation.课堂互动2：翻译句子（参考译文）1.The sky turned to a tender pallet of pink and blue.【译文】天空变成了一块由粉红色和蓝色构成的色彩柔和的调色板。
2. She had never let him know—never breathed a word.【译文】她根本就没让他知道，从未透露过真情。
3.The president now is on a poverty tour.【译文】总统目前正在访问贫困地区。
4. She doctored in the countryside.【译文】她在农村当医生。
5. The old man carefully doctored the split in the cane chair.【译文】老人仔细修补藤椅上的裂口。
6. The mayor of New York City is the Time magazine’s 2001 Person of the Year.【译文】纽约市市长是2001年《时代》杂志的风云人物。
7. The girls all like Bob because he is a football captain. Nothing succeeds like success.【译文】所有的女孩子都喜欢鲍伯，因为他是个足球队长。
有本事又有人缘。
8. An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you’ve learnt from it, but Monsanto still has some learning to do.【译文】失败的代价虽然昂贵，然而只要你能从中汲取教训，那也是一笔财富。
不过，曼山托公司仍然需要总结教训。
9．In the social production which men carry on they enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production correspond to a definite stage of development of their material powers of production.【译文】人们在自己生活的社会生产中发生一定的、必然的、不以其意志为转移的关系，即同他们的物质生产力的一定发展阶段相适合的生产关系。
转句译法
4. I tried vainly to put the pieces together. 我想把这些碎片拼在一起，可是却拼不起来了。 5. Henry ordered everyone to put on life jackets quickly, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire. 亨利叫大家赶快穿上救生衣，并且奋力灭火， 却无济于事。 6. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words. 在随后的日子里我就这样学着拼写，虽然不理 解意思，却也拼出了许多词。
第四章 句法翻译
三、转句译法
转句译法
• 转句的意思就是转成句子。即在翻译时把 原文中的一个单词或短语转成一个句子， 也叫“分译”或“拆译”，意思就是把单 词或短语分开或拆开来翻译。
I. 把单词译成句子
1. Incidentally, I suggest that you have the telephone moved to the sitting-room. 顺便说一句，我建议你把电话移到起居室。 2. Unreasonably, she had expected that someone might solve the problem for her. 她期待着有人能帮她解决问题，这是没有道理的。 3. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就自豪，这是合 乎情理的。
II. 把短语译成句子
1. Not surprisingly, they did not reply at all. 2. He was deeply impressed by Nixon’s firm handshake. 3. His extreme earnestness impressed me deeply. 4. She tried to help them find other rental quarters without success. 5. Her alternations of mood caused worries to her parents. 6. He finally failed despite months of meticulous preparation. 7. Another failure would definitely deprived him of all his confidence. 8. A little more efforts would most likely have led to a different result. 9. Another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international rea growing minority of western intellectuals agreed with this opinion. 当时越来越多的西方知识分子同意这种观点，虽然从 数量上他们仍是少数。 8. The skin-tight skirt and orange sweater displayed to enviable advantage a soft and slender body. 那条紧身裙和橘黄色毛衣将她那柔软苗条的身材衬得 恰到好处，令人羡慕。 9. This system will conceivably eventually replace the old way of operation. 可以想见，这种系统最终将取代旧的操作方式。
句子翻译(3)
10) Keep upright. 请勿倒置。
11) Agreeable sweetness. 甜而不腻。
12) She modeled between roles. 她不演戏的时候，去当模特。
否定句译法
(1) 部分否定 (2) 全部否定 (3) 双重否定 (4) 否定的转移 (5) 形式否定
2．被动语态的译法 (1) 译成汉语被动句
1) Both the father and the son were thrown into prison.
父子俩都被投进了监狱。
2) Wherever she went, the princess was welcomed with great enthusiasm.
2) The show is not half bad. 这场表演很精彩。 3) He didn’t half like the girl. 他非常喜欢那姑娘。
(5) can/could not + 比较级 1) I couldn’t feel better. 我觉得身体好极了。
2) I couldn’t agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。
2) I am only too delighted to accept your kind invitation.
我接到你的盛情邀请太高兴了。
3) Teachers are but too glad to sing with students.
老师们非常高兴和学生一起唱歌。
(4) Not half 1) Paper tiger is not half so fierce as it is painted. 纸老虎根本不像有些人描绘得那样可怕。
英语牛津译林版上册Unit1Unit4翻译句子(无答案)
7上Unit1 -Unit4翻译句子1 我十三岁。
我是阳光中学的一名新学生。
我喜欢阳光中学的所有课。
2 艾米留着短发，戴眼镜。
3 桑迪来自哪里？她来自上海。
（2种）4 西蒙擅长打篮球吗？是的。
他经常放学后和他同学一起打篮球。
5 丹尼尔来自南京，但是现在和家人一起住在上海。
6 她又高又苗条。
她喜欢跳舞，不喜欢玩电脑游戏。
她学习用功。
7 你在几班？我在七年级四班。
我在一所新学校8 在学校我有一些新朋友。
我喜欢我所有的新朋友。
他们都很好。
9 我叔叔喜欢运动，并且他非常喜欢打羽毛球。
10 他看起来强壮，并且篮球打得非常好。
11 我表妹空闲时学英语。
她还喜欢听音乐，这使她很开心。
12 他想参加下一届世界杯。
我希望他的梦想成真。
13 他妹妹是学校排球队的一名新成员。
14 西蒙最喜欢的运动是什么？他最喜欢的运动是篮球。
(2种)15 我们经常谈论篮球并观看电视上的篮球赛。
16 姚明是他最喜欢的篮球运动员。
他是他的偶像之一。
17 周末你经常做什么？我经常呆在家里。
18 你妈妈还喜欢做什么？她喜欢和我一起去购物。
这使她感到棒。
19 我的许多同学喜欢阅读。
他们读许多有趣的书。
读书是有趣的事。
20 今天几号？今天十月二十一号。
今天是我们学校的开放日。
21 今天星期几?今天星期三。
你想带我们参观你们的礼堂吗？22 家长会下午一点半开始。
让他们在校门口见面吧！23 他们的学校看起来怎么样？它看起来漂亮现代。
24 那边的那幢楼是什么？那是他们的教学楼。
25 那个穿白衣服的女的是谁？她是我的姑姑。
26 我们学校有一个艺术室，一个音乐室和两个电脑室。
27 请再说一遍。
电话里我听不清你讲话。
28 她每天骑车到校大约需要半小时。
（2种）29 我们的图书馆上午八点开门。
它从上午八点开到下午五点。
30 他们的图书馆有各种各样的书。
他们经常从图书馆借书。
31 从她家到学校有很长一段路吗？不，她家离学校近。
她每天步行到学校。
32 我们的地理老师家离学校远。
汉英翻译第四章词类转换
汉英翻译第四章词类转换把一个比较复杂的英语句子用极为简单的方法——词类转换，翻译出来，合乎逻辑，通顺自然，优美文雅。
一、“十年树木百年树人”的翻译《现代汉语词典》解释“十年树木百年树人”说：“培植树木需要十年，培育人才需要一百年”“树木”的意义是能用作木材的大树，培植树木的意思将小树培植成能作木材的大树，“培植树木需要十年”中的数字“十年”合符树木成长规律，合情合理。
《现代汉语词典》说的“培育人才需要一百年”，其中的数字“一百年”是不合符逻辑的数字，将人从幼小培育至人才为止不可能“需要一百年”，将人培养成人才的时间不可能超过人的平均寿命73年。
将人培养成人才的时间超过人的平均寿命73年而达到100年不合符逻辑，是夸张。
“十年树木百年树人”的英语译文是：“Timber is produced in ten years of tree’s cultivation but talented people are made in a hundred years of people’s education.”汉语中的“十年”合符逻辑，被翻译成了ten years；其中的“百年”不合符逻辑，也被直译，译文是 a hundred years，因为这儿的“百年”是一个修辞手法——夸张。
英语中也有将数字用于夸张之中，如a hundred shot, a hundred bull’s’-eyes.它的对应的汉语是“百发百中”；汉语译文中的两个“百”和英语中的两个hundred（百）完全对应。
令人遗憾的是，在我国的所有出版物中，包括权威汉英词典，“十年树木，百年树人”的英语译文均为：It takes ten years to grow trees，but a hundred to rear people.笔者发现译文无论在忠实性还是在逻辑性两方面都很值得商榷。
It takes ten years to grow trees不符合英语逻辑。
第四章 句子的翻译 (语序的调整-否定句的翻译-是字句的翻译) (2)
1．如果你不马上走开，我要去叫警察来了。 ．如果你不马上走开，我要去叫警察来了。 If you do not go away at once, I will send for a policeman. I will send for a policeman if you do not go away at once. 2．虽然天色已晚，他仍继续工作。 ．虽然天色已晚，他仍继续工作。 Though it was very late, he went on working. He went on working though it was very late.
16
• 大会将于今年九月在北京隆重开幕。 大会将于今年九月在北京隆重开幕。 • The meeting will begin ceremoniously in Beijing the following September. • 他每晚都在图书馆用心读书。 他每晚都在图书馆用心读书。 • He reads hard in the library every evening.
15
汉语中同时有地点状语、时间状语和方式状语时: ⑷ 汉语中同时有地点状语、时间状语和方式状语时:
汉语： 汉语： 时间 地点 方式 动词 英语： 英语： 动词 方式 地点 时间 e.g. 每天早晨在教室里认真地学习 在教室里认真地学习。 他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。 He studies hard in the classroom every morning.
12
⑴一个句子中同时有时间状语和地点状语时， 一个句子中同时有时间状语和地点状语时 时间状语 汉语：时间状语在前 地点状语在后 在前， 汉语：时间状语在前，地点状语在后 英语：地点状语在前 时间状语在后 在前， 在后。 英语：地点状语在前，时间状语在后。 e.g.我是 在北京遇见他的 遇见他的。 e.g.我是1去年 2在北京遇见他的。 I met him in 2Beijing 1last year. 在真空中进行了这个反应 中进行了这个反应。 e.g.1昨天 2在真空中进行了这个反应。 This reaction was carried out 2in a vacuum
4-定语从句
第四章英语定语从句的译法一、合译法——译成“的”字结构该译法是指把比较简单的定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰的词前，从而使英语复合句成为汉语的单句。
例如:1) Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
2) New York is a good city for anyone who is interested in culture.纽约对每一个对文化感兴趣的人都是一个很好的城市。
3) He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he disliked hisbrother, who was aloof and arrogant.他喜欢热情洋溢的妹妹,而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。
4) Oxygen is a gas which unites with many substances.氧气是一种能和许多物质化合的气体。
二、合译法——与主句合译成一个句子此译法是指将定语从句(尤其是限制性定语从句)与主句融合在一起成一个句子。
(一)译成“兼语式”结构此译法是指把先行词译成身兼两种语法功能的词组，使其前后各有一个动词。
该词组与前一动词发生动宾关系，与后一动词发生主谓关系。
例如:1) He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashedred with fury.他看见前面那个憔悴的白发老人眼里闪耀着愤怒的目光。
(二)译成“谓语”在有些带有定语从句的英语复合句中，主句所表示的信息不及定语从句所表达的信息重要。
这类英语复合句在汉译时，可将主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，将定语从句译成谓语，使之成为一个单句。
例如:1) Other scientists have expressed opinions that are somewhat betweenthese two extremes.其他科学家的意见介乎于上述两种极端看法之间。
教你学会汉英翻译
第四章关于句子的翻译汉语是语义型语言，主要着力考究“字”与语义及其相关关系，注重内容的意会性。
因此，汉语句法的特征是意合：即主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见；谓语的成分非常复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化；句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词。
所以汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定法可依。
英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式的严谨。
因此英语的句法特征是形合：即主语突出，易于识别，且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相联。
所以英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。
在汉英翻译中，要牢记以上汉英语言之间的差异，记住英语是主语显著语言subject-prominent languag, 英语句子构建在主谓轴 subject-predicate pivot 上。
因此，选择确定主谓语，是成功构句，保证译文与原文功能相似、语义相符的关键。
4.1主语的确定在汉译英中，可采用以下三种方法确定主语：1.以原句主语最为译文主语；2.重新确定主语；3.增补主语4.1.1以原句主语作译文主语当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我们用原主语作为英译文的主语。
（英语句中的主要只能是名词、主格人称代词或名词性的词语）4.1.2重新确定主语重新确定主语，以保证译文逻辑通顺行文流畅，语言自然地道，行使与原文相似的功能。
4.1.3增补主语当汉语的主要隐含不显或无主语时需要则增补主语。
4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致在实际翻译中，表意与构句问题无法截然分开，但为了方便起见，我们将他们分两小节讲述，4.2.1谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要表意的需要指选择谓语时，除考虑该词语本省能否准确传达原文意义外，还要关照其与主语的语义关联，亦即逻辑的关联，以及主谓词语的搭配。
句子翻译(1)
3.长句的译法
(1) 顺译 (2) 逆译 (3) 拆分
词汇翻译作业讲解
词义引申
1. I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 我不是一个随心所欲的人。 我不是一个让心控制头脑的人。 我是理智的人。 我不是那种让感情支配理智的人。
第四章 句子翻译 （1）
站长素材免费下载
Contents
1
2 3 分译 合译 长句的译n is better？
Her wish to have a pair of blue eyes and become pretty can never come true but in fairy tales. 1) 她想拥有一双蓝色的眼睛，变漂亮的梦想永远不 能变成现实，只能在童话世界里才能实现。 2) 她梦想能拥有一双蓝色的眼睛，变得漂亮起来， 这样的愿望只有在童话世界里才能实现。
3)动词 We recognize and share China’s resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks to establish global or regional hegemony. 我们认识到中国决心抵抗任何国家寻求建立全球 霸权和地区霸权的企图，我们也有这样的决心。
2. 合译法 (Combination)
(1) 将两个或两个以上的英语简单句合译为一个 汉语单句 (2) 将英语的并列句合译为汉语单句 (3) 将英语的主从复合句译为汉语单句 (4) 将两个或两个以上的英语简单句合译为汉语 的一个联合复句
(1) 将两个或两个以上的英语简单句合 译为一个汉语单句
(2) 将英语的并列句合译为汉语单句
研究生英语写译教程-提高级PPT 翻译 第四章
3．形式变通
长句的翻译方法
由于英汉句式的不同，将英语句子直接译为汉语的句子在 很多情况下是行不通的。因此，要根据句意做适当变通。
例： It’s one of Asia’s most traditional cities, rich with a Chinese culture that is gracious and lively, and boasts an amazing archive of Chinese art and artifacts.
译文一：这是亚洲最具传统色彩的城市之一：富含优雅而 欢快的中国文化，并且拥有一座令人吃惊的中国艺术和手 工艺制品陈列馆。
回目录
长句的翻译方法
译文二：这是亚洲最具传统色彩的城市之一。浓郁的中国 文化给人以亲切欢快之感。这个城市还拥有一座中国艺术 和手工艺制品陈列馆，里面的陈列令人叹为观止。
解析：翻译时保留了起始句It’s one of Asia’s most traditional cities，句子的后半部分做了重新调整。尽管 原文的基本结构已荡然无存，但原句的实质内容却得以充 分体现。
回目录
长句的翻译方法
解析：译文一颠倒了原文的顺序，把主句“从那天起她再 也没有踏进那房子一步”调整到了句子末尾，看似符合汉 语读者的阅读习惯，以总结性话题结句，而事实上，背离 了原作者的写作意图。因为这段文章的上文解释了为什么 母亲打电话会使她感到尴尬。所以，结论性语句与解释对 象相隔较远，削弱了语气的连贯性。译文二按照原语序采 用先结论后细节的方法，符合作者承接上文的意图。
回目录
长句的翻译方法
4.意向取舍
英语长句的句子成分较多，翻译时存在着如何在译文中重 新安排的问题。在有上下文的情况下，对长句的翻译决不 应该只孤立地考虑语法结构，还要注意作者在组织安排句 子结构及顺序时的意向性（intentionality）。要尽可 能地照顾译文读者的思维方式和表达习惯，结合译文特点， 体现译文优势。
四五章句子翻译
四五章句⼦翻译四五章句⼦翻译1、With determination, with luck and with the help from lots of people, I was able to rise from the ashes.凭借决⼼、运⽓和贵⼈相助，我才得以东⼭再起。
2、Mr. Wilson talks a lot but Mrs. Wilson wears trousers in the house.尽管威尔逊先⽣话说得很多，但真正掌家的却是威尔逊太太。
3、 AlthoughNew Zealandwas the first country in the world where women got the vo te in 1893,it remains a sexist society in which male chauvinism of the pioneerin g period still rules many social patterns.尽管新西兰早在1893年就成为世界上⾸个妇⼥获得选举权的国家，但它仍然存在着性别歧视现象，殖民地开拓时期形成的⼤男⼦主义依旧统治着社会⽣活的很多⽅⾯。
4、We went away as wise as we came.我们离开的时候和来的时候⼀样，⼀⽆所获。
5、So we drove along between the green of the park and the stony lifeless elegance of hotels and apartment buildings…我们驱车前⾏，路旁⼀边是绿意盎然的公园，⼀边是冰冷、了⽆⽣⽓的旅馆和公寓楼。
6、 Much attention in international economic and political affairs understandably focu s on the welfare gap between the developed and developing countries.国际经济和政治事物的关注焦点指向发达国家和发展中国家之间的贫富不均问题，这⼀点是⼗分可以理解的。
英译汉7-句子翻译(1)长句处理
第四单元句子翻译第一节长句处理一、分译法分译即把一个句子中的某个句子成分，分出了另译为一个分句或句子。
所分出来的部分必须是一个意义完整的逻辑上的主谓结构。
例：A cold that rapidly grew worse caused his unlamented return to Paris.译文：他得了感冒，而且越来越重，只好回巴黎去了。
但对他的离去，没有人感到惋惜。
1、单词例1. The dust, the uproar and the growing dark threw everything into chaos.译文：烟尘滚滚，人声嘈杂，夜色愈深，一切都陷入混乱之中。
例2. A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.译文：我离开那个单人掩体的速度之快，要是拍成电影的话，会像出膛的子弹一样。
例3. Alchemist made resultless efforts to transform one metal into another.译文：炼金术士企图把一种金属转变成另一种金属，这完全是徒劳的。
例4. With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.译文：由于担心有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信心。
但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。
2、词组例1. He pointed out the growing tension.译文：他指出，紧张局势日益加剧。
例2. Careful cyclists are in less danger than is commonly believed.译文：只要小心谨慎，骑摩托车并不像一般人想象的那样危险。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第四章句子的翻译4.1 主语的确定对于初学者来说，句子是较为理想的翻译单位。
“立足于句，放眼语篇” 柯林斯词典对英语句子的定义是这样的：A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb. 具体说来，英语的句子可以这样来定义：一个句子就是一组词，在书面语中，每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写，句末用句号、问号或者感叹号；大多数句子有主语和谓语。
Partridge认为“英语句子十句有九句是按主谓宾配列的。
” (Partridge, Eric. The World of Words. London: Hamish Hamiton, 1954, p.9.)汉语注重话题-评论。
只要和评述的东西在语义上有联系，即使没有直接的逻辑关系和语法搭配关系，任何内容、成分、词类都可处在主语的位臵。
如：这锅饭能吃十个人。
老子打儿子，天经地义。
被人缠上是件讨厌的事儿。
从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。
（）说的是古代的一个老头，名叫愚公。
根据英语句子定义，大多数英语句子都有主谓宾。
汉语转变成英语，就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。
而英语本身语法非常严谨、逻辑非常严密，所以，汉英翻译中，主语的确定和谓语的选择就是成功构建英语句式的关键，也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。
确定英语主语时，一般应遵循以下原则：1. 最重要信息；2. 符合英美人的思维视角;3. 符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯；4. 符合行文连贯的原则；5. 汉语无主句，英语须添加主语。
4.1.1 确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语把汉语原文中的主语（名词、代词、动词等）直接翻译成英语译文的主语，这是一种最简单的对应方法，也是汉英翻译“确定主语”首先应考虑的方法，但运用场合有限。
如：例1. 如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.例2. 推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。
To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, ( ) to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.4.1.2 重新确定主语由于汉英语言存在较大差异。
有时确定汉语句子的主语为英语译文句子主语，常会导致英语句子的逻辑混乱、行文生硬。
所以，这时就有必要从原句中挑出其他词来，充当英语译文的主语。
1）主语必须是句中突出的最主要信息。
英语强调句子的重要信息应放在主要位臵上——主语位臵上。
而汉语没有这方面的要求。
这样汉译英时，须找准汉语中最主要的信息作英语的主语。
例1. 这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。
____________________________________________ help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded. 【解析】“国家”不是信息重心和重要信息，译不译无所谓。
何况军队的调动总是国家进行的。
“160万军队”才是最主要信息。
例2. 人们已把李白的诗集译成多种外国文字。
__________________________________________________________ has been translated into many foreign languages.例3. 我给你打国际直拨就跟楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。
【解析】原文主语是“我”，而译文主语则是“an international phone call”。
译者在译文中选此作主语是有道理的，其一，“国际直拨电话很方便”在原文中是最重要的信息，因而在译文中应该是突出的部分作主语；其二，在译文中用“ an international phone call”作主语可使后面的谓语部分及其他部分的行文更为洗练、简洁，也更符合英美人的表达习惯。
例4. 长飞公司严格执行自上而下的一条线管理和自下而上的一条线汇报制度，确保了公司高效率快节奏的运转。
【解析】原文中主语是“长飞公司”，而译文中主语却变成了“ the strict management and report system”。
译者对这一主语的选择是有用意的，因为读者更关心“长飞”公司的一系列管理体制和方法，并非“长飞”公司本身。
因此，在译文中将“ the strictly management and report system”臵于主语的位臵上能突出重点信息。
记住：把最重要信息作英语的主语。
例5. 到去年年底，上海已与好几个国家签订了建造拉索桥的合同和协议。
By the end of last year, ______________________________________________________ had been signed with some countries for the construction of chain bridges ___________________________.【解析】汉语中用地名、时间、工具作主语很普遍。
如：昨夜抓住了三个小偷。
校园东头盖了一栋房。
一把菜刀闹革命。
而英语中由于它们不是主要信息，往往处理为状语。
同时，译文句子由汉语主动态变为相应的英语被动态。
例如：例6. 大多数高校已将权利下放给系主任。
In most colleges and universities, ______________________________________ have been given to the department head. 例7. 以往的国际文献认为，印度是亚洲水稻的原产地。
译文1：The previous international literature holds that India is the country where Asian rice originates from.译文2：Previously, in the international literature, __________ was said to be the country where Asian rice originated.译文3：__________________________________________________the past international literature/ documents, ______ was said to be the source/ origin / birthplace of Asian rice.例8. 上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。
______________________________________________________ have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital.2）主语须符合英美人的思维视角。
汉语多用有生命、具体的名词或代词作主语，多用主动语态和无主句。
英语多用无生命、抽象的名词作主语，多用“无灵主语”（inanimate subject 表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等）+ “有灵动词”（表示人或社会团体的动作和行为。
如：see, find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent…from 等）。
而汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配，因为中国人认为人或社会团体才有这类有意识、有意志的行为。
翻译时要考虑这一差异，译出地道的英语。
例1：这时我激动得说不出话来。
译文1：I was too excited to utter a word.译文2：________________________________________ here.例2：她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。
译文1：She has never thought that he is a dishonest man.译文2：_________________________________________________________ that he was a dishonest man.【解析】译文1强调主观印象；译文2 强调客观事实，突出“惊讶”，符合英美人强调客观的思维方式。
例3：他两天就抽完了一包烟。
译文1：He finishes a pack of cigarettes in two days. 译文2：_____________________________ lasts him only two days. 例4：我害怕起来，而且越来越害怕。
译文1：I got feared, and got more and more feared. 译文2：___________________ set in and commenced to build up. 例5：我昨天收到你的信。
译文1：I received your letter yesterday. 译文2：____________________________________________yesterday.例6：他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。
译文1：He suddenly saw a dark stain on the carpet.译文2：_______________________ on the carpet caught his eyes. / A dark stain on the carpet suddenly___________________________________________________________.例7：不同的人对退休持不同的态度。